...AN EXAMINATION OF INVENTORY COSTING CONVERGENCE UNDER GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS Casey Reineking Department of Accounting Murray State University Murray, KY 42071-3314 E-mail: casey.reineking@hotmail.com Don H. Chamberlain Department of Accounting Murray State University Murray, KY 42071-3314 Holly R. Rudolph Department of Accounting Murray State University Murray, KY 42071-3314 L. Murphy Smith* Department of Accounting Murray State University 351 Business Building Murray, KY 42071-3314 Tel: 270-809-4297 Email: msmith93@murraystate.edu *Corresponding author Forthcoming in Journal of International Business Research AN EXAMINATION OF INVENTORY COSTING CONVERGENCE UNDER GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS ABSTRACT Accounting principles in the United States are converging toward international standards. If convergence continues, and there are proponents and detractors, then the U.S. system of accounting, called Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), will eventually be replaced by International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Convergence has profound implications for publicly traded companies and their many stakeholders such as investors, lenders, government agencies, and employees. A key issue facing accounting standard-setters is the treatment of inventory costing, an area in which GAAP and IFRS differ. This study addresses three...
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...that are both ordinary and necessary to put goods in place and in condition for their resale. There are three basis approaches to valuing inventory that are allowed by Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). First-in, first-out (FIFO) is an inventory method that assumes that the first items produced or purchased in the inventory are the first ones sold. This inventory method is acceptable under the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), as well as the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). FIFO is most often used in accordance with the restaurant industry or businesses that deal with perishable products. This allows them to use all of their products before they expire or go to waste, which helps to lower their food costs. “In a period of inflation, FIFO produces a higher net income because the lower unit costs of the first units purchased matched against revenues. In a period of rising prices, FIFO reports the highest net income” (Kimmel et al, 2007, p. 278). FIFO is most recognized for the reason that it includes up to date purchases and, as such, more precisely reflects the price of substitutions. Last-in, First-out (LIFO) is an inventory method that assumes the last items produced or purchased in the inventory are the first ones sold. This inventory method is acceptable under the U.S....
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...3. Shifting to LIFO inventory costing has been completed and will result in a life to date increase in net income of 7 cents. Therefore the following must be discussed in the meeting: US GAAP would require to report or disclose this net income in the quarterly 100 * Interim reports: In order to facilitate management control, legislative oversight or other purposes, appropriate interim financial statements and reports of financial position, operating results and other pertinent information should be prepared. * Comprehensive annual financial report. A comprehensive annual financial report (CAFR) should be prepared covering all activities of the primary government and providing an overview of its discretely presented component units. It should contain the following sections: 1. Introductory section. The introductory section includes the table of contents and letter of transmittal. 2. Financial section. The financial section includes: * The independent auditor's report; * Management's discussion and analysis (MD&A) * Basic financial statements: 3. Statistical section. The statistical section includes additional financial, economic, and demographic information. * These events would be reflected in the quarterly income statement as an increase in net income of 7 cents * report the performance, net income, earnings per share, earnings from continuing operations and net sales * EPS concerns from the CFO and president would be: how...
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...choice of inventory accounting methods, specifically for the case of FIFO and LIFO, has developed into a decision, which includes varying consequences and comes with specific implications and benefits, such as communicating private information with FIFO (Hughes, and Schwartz, 1988, p.42) or tax benefits for the choice of LIFO (Morse and Richardson, 1983, p.125). Every firm and manager has to face the decision of which accounting method to choose, and has to include several aspects into their decision making process and weigh the pros and cons in general. However, the empirical evidence (Frankel and Hsu, 2015, p.48) shows some controversies as to what inventory accounting methods firms decided to use in the past, even though the theory would...
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...Analysis of IFRS and U.S. GAAP GAAP or acronym for Generally Accepted Accounting Principles refers to the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in any given jurisdiction. It is a common set of accounting principles, standards, and procedures that companies use to compile their financial statements (Investopedia). For many years, countries have developed their own accounting standards. The U.S. has always followed the U.S. GAAP while most European countries followed the IFRS, or acronym for International Financial Reporting Standard. In a sense, the U.S. had their own financial “language”, and in order to communicate with others, they needed to translate to a language they could understand. As globalization and international trade increased, such differences in the financial language caused many difficulties and problems, creating a demand for a new language that is universally accepted and understood. The convergence of IFRS and GAAP is what came of this demand. Understanding U.S. GAAP and more importantly its transition to IFRS is extremely crucial for anyone pursuing a career in Accounting or related fields. At the time of the stock market crash in 1929, there was no structure setting accounting standards. As the nation plunged into the Great Depression, there were calls for increased government regulation of financial institutions. The result was the establishment of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC); a federal agency that administers...
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...See answers below the final exam. 1) Which financial statement is used to determine cash generated from operations? A. Income statement B. Statement of operations C. Statement of cash flows D. Retained earnings statement 2) In terms of sequence, in what order must the four basic financial statements be prepared? A. Balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and capital statement B. Income statement, capital statement, statement of cash flows, and balance sheet C. Balance sheet, capital statement, statement of cash flows, and income statement D. Income statement, capital statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows 3) In classifying transactions, which of the following is true in regard to assets? A. Normal balances and increases are debits. B. Normal balances and decreases are credits. C. Normal balances can either be debits or credits for assets. D. Normal balances are debits and increases can be debits or credits. 4) An increase in an expense account must be A. debited B. credited C. either debited or credited, depending on the circumstances D. capitalized 5) ABC Corporation issues 100 shares of $1 par common stock at $5 per share, which of the following is the correct journal entry? A. Cash $100 Common Stock $100 B. Cash $500 Common Stock $500 C. Cash $500 Paid-in Capital, Excess of Par...
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...ACC 290 Final Exam 1) Which financial statement is used to determine cash generated from operations? A. Income statement B. Statement of operations C. Statement of cash flows D. Retained earnings statement 2) In terms of sequence, in what order must the four basic financial statements be prepared? A. Balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and capital statement B. Income statement, capital statement, statement of cash flows, and balance sheet C. Balance sheet, capital statement, statement of cash flows, and income statement D. Income statement, capital statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows 3) In classifying transactions, which of the following is true in regard to assets? A. Normal balances and increases are debits. B. Normal balances and decreases are credits. C. Normal balances can either be debits or credits for assets. D. Normal balances are debits and increases can be debits or credits. 4) An increase in an expense account must be A. debited B. credited C. either debited or credited, depending on the circumstances D. capitalized 5) ABC Corporation issues 100 shares of $1 par common stock at $5 per share, which of the following is the correct journal entry? A. Cash $100 Common Stock $100 B. Cash $500 Common Stock $500 C. Cash $500 Paid-in Capital, Excess of Par $400 Common Stock $100 D. Cash $100 Paid-in Capital, Excess of Par $400 Common Stock $500 6) In the first month of operations, the total of the...
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...GAAP and IFRS Convergence Kenneth DeWitte Strayer University 1. Describe IFRS and GAAP and what convergence means. The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is the accounting framework used by the European Union, Japan, Canada, and other world economic leaders. The IFRS is based on the tenets of understandability, reliability, and comparability. It is based off the International Accounting Standards (IAS) and had the opportunity to be built from accounting ideas and principles used across the world. In recent years it also has had the chance to look at the United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and modify the rules to enhance clarity and consistency, intentionally setting itself apart from U.S. GAAP. United States GAAP is an aggregate of rules that show how to account for transactions and also present the transactions with reliability, consistency, and full disclosure. This amounts to a level of clarity that even someone not very knowledgeable about business can make a confident decision when investing. These rules were brought together by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). It is more specific than the IFRS requiring less interpretation and more consistent action taken by all businesses, leading to comparability through financial statements. The convergence of these two accounting frameworks is a must for both foreign and domestic businesses. There are some problems between the two systems coexisting. This has led to...
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...Accounting for inventory under IFRS and U.S. GAAP ABSTRACT U.S. General Accepted Accounting Standards (U.S. GAAP) and International Financial Reported Standards (IFRS) both give guidance for inventory valuation. This study will give several examples, compare cost flow assumptions and inventory valuation under U.S. GAAP and IFRS, and indicate the possible influences to reported companies and financial information users. INTRODUCTION The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) continues to move forward in its proposed plans to replace U.S. GAAP for U.S. public companies with IFRS. Inventory valuation is important, because inventory is a crucial element not only in the computation of profit, but also in the valuation of assets for balance sheet purposes. Unfortunately, inventory values sometimes are manipulated by management in order to create a more favorable impression. In the following sections, I introduced several differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS. I also analysis the possible reasons of information manipulation and influence. In section one and section two respectively I will talk about differences in cost flow assumptions and inventory valuation under both methods. I. COST FLOW ASSUMPTIONS Companies typically purchase merchandise at several different prices. Ending inventory equals the quantity on hand multiply the unit acquisition price. If a company use historical cost to determine the cost of inventory and it purchases inventory at different unit prices...
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... which will contribute to the flow of international investment and benefit a variety of stakeholders. The efficiency and competitiveness of global capital markets rest on on the ability of financial statement preparers to communicate effectively with investors through financial reports. In spite of the global movement to accept IFRS, US adoption of IFRS is still uncertain. The majority of people believe that effective convergence to a set of globally accepted accounting standards would be beneficial to preparers, users, auditors, analysts, and standard setters. Convergence in accounting standards can require extensive and possibly costly changes to the standard-setting organization and enforcement process in the US and other countries, and will also require suitable training for management, auditors, and investors. In the United States, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is working with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to reduce or eliminate the differences between United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) and the IFRS, in particular according to the convergence program laid out by a 2006 memorandum of understanding, which was updated in 2008. In the most recent years there have been updates and modifications to the accounting convergence. Changes like income tax and fair value have occurred. Both U.S. GAAP and...
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...ExxonMobil Analysis Metra Walthour American Public University System ExxonMobil is an American established gas and oil firm that has a head office in the metropolis of Irving, Texas. Even though it is American established and holds its head office in Texas, it is additionally a multinational firm that is recognized and utilized worldwide. The Exxon Firm was instituted in the year of 1934 across the mergence of the Average Oil Firm of New Jersey and the Anglo-American Oil Company. Even though these two firms joined in 1934, the name and company of Exxon did not come about until 1972. Exxon Mobil was instituted afterward, in 1999, alongside the mergence of Exxon and Mobil. ExxonMobil is an extremely prosperous firm, generally because “it is the third biggest firm by revenue and the subsequent biggest openly traded firm by marketplace backing in the world.” (Nagurney, 2010) An example of how big and successful ExxonMobil is, is lead by its largest shareholder, which happens to be the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. “The company is ranked No. 5 globally in 2013. ExxonMobil’s reserves were 72 billion BOE (barrels of oil equivalent) at the end of 2007 and, at then rates of production, were expected to last over 14 years. With 37 oil refineries in 21 countries constituting a combined daily refining capacity of 6.3 million barrels, ExxonMobil is the largest refiner in the world, a title that was also associated with Standard Oil...
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...evaluation of these two reporting standards and the discussion on whether to move IFRS worldwide. This paper will outline a few of the differences between GAAP and IFRS as well as review the discussion of standardized reporting using IFRS. Introduction Historically, accounting and reporting standards in the United States have been set by the AICPA (American Institute of Certified Public Accounts) as laid out by the regulations set by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). In 1973, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) was developed by the AICPA as a council for establishing standards for reporting for all United States companies. Under FASB, GAAP was reorganized into approximately 90 accounting standards offering concise methods to follow for financial reporting. This not only allowed for ease of access when reading US financials statements, but also allowed for comparison of documentation for investments, credits, and other financial decisions. On the other hand, the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) were developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) based in London. Currently, about 120 nations require the use of IFRS for financial reporting by public companies. Discussions have been underway to converge the United States to the...
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...Page 1: 30 Multiple Choice 1. (TCO A) An advantage of the corporate form of business is that (Points: 5) it has limited life. its owner’s personal resources are at stake. its ownership is easily transferable via the sale of shares of stock. it is simple to establish. 2. (TCO A) Which of the following activities involves collecting the necessary funds to support the business? (Points: 5) Operating Investing Financing Delivering 3. (TCO A) For 2007 Landford Corporation reported net income of $30,000; net sales $400,000; and average share outstanding 6,000. There were no preferred stock dividends. What was the 2007 earnings per share? (Points: 5) $4.66 $0.20 $66.67 $5.00 4. (TCO C) Free cash flow represents (Points: 5) cash provided by operations less adjustments for capital expenditures and dividends a measurement of a company’s cash generating ability a measure of solvency all of the above 5. (TCO C) The Dividends account (Points: 5) appears on the income statement along with the expenses of the business. must show transactions every accounting period. is increased with debits and decreased with credits. is considered a long term asset of the firm. 6. (TCO A, B) Kerner Company showed the following balances at the end of its first year: Cash ...
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...8/4/13 Chapter 1 Results 36% (9 out of 25 correct) Responses to questions are indicated by the symbol. 1. Corporations generally receive more favorable tax treatment than sole proprietorships and corporations. A. True B. False Correct! Sole proprietorships and partnerships generally receive more favorable tax treatment than corporations. 2. Which is not one of the three forms of business organization? A. Sole proprietorship B. Creditorship C. Partnership D. Corporation This is one of three forms of business organization discussed in the chapter. 3. Which is an advantage of corporations relative to partnerships and sole proprietorships? A. Increased difficulty of raising funds B. Harder to transfer ownership C. Reduced legal liability for investors D. Most common form of organization Ownership is easier to transfer in a corporation than in a partnership or proprietorship. 4. Easy transfer of ownership is a characteristic of which form of business organization? A. Sole proprietorship B. Partnership C. Corporation higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/kimmel/1118162285/self_test/ch01.html?newwindow=true 1/8 8/4/13 Chapter 1 Results D. All of the answer choices are correct Partnerships are effectively dissolved when any portion of the partnership is sold, closed, boughtout by the other partners, or bought by a new partner or partners. 5. In which forms of business organization are the owners personally liable for all the debts of the...
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...globally accepted rules for companies to use all over the world. These IFRS are permitted or required in around 120 countries. Companies, securities regulators, investors, creditors, and other business people alike prefer to have comparable financial statement information when making business transaction internationally. IFRS presents a solution to this problem. These standards are set by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Consisting of 16 members from various countries, the IASB structure is similar to that of the FASB in that they have a parent organization entitled the IFRS Foundation (Accounting Textbook, 1-17). The phrase “International Convergence of Accounting Standards” refers to both a goal and the path that is necessary to achieve it. Ultimately, the FASB would to like to be able to provide a unified set of superior quality, international accounting standards that companies worldwide would implement for both domestic and cross-border financial reporting, thus accomplishing convergence. However, until that time, FASB is committed to working with other accounting standard setting bodies to help to eventually develop a converged system without compromising quality (fasb.org). 2. Perhaps one of the most convergence hindering differences between IFRS and U.S. GAAP is the way in which they treat Inventory Costing. Simply put, U.S. GAAP allows companies to evaluate their inventory using the LIFO method, as long as they use the method for both...
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