...activity help you in such a game? F. What other sports or activities make use of the reflection rule that you discovered in this activity? Answers a. The angle of incidence (the angle between the light emitted from a source and the normal) and the angle of reflection (the angle between the light that bounces from the surface and the normal) have the same angle. This is because a reflection coming from a plane mirror is usually equivalent to the object it is reflecting; this means that the angle in which the incident ray hits the mirror will be the same angle as the reflected ray. b. When the light was directed to the mirror at the same angle as the normal, the incident ray travelled straight along the normal line towards the mirror and as it hit the mirror it made the reflected ray travel straight along the normal line away from the mirror and towards the light source. c. There are places where errors could've occurred in this activity; first, when the light was aimed at the plane mirror the spot in which the incident ray had to hit was the normal end of the mirror but in some cases one angle could be right on the normal and other angles a bit off. The tracing of the line which is created by the rays might not always be precise which can also alter a bit the final result. Also if the mirror was moved at all during the time that the experiment was performed. d. These errors can affect the conclusion by affecting the measurements and could lead to...
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...Without using electricity, there are many ways to illuminate a parking lot. First, I can decorate the ceilings and walls of the parking lot with glow sticks (light sticks). This method of producing light is called chemiluminescence. Chemiluminescence is the direct production of light as the result of a chemical reaction with little or no heat produced. The glow sticks can operate by causing two chemicals to mix. A common reaction used for these devices are hydrogen peroxide and phenol oxalate ester. The hydrogen peroxide is kept in a thin small glass vial in the middle of the stick, and the second chemical phenol oxalate ester is in the main body of the light stick. Bending the light stick in the middle causes the small glass vial of hydrogen...
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...INTRODUCTION A mirror is an object that reflects light or sound in a way that preserves much of its original quality prior to its contact with the mirror. Some mirrors also filter out some wavelengths, while preserving other wavelengths in the reflection. This is different from other light-reflecting objects that do not preserve much of the original wave signal other than color and diffuse reflected light. The most familiar type of mirror is the plane mirror, which has a flat surface. Curved mirrors are also used, to produce magnified or diminished images or focus light or simply distort the reflected image (“Mungan,” 1999). Geometrical optics, or ray optics, describes light propagation in terms of "rays". The "ray" in geometric optics is an abstraction, or "instrument", which can be used to approximately model how light will propagate. Geometrical optics provides rules, which may depend on the color (wavelength) of the ray, for propagating these rays through an optical system. This is a significant simplification of optics that fails to account for optical effects such as diffraction and interference. It is an excellent approximation, however, when the wavelength is very small compared with the size of structures with which the light interacts (“Hecht,” 1987). Glossy surfaces such as mirrors reflect light in a simple, predictable way. This allows for production of reflected images that can be associated with an actual (real) or extrapolated (virtual)...
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...Module 3 The Nature and Properties of Light What this module is about Most of the things that you know you have learned about through your eyes. You can only see if there is light. Light makes you see shapes and colors. Light also helps you identify objects both near and far. But what is light? In this module you will learn about the nature and properties of light in the following lessons: Lesson 1 – Lesson 2 – Lesson 3 – Lesson 4 – The Nature of Light Reflection and Mirrors Refraction and Lenses Colors, Interference and Polarization What you are expected to learn After studying the lessons in this module, you are expected to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. state the different theories about the nature of light; demonstrate reflection properties of light using mirrors; describe the image formed by mirrors; show the refraction properties of light using lenses; give applications of total internal reflection; describe the image formed by lenses; enumerate the colors that make up white light; explain what causes colors of object; and cite applications of diffractions, interference and polarization of light. How to learn from this module Here is a simple guide for you in going about the module. 1. Read and follow the instructions very carefully. 2. Take the pretest (20-item multiple-choice test) to determine how much you know about the lessons in the module. 3. Check your answers against the correct answers provided at the last page of the module. 4. Be very honest in taking the test...
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...Optics Mirrors and Lenses Reflection We describe the path of light as straight-line rays Reflection off a flat surface follows a simple rule: angle in (incidence) equals angle out (reflection) angles measured from surface “normal” (perpendicular) Reflection Vocabulary Real Image – Image is made from “real” light rays that converge at a real focal point so the image is REAL Can be projected onto a screen because light actually passes through the point where the image appears Always inverted Reflection Vocabulary Virtual Image– “Not Real” because it cannot be projected Image only seems to be there! Virtual Images in Plane Mirrors Hall Mirror Useful to think in terms of images LEFT- RIGHT REVERSAL Curved mirrors What if the mirror isn’t flat? light still follows the same rules, with local surface normal Parabolic mirrors have exact focus used in telescopes, backyard satellite dishes, etc. also forms virtual image Concave Mirrors Curves inward May be real or virtual image For a real object between f and the mirror, a virtual image is formed behind the mirror. The image is upright and larger than the object. Convex Mirrors Curves outward Reduces images Virtual images Use: Rear view mirrors, store security… Refraction Light also goes through some things glass, water, eyeball, air The presence of material slows light’s progress interactions with electrical properties of atoms The “light slowing factor” is called the index...
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...help you in such a game? F. What other sports or activities make use of the reflection rule that you discovered in this activity? Answers a. The angle of incidence (the angle between the light emitted from a source and the normal) and the angle of reflection (the angle between the light that bounces from the surface and the normal) have the same angle. This is because a reflection coming from a plane mirror is usually equivalent to the object it is reflecting; this means that the angle in which the incident ray hits the mirror will be the same angle as the reflected ray. b. When the light was directed to the mirror at the same angle as the normal, the incident ray travelled straight along the normal line towards the mirror and as it hit the mirror it made the reflected ray travel straight along the normal line away from the mirror and towards the light source. c. There are places where errors could've occurred in this activity; first, when the light was aimed at the plane mirror the spot in which the incident ray had to hit was the normal end of the mirror but in some cases one angle could be right on the normal and other angles a bit off. The tracing of the line which is created by the rays might not always be precise which can also alter a bit the final result. Also if the mirror was moved at all during the time that the experiment was performed. d. These errors can affect the conclusion by affecting the measurements and...
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...including a lens/mirror mount * Convex lens of known focal length * Concave mirror of known focal length * Light source/candle * Screen * Meter stick/metric ruler * Two polarized films * Prism * Laser pointer * Protractor * Graph paper * Electromagnetic spectrum chart Materials for Exploring Further: * Plane mirror * Ripple tank, with sheet of plastic or glass that fits on part of the bottom of the tank, and objects that can be used as boundaries to obstruct the pathway of waves * Wave-motion rope * Tuning-fork kit * Stroboscope * Resonance-tube kit In this lab, you will investigate the relationship between the focal lengths of a mirror and lens and the type of image that is generated. Procedure Part 1: Image from a Lens 1. Place the light source, convex lens, and screen on the optics bench as shown in figure 1. Start with the light source at a distance greater than 2ƒ from the lens. Figure 1 2. Measure the height of the light source, or "object" (ho), and record it in data table 1. Also measure and record the distance between the lens and the light source (do) in the data table. Using the lens equation and the given focal length, calculate the distance from the lens to the image (di) and the height of the image (hi): and . Record your calculations in the "Calculated" section of data table 1. 3. Keeping the light source and...
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...molecule. • IR light have longer wavelength and lower...
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...Refraction, and Total Internal Reflection Purpose: The purpose of this experiment was to study the laws of reflection, refraction and total internal reflection, to measure the focal length of mirrors with convex and concave mirrors, and to measure the index of refraction of water. Theory: In this experiment, we learned that the angle of incidence θi is the angle that the incident ray makes in regards to the normal one. Also, the angle of reflection θr is the angle that the reflected ray produces from the normal one. Also, we discussed how the law of reflection is used to explain the behavior of the incident and reflected rays. According to Snell’s law, we observed that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal line to the surface, all lie in the same plane and θi=θr. During the experiment we analyzed, the light striking the interface between two transparent materials and part of the light was reflected. The angle of the reflection equaled to the angle of incidence. The rest was passed along the interface and the ray entered that entered the second material was refracted. When light travels from medium #1, with a refractive index being n1, into the medium #2, with refractive index n2, the equation sinθ1= n2sinθ2. Lastly, we did a test that shows that when a light passes from a medium of large refractive index into one of small refractive index, the refracted ray it produces bends away from the normal because of the equation: n1>n2⇒sinθ1<sinθ2⇒...
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...internal reflection; to measure the focal lengths of the mirrors with convex and concave surfaces; and to measure the index of refraction of water. Theory: If a ray of light is incident on a flat surface: the angle of incidence a is the angle that the incident ray makes with respect to the normal, which is a line drawn perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence. The angle of reflection r is the angle that the reflected ray makes with the normal. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface all lie in the same plane, called the place of incidence, and the angle of reflection r equals the angle of incidence a – the Law of Reflection describes the behavior of the incident and reflected rays: a = r When light strikes the interface between two transparent materials, such as air and water, the light generally divides into two parts. Part of the light is reflected, with the angle of reflection equaling the angle of incidence. The remainder is transmitted across the interface. If the incident ray does not strike the interface at normal incidence, the transmitted ray has a different direction than the incident ray. The ray that enters the second material is said to be refracted. When light travels from a material with refractive index a into a material with refractive index b, the refracted ray, the incident ray, and the normal to the interface between the materials all lie in the same plane. The angle of refraction b is related to the angle of...
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...Sharp Pencil Plane mirror Support for mirror (e.g. wooden block with a groove in, or plasticine) Method Draw a line on the paper. Place the mirror on the line and support it so it does not move. Shine the beam from the raybox towards the mirror. Use the pencil to carefully mark two dots in the centre of the incident and reflected rays. Move the mirror to one side and use the ruler to join the dots to show the complete path of the ray. Add arrows so you know which direction the ray travelled. At the point where the ray reflects from the mirror add a line perpendicular to the mirrors surface - this is the normal line. Use the protractor measure the angle between the normal and the incident ray, and the normal and the reflected ray. Note these angles in a table and then repeat the experiment for at least three more different angles. Care should be taken when moving the raybox as those which use an incandescent bulb can get hot to the touch. Results You should find that the results show that the incident angle and reflected angle are equal. Your results may be a little out, due to errors introduced with how carefully you marked the path, the normal and measured the angle. Hypothesis – The angle of reflection will always be the same as the angle of incidence. Apparatus and Materials – * Mirror * Light Box * Power Pack * Paper * Ruler * Protractor * Pencil Safety – - Be careful not to touch the light box as it will...
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...A microscope (from the Ancient Greek "small" "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is calledmicroscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope. There are many types of microscopes. The most common (and the first to be invented) is the optical microscope, which uses light to image the sample. Other major types of microscopes are theelectron microscope (both the transmission electron microscopeand the scanning electron microscope), the ultramicroscope, and the various types of scanning probe microscope. The first microscope to be developed was the optical microscope, although the original inventor is not easy to identify. Evidence points to the first compound microscope appearing in the Netherlands in the late 1500s, probably an invention of eyeglassmakers there:[1] Hans Lippershey (who developed an early telescope) and Zacharias Janssen (also claimed as the inventor of the telescope). There are other claims that the microscope and the telescope were invented by Roger Bacon in the 1200s,[2] but this is not substantiated. Giovanni Faber coined the name microscope forGalileo Galilei's compound microscope in 1625 [3] (Galileo had called it the "occhiolino" or "little eye"). 2nd Century BC - Claudius Ptolemy described a stick appearing to bend in a pool of water, and accurately recorded the angles to within half a degree. ...
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...Final examination Theory 1. Explain the dispersion of light by a transparent dielectric material. The phenomen of dispersion is connected to the fact that the refractive index is dependent on the wavelength. Due to dispersion, the light waves from a complex radiation are bent by different angles as they enter a dispersive medium and they may be visualized separately. The index of refraction of a transparent dielectric medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of an electromagnetic wave in empty space to its speed in the medium. . It is a measure of the slowing factor for light traveling in that medium The refractive index can be expressed as a function of the electric and magnetic properties of the medium . For most of the materials that are transparent to visible light and . Hence the magnetic properties have a small effect on the light propagation. When an electromagnetic wave is incident on a medium, it electrically polarizes the molecules. This changes the value of which in its turn, determines the index of refraction. The process is wavelength dependent: different wavelengths will induce different polarizations of the molecules and, as a result, and will be different. So, the index of refraction changes with wavelength: The phenomenon described above is known as the dispersion of light. Equation is the dispersion relation. For most of the materials, decreases with the wavelength (see figure1). This phenomenon is known as normal dispersion...
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...Distinguishing factors between Euclidean and non- Euclidean spaces: The space we inhabit cannot solely be determined by a priori Hassanah Smith Professor Mandik Philosophy of space and time There are a plethora of ways to distinguish the differences between Euclidean and non- Euclidean geometries. Understanding both geometries can help one determine our physical space rather than inferring because of past experiences, or in this instance postulates of geometry. Euclidean geometry studies planes and solid figures based on a number of axioms and theories. This is explained using flat spaces, hence the usage of paper, and dry erase boards in classrooms, and other flat planes to illustrate these geometrical standards. Some of Euclid’s concepts are 1. The shortest distances between two points is a straight line. 2. The sum of all angles in a triangle equals one hundred eighty degrees. 3. Perpendicular lines are associated with forming right angles. 4. All right angles are equal 5. Circles can be constructed when the point for the center and a distance of the radius is given. But Euclid is mostly recognized for the parallel postulate. This states that through a point not on a line, there is no more than one line parallel through the line. (Roberts, 2012) These geometries went unchallenged for decades until other forms of geometry was introduced in the early nineteen hundreds, because Euclid’s geometry could not be applied to explain all physical...
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...the microscope firmly rests in the place. 2. Pillar- the post of vertical extension of the base and to which the arm is attached. 3. Arm- the curve structure that connects the base and the body tube which serves as the handle of the microscope and at the same time supports the optical instrument. 4. Inclination joint- a movable hinge that attaches the frame of the microscope to the base and is used for tilting the microscope whenever necessary. 5. Stage- the platform upon which the slide containing the specimen to be studied is placed and is provided with a central opening allowing light to pass from below into the object of study. 6. Substage- found below the stage and holds the Abbe condenser above and the iris diaphragm below. 7. Body tube- a hollow cylinder that serves as attachment of the draw tube into the microscope as well as passage way of light from the objective to the ocular. 8. Draw tube- the smaller cylinder that is attached to the upper part of the body tube and...
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