...Impact of Cognitive Impairment on Screening Mammography Use in Older US Women Kala M. Mehta, DSc, MPH, Kathy Z. Fung, MS, Christine E. Kistler, MD, Anna Chang, MD, and Louise C. Walter, MD Screening mammography guidelines suggest that women with a life expectancy less than 4 to 5 years at the time of screening are unlikely to benefit from breast cancer screening and, thus, should not be screened.1–3 Although some cancer screening guidelines specify upper-age cutoffs for stopping screening as a surrogate for life expectancy (e.g., prostate-specific antigen screening guidelines suggest stopping at age 75 years),4 we do not know of any guidelines that specify the types of comorbidity that would preclude screening. This is despite the fact that certain comorbid conditions, such as dementia, are stronger predictors of life expectancy than age.5 Specifically, patients with dementia generally live less than 5 years6–12 and therefore are unlikely to benefit from screeningmammography. In addition, having dementia or severe cognitive impairment increases the likelihood that elderly women will experience harm from screening mammography (e.g., more psychological distress from false-positive results because of the inability to understand screening procedures, and more complications from the treatment of clinically insignificant disease).13,14 Moreover, screeningmammography can distract care away from more pressing medical problems arising from either the cognitive...
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...Community Interest Company: a Social Enterprise Organisation Project Report Health Needs Assessment: Stroke in South West and South East London Author: Version: Date: Client: Ref No: Dr John Hayward, Sarah Martin, Dr Michael Soljak Final Version 16.03.09 South West and South East London Cardiac and Stroke Network Boards P132 A Social Enterprise organisation and Community Interest Company Registered office: PO Box 1295, 20 Station Road, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, SL9 8EL English Company Number: 06480440 VAT Registration: 926 9466 78 www.phast.org.uk E&OE Final Project Report P132 Health Needs Assessment: Stroke in South West and South East London Public Health Action Support Team (PHAST) The Public Health Action Support Team (PHAST) is a Community Interest Company. This is a type of social enterprise that is committed to using its surpluses and assets for the public good. Social enterprises are social mission driven organisations which trade in goods or services for a social purpose.1 PHAST is based at Imperial College, London. It has over 60 experienced and expert public health professionals whose aim is to improve the health of the population and reduce inequalities. Many have worked at high level in the NHS, the Department of Health or in academia. Quality assurance and due diligence processes are in place to ensure all associates work to the highest standard. PHAST also has associates with economic, ethical and legal expertise. For further details see www.phast...
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...Unit 3 – Sampling Teri Isbell American InterContinental University Abstract Three different types of surveys will be discussed for sample size and how they compare to each other. A personal survey’s information is provided and the breakdown of the answers is shown in charts for review. A personal opinion regarding how survey information can be used with a business or other service is discussed. Introduction An entertainment, political, and general survey will be examined for sample size and discussed in this paper. A personal survey will also be reviewed and additional information will be discussed as to how they relate to each other and how the information could be used in a business or other setting. Part 1: Survey Analysis: Entertainment Social gaming is taking the desktop and console gaming world to new heights by attracting gamers that might not have every touched a video game before according to Shaer, (2010). He reports that 56.8 million American consumers over the age of 6 had participated in social game playing over the past three months. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the 2010 population was 281,421,906, and Shaer’s 56.8 million consumers represent approximately 20% of the overall population. I was surprised to find the accuracy in Shaer’s numbers representing one-fifth of the U.S. population in 2010. That is a staggering number of people doing nothing more than playing games! To further understand the impact these numbers have on social gaming...
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...Discount Rate ( d ) 10% Sales Growth = 0% (assumption) 1+d 1.10 Attrition Rate 14% Retention Rate ( r ) 86% Customer Life Expectancy (1/(1-Retention Rate)) 7.37 Years 8700 Profitable Year "CF if Client Margin (m)" "Prob Survival (r^n)" (1+d)^n PV Factor 1/(1+d)^n m*r^n*(1/(1+d)^n) CLV 0 -41 1.00 1.00 1.00 -41.00 -41.00 1 427 0.86 1.10 0.91 335.26 294.26 2 465 0.75 1.21 0.83 287.15 581.41 3 505 0.65 1.33 0.75 244.76 826.17 4 505 0.56 1.46 0.68 192.31 1018.48 5 505 0.48 1.61 0.62 151.11 1169.59 6 505 0.42 1.77 0.56 118.73 1288.33 7 505 0.36 1.95 0.51 93.29 1381.62 8 505 0.31 2.14 0.47 73.30 1454.92 9 505 0.27 2.36 0.42 57.60 1512.52 10 505 0.23 2.59 0.39 45.26 1557.78 11 505 0.20 2.85 0.35 35.56 1593.34 12 505 0.17 3.14 0.32 27.94 1621.28 13 505 0.15 3.45 0.29 21.95 1643.24 14 505 0.13 3.80 0.26 17.25 1660.49 15 505 0.11 4.18 0.24 13.55 1674.04 16 505 0.10 4.59 0.22 10.65 1684.69 17 505 0.08 5.05 0.20 8.37 1693.06 18 505 0.07 5.56 0.18 6.58 1699.64 19 505 0.06 6.12 0.16 5.17 1704.80 20 505 0.05 6.73 0.15 4.06 1708.86 21 505 0.05 7.40 0.14 3.19 1712.05 22 505 0.04 8.14 0.12 2.51 1714.56 23 505 0.03 8.95 0.11 1.97 1716.53 24 505 0.03 9.85 0.10 1.55 1718.07 25 505 0.03 10.83 0.09 1.22 1719.29 26 505 0.02 11.92 0.08 0.96 1720.25 27 505 0.02 13.11 0.08 0.75 1721.00 28 505 0.02 14.42 0.07 0.59 1721.59 29 505 0.01 15.86 0.06 0.46 1722.05 30 505 0.01 17.45 0.06 0.36 1722.41 31 505 0.01 19.19 0.05 0.29...
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...population have not only been stripped off their money, but also of their social standing, political rights and the level of care they are given. If you consider that in the day and age in which we live a man who is retiring at the age of 65 is maybe able to retire, maybe not, and after probably around 40 years of being part of the work force the amount of money he will be able to retire with is less than a third of what he would have retired with in 1940 when the life expectancy was much longer as well. (1) The first national Social Security was implemented in 1883 and the “magic-age” of 65 was determined as the age when a person should be eligible to no longer work and be taken care by his or her government. It is important to address here that the average life expectancy at this time was only 37 years old. So from its inception only about 54% of men and 62% of women even lived to be the age of 65 and now 130 years later the average American lives to be nearly 78 with some people living way past there. This longevity of life has put quite a damper on the government’s plans. (2) Over time the government’s social security plan began paying out more money then it was taking in. As the government began taking in less money that this aging population would have access to the medical cost for the elderly was simultaneously skyrocketing. (1) Throughout the 1990’s the rising costs of care for the elderly population scared politicians and those responsible for basically...
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...effects on well-being, studies differ as to whether this increases or decreases with age. We conclude that older individuals have learned to appraise and cope differently with stress. This protects them in spite of their increased physiological vulnerability and may also increase the possibility of stress-related growth and optimal aging. Full Text [View Enlargement] As people age their health trajectories tend to diverge, with some developing multiple chronic conditions and others maintaining good health; stress may play a role in this aspect of aging. Over the past century, remarkable changes have occurred in the life expectancy and quality of life of older adults. Individuals born in the United States in 1900 had an average life expectancy of 47.3 years; those born in 2004 are expected to live 77.8 years on average (NCHS 2006). Life expectancy projections for residents of...
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...Chapeyama Zimbabwe There is clear trend in population growth over the past two centuries. This has been a period of fast growth in the population. The one billion population point was reached only in 1800. It means before that period the population was very low. That could be explained by high death rates. However, from 1800 to about 1900 the population grew to 3 billion people. That is a big jump. This can be explained by better life expectancy, enhanced by good health care and the effects of industrialization. The population however kept increasing. This year 2012, the population has reached 8 billion. This newer growth rate was made possible by the decline in death rate, and increased life expectancy. This is still despite the low birth rates that has been necessitated by family planning measures. It is expected that within the next 12 years the population would reach the 9 billion mark. From there, the population is expected to stabilize. Firstly, family planning has managed to reduce the birth rates; however it triggered a longer life expectancy. This means there has been a huge decrease in death rate. When people have few children, they can meet their health needs better than if the families were big. With medical care afforded to people, it means people live long periods of time. Many generations of people live at one time. With fewer children, the parents can invest their money in medical aids; they can afford good education for their children. The parents may also...
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...University of Phoenix Material Monica Davis Effects of Mass Media Worksheet Write brief 250-to 300-word answers to each of the following: Questions | Answers | What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during the 20th century? | The earliest forms of media can be tracked back to live stage dramas, books, and newspapers. The term “mass media” made its first impact in the 1920’s when radio, video, and television changed the market. These choices became very popular with a generation that no longer wanted to read in order to receive information and entertainment. Since then mass media has continued to improve the way in which the world receives and distributes entertainment and information. With the invention of new technology in the 20th century the cost of production dropped and increased the amount of films, books, and newspapers that could be produced for larger audiences. While the cost of production dropped that also meant that the profits increased. The world wide web created a forum for spreading new and entertainment even faster. With the concern for saving trees and reducing the amount of carbon in the air digital newspapers and magazines also became a big success for mass media and global news. Today events that take place half way around the world are in local newspapers or on broadcasting stations within minutes of their occurrence. The 20th century gift to mass media is speed and advertisement. Businesses can introduce themselves and...
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...because there is a shortage of workers in that country for that workAustralian teachers and nurses moving to Internal: * Rural-Urban Migration: * Leaving a countrymoving to a city * ChallengeCan infrastructure handle current rural influx? And who is growing crops? * Push factor out of rural environment (Negative)Sever drought, unemployment, natural disasters etc. * Pull Factors to move to the city (Positive)Employment, Education, Medical etc. * Bright Lights Big City PhenomenonYoung people’s view of being in the city. * Counter-urbanization: * Leaving the citymoving to the country * Life style choice living life at a slower pace * Often associated with retirees Young couples living big life who have children. * Sea change Tree Change Refugee movement/forced: * ForcedNo choice to leave e.g. war, fear of life etc. * People seeking Asylumseeking safetynot being granted Refugee status. * People in Afghanistan and Iraqpeople will come via...
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...average life expectancy has now risen (currently around 79), this has caused many consequences for younger generations, such as how to pay elderly people their full pension when they are going without work for 20+ years. The health care of the UK has improved over time because scientists have developed more medicine, that can cure more diseases and is also more effecting at doing so. One of the main causes of death in the early 1900s was the common flu, however, modern medication has now made a vaccine for this, making it very hard to catch in the first place, and also easily treatable. Because of this modern medication, the death rate has fallen over the past 100 years. Another reason for the decrease in the death rate is the improvement in health care. The NHS (National Health Service) was introduced in 1948. The NHS is a public service that provides people with free health care. Before this time, you would have had to pay for your health care, which a lot of people were unable to do, especially the dependant elderly people. This meant that many people went through life with very little health care, or sometimes none at all, which usually led to lots of people becoming ill, and then dying early on in life. The NHS fixed this problem by making health care free for everyone, meaning that people could now get medication for free if needed, which helped in keeping them much healthier, and therefore living longer. The NHS has had a massive impact in the life expectancy during the...
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...Impact of Human Life Expectancy Increases in life expectancy in the world’s human population has measurable effects on the environment. Since recorded history, the age that people die has expanded to approximately 75 years, on average. Most experts believe that this is due to social reforms and technology, rather than evolution. People did not start evolving to increased life expectancies; rather they became more efficient at using medicines, disease prevention, processing food and energy sources and this had an increasing effect in simply living longer. Sex, age, geographic location, demographic groups, time period and wealth certainly are factors when calculating life expectancy. In the middle ages, a child living past the age of five could potentially live well beyond a projected age of 25 years. This depended greatly on surviving birth or disease and if they happened to be a member of higher social class, having access to better or a higher abundance of food. Statistics for women actually surviving child-birth are much higher in recent history than 200 years ago, Simply because we are better suited medically to overcome the problems they experienced. Geographic and economic status are another big part of the increases. Developed nations have significant increases when compared to many lesser developed nations. The World Health Organization shows no real large increases in life expectancies in many nations in Africa and the Mid-East...
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...the result of increased longevity and relatively lower fertility than was experienced earlier in the last century. Our aging population of Baby Boomers appears to be healthier and more functional. Changes in many of these parameters can have a significant impact on the scope, use and nature of the health care system. According to a 2003 report by the CDC, The median age of the world's population is increasing because of a decline in fertility and a 20-year increase in the average life span during the second half of the 20th century. These factors, combined with elevated fertility in many countries during the 2 decades after World War II (i.e., the "Baby Boom"), will result in increased numbers of persons aged >65 years during 2010—2030. The growing number of older adults increases demands on the public health system and on medical and social services. Chronic diseases, which affect older adults disproportionately, contribute to increased health- and long-term--care costs. Increased life expectancy reflects, in part, the success of public health interventions, but public health programs must now respond to the challenges created by this achievement, including the growing burden of chronic illnesses, injuries, and disabilities and increasing concerns about future care giving and health-care costs. Health Care Utilization The dynamics of population are the most fundamental determinants of the need, demand, and use of health care services according to Williams and Torrens. ...
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...Improve Life with Just a Little Exercise Kysha Baker ENG147 07/25/2014 Roxanne Grandis Improve Life with Just a Little Exercise More than one-third of American’s are obese and it’s fair to say that most of that percentage also suffer from depression. World Health Organization states that health is “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease, or infirmity. (As cited in Khalil, Callaghan, Carter, & Morres, 2012 p. 2) People’s lives are so busy and hectic now they forget one simple thing that could help, exercise. The benefits of exercise can reduce health issues, while improving a person’s quality of life and confidence in one self. Regular exercise can help reduce a number health issues, including depression. Even though the links between depression and exercise aren’t clear, the effects of exercise will help a person relax and feel better. Exercise will release feel-good brain chemicals like neurotransmitters and endorphins which may ease depression symptoms. Also, the concentrations of several biologically active molecules, such as adrenocorticotrophic hormones, can change with regular exercise. (Dimeo, Bauer, Varahram, Proest, & Halter, 2001 p. 116). This hormone can affect the pituitary gland, which in turn could cause weight gain, which in turn could cause more depression. It’s a vicious cycle that needs to end to help save lives. Besides helping with health issues, a person’s quality of life can be...
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...in a population (morbidity) and frequency of death at a particular age (mortality) represent vital and gross health statistics (McKeown 1978). Basically, improved health is reflected in decline of mortality. Determinants of health can be sought in various health theories or models. One of these is ‘life course model’ which offers an interdisciplinary framework for guiding research on health, human development and aging. Life course epidemiology is defined as the study of long term effects on later health or disease risk of physical or social exposures during gestation, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood and later adult life (Kuh and Hardy 2002). The aim is to elucidate biological, behavioural, and psychosocial determinants of health that operate across an individual’s life course, or across generations, to influence the development of disease risk. Combining the definition, quantifiers and determinants, if health trends are to be evaluated there has been a major transition in health status and its indicators. An Upside Trend Life expectancy has seen an upward trend worldwide. In the UK, for England and Wales, the Human Mortality Database or HMD shows that life expectancy at birth and at age 65 have increased for both males and females from 1841 to...
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...of development indicators in the seven countries 3. Pictures 4. Conclusion 5. Bibliography Introduction: In this investigation I will thoroughly research and determine whether South Africa is more developed than its neighbouring countries Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland and Lesotho with the given information and my own I will set out to determine to demonstrate that particular outcome with comparing them and demonstrating it through pictures. Development: refers to the level of progress/growth made by humans in all aspects of life e.g. economic, social, political, medical, educational, transport etc. Development is closely related to the attainment of human needs. There is a marked difference between developed and developing countries with respect to the level of development. The level of development of a country impacts directly on the quality of life of its inhabitants. The primary objective of economic development is to raise the standard of living of people. Levels of development: there are differences in the levels of development between rural and urban areas. The contrast between wealth and poverty is also clearly evident globally and locally. Many rich countries are getting richer whilst poor countries are becoming poorer. The purpose of development is to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor so that everyone enjoys a reasonable standard of living....
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