...NOTES FOR BIOLOGY 1001 SECTIONS 002 and 005 Fall 2008 DR. STEVEN POMARICO Outline 1A CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LIFE ON EARTH What is Biology? --- The science of living organisms and life processes. O.K., so what is science? And If biology is the science of “life,” what exactly is life? We all recognize what life is, but it’s difficult to define. The characteristics of life: 1) -Complex, organized structure 2) -Response to stimuli - a change outside (or inside) leads to another change 3) -Homeostasis - the ability to maintain the structure and regulate the internal environment. 4) -Ability to acquire material and energy >The material and energy are often transformed< 5) -Growth 6) -Reproduction - either sexual or asexual >DNA is genetic information, the “blueprint” for the offspring< 7) -Ability to evolve - to change to fit the environment Complex, organized structure The complexity of life is built in levels. (see fig 1-2) Each level has ingredients or components which interact to make something greater than the sum of the parts. -Subatomic particles -Atoms -Molecules -Organelles (not present in prokaryotes) -Cells -Tissues (present only in multicellular eukaryotes) -Organs (present only in multicellular eukaryotes) -Organ systems (present only in multicellular eukaryotes) -Multicelled organisms -Populations -Community -Ecosystem -Biosphere Response to...
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...Why We Study the Cell and Its Components The cell is the basic unit of all living organisms. Some organisms like bacteria have only one cell while other organisms are multi cellular. It is important to study the cell and its components because it enables understanding of our own life and opens up windows of opportunity for the future generations. Understanding cells and their component functions allows for better understanding of disease and the possibility of cures or better treatment options. Biologists study the cell in healthy and diseased states to develop new vaccines, medicines, plants with improved qualities and to gain a better understanding of how all living things live. The study of cells and its components is also helpful in solving crimes through forensic science. In biotechnology, the study of cells is used to clone plants and animals, and with time possibly for the production of organs. In studying cells it is important to know what organism the cell comes from. There are two types of cells, the prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The prokaryotic were the first type of cells to evolve. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus; bacteria are the best known prokaryotic cells. Organisms that contain eukaryotic cells include fungi, animals, and plants as well as some unicellular organisms. The eukaryotic cell is much bigger and contains membrane bound compartments where metabolic activities take place. The components of the cell include, plasma membrane, cytoskeleton...
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...1. The # of characteristics used to describe life? Eight 2. The # of properties that controls life’s characteristics? Three 3. The most important subatomic particle in the organization of life? Electrons 4. How many atoms compromise 99.5% of protoplasm Six 5. The atoms in the previous questions are important because they are Unstable 6. Stability of atoms is a function of their electron arrangement True 7. How many types of macromolecules are required to produce a life form Four 8. The most important atom in biological systems because of its structure is Carbon 9. The most abundant molecule (70%) Water 10. Level of organization at which life first appears Cells 11. Level of biological organization where one has many identical organisms Population 12. Level of biological organizations where one has many different organisms Community 13. Level of biological organization where one includes abiotic factors Ecosystem 14. The first proposed idea of cell theory and Biol. Unity Schwan and Schleidan 15. First persona to observe basic unit of life and coin the term cell Hooke 16. First to observe basic unit of life as a while organism Van Leevenhook 17. Which of the following cell types possess organelles Eukaryote 18. Organisms in the microbial world do not include Dissimilar dependent multi-celled eukaryotes 19. Higher Organisms in the microbial world (plants and animals) include Dissimilar dependent...
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...Parts of a Cell There are two types of cells: Image 1 (Kaufman and Thompson) Prokaryotic Cell Image 2 (Kaufman and Thompson) Eukaryotic Cell A prokaryotic (pro- before; karyotic-nucleus or before the egg) cell does not have a true nucleus. A eukaryotic (eu- true; karyotic- nucleus) cell has a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Let’s start with the CELL MEMBRANE Image 3 (Hese) Pretend the cell is a house. The cell membrane is just like the fence and gate around the house. It says what enters and exits the property just like a cell membrane decides what enters and exits a cell. It’s what separates the inside and outside of a cell just like a fence separates a home’s yard from other yards. Next, let’s talk about RIBOSOMES Image 4 (Hickman) Ribosomes are like little protein making factories inside the cell. They make proteins for the cell and proteins that can be moved outside the cell for work somewhere else in the body. Next up, the NUCLEUS and NUCLEOLUS (eukaryotic cells only) Image 5 (Creative Commons) The nucleus contains the genetic material of the cell, or the DNA. It controls what kind of cell the cell will become as well as the cell itself. It’s kind of like the brain of the cell. The nucleolus is in the center of the nucleus and it is where ribosomes are made and assembled. On to the ROUGH and SMOOTH ER (endoplasmic reticulum) Image 6 (Cronodon) ...
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...|[pic] |Course Syllabus | | |College of Natural Sciences | | |SCI/230 Version 7 | | |Introduction to Life Science | Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course applies a broad, conceptual understanding of biology. Students are introduced to scientific ideologies and concepts that not only shape our biological world, but also shape us as humans. Students examine the scientific method, evolution and biodiversity, the biology of cells, energy systems, the dynamics of inheritance, and the effect humans have on the environment. The text emphasizes methods and the theoretical foundations of ideas, while minimizing isolated facts. It stresses the integration of ideas, making connections that form our understanding of the living world. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies:...
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...Baggett 4th Period The endosymbiotic theory explains how eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells. Symbiosis is a close relationship between two different organisms. The discovery of the endosymbiotic theory took hundreds of years to be considered as real and was eventually it was finalized. The endosymbiotic theory is believed to be first introduced and described by Andreas Schimper in 1883. Schimper was a German botanist and phytogeographer. He was born on May 12, 1856 and he passed away on September 9, 1901, at the age of forty-five. After studying at the University of Strassburg from 1874 to 1878, in the process acquiring his Ph.D, He left Germany...
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...Ways Biology Plays a Role in Everyday Life and Benefits Society A. Biology is used by doctors to treat diseases in humans and animals. Farmers use biology to understand their crops. Marine biologists use biology to protect and understand ocean life. Nutritionists use biology to understand the way bodies interact with food. Health inspectors use biology to set standards for food safety. B. Biology is a person's daily life. The food you eat was produced using biological processes. There are quadrillions of biochemical reactions going on in your body at any given moment. Your environment is affected by biological processes, many organisms and chemicals found in your environment affect you. C. Any drug you ever take to cure your headache or eliminate an infection was developed using biology (and chemistry & etc.). Making breads and cheeses depends on biological processed carried out by yeasts and molds. All the oxygen you breathe was generated by biological processes (specifically, photosynthesis). Virtually all the energy you use was created by biological processes. (Oil and coal are both ultimately derived from plant matter.) D. Biology connects to my life due to many factors; for one my school is almost completely surrounded by a swamp in which, occasionally, I see its various organisms and plant species. Another way biology connects to my everyday life is the bread I eat, in which before it’s made into a sandwich (or even into bread for that matter)...
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...www. .uni-rostock.de Bioinformatics Introduction to genomics and proteomics I Ulf Schmitz ulf.schmitz@informatik.uni-rostock.de Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Group www.sbi.informatik.uni-rostock.de Ulf Schmitz, Introduction to genomics and proteomics I 1 Outline www. .uni-rostock.de Genomics/Genetics 1. The tree of life • Prokaryotic Genomes – Bacteria – Archaea • Eukaryotic Genomes – Homo sapiens 2. Genes • Expression Data Ulf Schmitz, Introduction to genomics and proteomics I 2 Genomics - Definitions Genetics: www. .uni-rostock.de is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. Humans began applying knowledge of genetics in prehistory with the domestication and breeding of plants and animals. In modern research, genetics provides tools in the investigation of the function of a particular gene, e.g. analysis of genetic interactions. Genomics: attempts the study of large-scale genetic patterns across the genome for a given species. It deals with the systematic use of genome information to provide answers in biology, medicine, and industry. Genomics has the potential of offering new therapeutic methods for the treatment of some diseases, as well as new diagnostic methods. Major tools and methods related to genomics are bioinformatics, genetic analysis, measurement of gene expression, and determination of gene function. Ulf Schmitz, Introduction to genomics and proteomics I 3 Genes ...
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...Bio 156 – Midterm Study Guide Lesson One I. Characteristics of Life • List four main characteristics of all living things II. Diversity and Organizing Life • Describe three ways of classifying, or ordering, life on earth. • Given a random ordering of the levels of organization of life, rearrange them into the proper sequence. • Describe the concept "an organism is more than the sum of its parts." • List the six kingdoms of life. • By definition, distinguish between a population, a community, and an ecosystem. • Distinguish between a producer, a consumer and a decomposer. III. Origins of Diversity- Evolution of Life • Define the term "biodiversity. • Define the term "evolution." • Describe how diversity of life can arise by the operation of natural selection. IV. The Nature of Biological Inquiry – Scientific Method • Distinguish between a hypothesis and a prediction • Distinguish between inductive and deductive logic • What is meant by the phrase "potentially falsifiable hypothesis"? • Define the term "control group" and tell the value of a control group in an experiment • Define the term "theory" and tell at what point in a study a hypothesis becomes a theory • Design an experiment to test a given hypothesis, using the procedure and terminology of the scientific method. Try the problem:...
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...too small to be seen with the naked eye 2. bio – life 3. ology - study of 4. study of microorganisms (simple forms of life visible only with a microscope MICROORGANISMS * Minute living things * Too small to be seen with the unaided eye * Members of several different groups * Microorganisms - Microbes - Germs GROUPS OF MICROORGANISMS * Bacteria Bacteriology * Fungi Mycology * Protozoa Protozoology * Microscopic Algae Phycology * Viruses Virology ALGAE * photosynthetic unicellular or simple multicellular * mostly aquatic * organisms with cell walls of cellulose * produce their own food through photosynthesis FUNGI * Eukaryotic organisms with rigid cell wall * Yeasts * Single-celled * Reproduce by budding * Molds * Large, fuzzy, multicelled organisms * Produce spore * Superficial infections * Athlete’s foot * Ringworm * Thrush Can cause systemic infections PROTOZOA * Single-celled eukaryotic organisms, larger than bacteria * Found in soil and water * Illnesses * Malaria * Amebic dysentery * Trichomoniasis vaginitis * Leading cause of death in developing countries * VIRUS * Smallest known infectious agents * Subcellular microorganism * Have only nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat * Must live and grow in living cells of other organisms * Illnesses caused by viruses ...
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...Phoenix Material What Is Life? Part I: Media Relevancy Read each statement. Write a 100-word summary explaining how the chosen media piece supports the statement. Include reference citations. 1. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that recognizes the fundamental concepts of chemistry in biology. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how fundamental concepts of chemistry affect biology. [pic] 2. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that describes the energy metabolism of cells. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand the energy metabolism of cells. [pic] 3. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that compares the structures and functions of different cell types. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better compare structures and functions of different cell types. [pic] 4. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—related to the scientific method, creating hypotheses, or designing experiments. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how the scientific method is used to create hypotheses and experiments. [pic] Part II: Applying Science to Everyday Life Recently, Earl attended...
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...of new phenotypic variants and, ultimately, new species. A large body of evidence for this hypothesis was published in Darwin’s Origin of Species one year later, the appearance of which provoked other leading scientists like August Weismann to adopt and amplify Darwin’s perspective. Weismann’s neo-Darwinian theory of evolution was further elaborated, most notably in a series of books by Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ernst Mayr, Julian Huxley and others. In this article we first summarize the history of life on Earth and provide recent evidence demonstrating that Darwin’s dilemma (the apparent missing Precambrian record of life) has been resolved. Next, the historical development and structure of the “modern synthesis” is described within the context of the following topics: paleobiology and rates of evolution, mass extinctions and species selection, macroevolution and punctuated equilibrium, sexual reproduction and recombination, sexual selection and altruism, endosymbiosis and eukaryotic cell evolution, evolutionary developmental biology, phenotypic plasticity, epigenetic inheritance and molecular evolution, experimental bacterial evolution, and computer simulations (in silico evolution of digital organisms). In addition, we discuss the expansion of the modern synthesis, embracing all branches of scientific disciplines. It is concluded that the basic tenets Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. hc mult. Ernst Mayr on the occasion of his 100th birthday U. Kutschera ()) Institut für...
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...BSC 1020 - Biology of Humans EXAM 1 Study Guide Exam Instructions • Exam 1 is scheduled for Saturday, February 13, 2016 from 11:00am-12:15pm • It will be held on the Tampa campus, in CW Bill Young Hall (CWY), which is located on USF Maple Dr., across from the Social Science bldg. (SOC), and north of the gym/rec center (REC). Campus maps can be found at: http://www.usf.edu/administrative-services/parking/maps/index.aspx o Because there are 316 students, we’ll split the class between two adjacent rooms: If you last name begins with A ‒ J, go to CWY 107 ▪ If you last name begins with K ‒ Z, go to CWY 109 ▪ • If you cannot come to the Tampa campus that day, it is your responsibility to arrange for an alternate site. Refer to the syllabus for more details. • Please bring your student ID and a pencil. Scantron sheets will be provided. • The exam covers Chapters 1 to 7, Units A‒D. Roughly the same number of questions will come from each chapter. • It will consist of 50 multiple-choice questions, including approximately 10 True/False. Study Recommendations: • Re-read each chapter ahead of time, study the PowerPoint slides • Do the online practice quizzes and activities. Better yet, do them a couple of times. Some of the exam questions may be the same or very similar. • Take the quizzes found at the end of each chapter in the textbook Study Material: To help you focus your studies as much as possible, I’ve assembled...
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...Biodiversity - variety & # of life forms on earth Species - breed that can interbreed naturally Morphological Species Concept: species r organisms that look anatomically similar Recognition Species Concept: species r organisms that can recognize each other as potential mates Biological Species Concept: species r individuals in a population that can breed under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring Hybridization- crossbreeding between species (rare) (ex, liger, mule) Types of Biodiversity * genetic diversity: sexual reproduction cases unique inherited combinations of traits * ecosystem diversity: variety of organisms and their environment * diversity of interactions: interdependence of species = stability * diversity of habitats: structural diversity increases biodiversity Loss of biodiversity -affects food -medicine -economics -carbon cycle ______________________________________________________________________________ Taxonomy (to arrange) - the science of identifying, classifying, and naming organisms - classification based on similarities in structure and function - classifying helps us find/identify and understand Seven Levels Remember Katy Perry's Cat Ordered Fine Guacamole Sunday King Phillip Came Over From Germany, Stinky 1. Species 2. Genus 3. Family - animals end in "-idae" , plants end in " -aceae" 4. Order 5. Class 6. Phylum 7. Kingdom Classification for humans: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata ...
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...Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life This introductory chapter explores the basic themes and concepts of biology, with emphasis on the core theme of evolution. It also introduces students to the thinking of scientists. Questions are therefore general; however, an effort has been made to include some from each skill level. As in the rest of this test bank, questions that feature art or those for which several questions follow upon some data or a scenario are placed together at the end of the chapter. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a A) biosystem. B) community. C) population. D) ecosystem. E) family. Answer: C Topic: Concept 1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy. For example, plant chloroplasts convert the energy of sunlight into A) the energy of motion. B) carbon dioxide and water. C) the potential energy of chemical bonds. D) oxygen. E) kinetic energy. Answer: C Topic: Concept 1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) The main source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is A) light energy. B) kinetic energy. C) thermal energy. D) chemical energy. E) ATP. Answer: A Topic: Concept 1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Which of the following types of cells utilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as their genetic material but do not have their...
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