...Companies’ Use of Psychometric Tests for Recruitment: A Review of the Literature Word count: 2995 PART 1 PART 1 Introduction This paper surveys the literature on the use of psychometric testing by employers as part of the recruitment process and considers the general usage by different types of businesses. Companies spend high amount of money each year on psychometric test which measures personality type, learning styles and personal preferences of individuals. Since the 1980’s business in the UK have been making the use of psychometric test as part of the selection process for job vacancies. Over the years the usage has increased to a level where 80% of the Fortune 500 companies in the USA and by over 75% of the Times Top 100 companies in the UK are using some kind of psychometric testing (PSYCHOMETRIC-SUCCESS, 2009). However the benefits and drawbacks of using psychometric testing vary from business to business and sometimes even according to the demographics of the location where the test are conducted. Types of psychometric testing A good psychometric test features reliability, validity, discriminating and NORMs. (Kline, 1992). The significance of Psychometric Testing is able to indicate a reason why Psychometric Testing is widely used, as Kline (1992) suggests that, the efficiency of personnel selection and appraisal will go up as the efficiency of Psychometric test goes up, the necessity of appraisal may disappear as the testing is improved...
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...of their universities. Objective: The author's purpose in this review was to systematically examine scientific literature addressing the effect of Greek affiliation on alcohol-related beliefs and behaviors. The internal and external influences affecting Greek members' alcohol-related beliefs and behaviors are organized into a frame-work of various health behavior theories, based on the ecological perspective's levels of influence.Results: Results provide a broad perspective into the individual characteristics, social peer network, and environmental aspects influencing alcohol-related behavior among Greek members. Findings suggest that Greek members comprise a subgroup that consumes alcohol in greater quantities, underscores and misperceives the risks of alcohol abuse, and emulates a social environment and culture in which drinking alcohol is a key part of life. Problem drinking during the college years is a significant public health concern. The goal of the current review was to examine the primary psychosocial factors that predict problem drinking in college students. Variables examined included demographic variables, personality, drinking history, alcohol expectancies, drinking motives, stress and coping, activity involvement, and peer and family influence. Evidence from studies of college drinking indicated that the variables associated with college drinking seem to vary at levels dealing with one's personality and coping mechanisms, one's thought processes about drinking,...
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...“Exploring the Relationship of Leadership Skills and Knowledge to Leader Performance.” Article two written by Baum and Locke (2004) is entitled:” The Relationship of Entrepreneurial Traits, Skill, and Motivation to Subsequent Venture Growth.” Article one examines leadership characteristics and capabilities. Article two contributes to the understanding of personal characteristic and the effects they may have on entrepreneur, was to examine military leaders, and civilian leadership skills which are critical in being a successful leader. Connelly, et al (2000) argues that, “the nature of the leader capacities impact leader behavior and performance.” Baum and Locke (2004) study “contributes to the revival of interest in understanding the effects of entrepreneurs’ personal characteristics importance between relationship of traits and subsequent venture growth among entrepreneurs.” Connelly, et al (2000) calculated the impacts of leadership skills, and knowledge in addition to the relationship of leader performance. The subsequent study questions included: (RQ1): Does constructed response measure the leader skills, and knowledge that is accounted for the variance in the criteria of leadership? (RQ2): Do certain types of leadership skills and knowledge add predictive value? (RQ3): Do leadership skills account for variance based on being proxies for tests variables that are commonly used?...
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...be spontaneous, creative, and less rigid compared to their older siblings (Forer 1969). Although the younger child communicates primarily with older people, their communication style progresses backwards as they realize that manipulation, screaming, tattling, and tears are effective ways of gaining their parents attention, and demonstrating leverage over their older, dominant siblings (Forer, 1969). Later-borns tend have lower verbal skills so they cope by leaning towards displays of physical aggressiveness while using muscular and similar types of communication to survive with the outside environment more readily than the first-born (Forer, 1969)....
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... The insurance industry focuses on close contact among clients, sales people and managers. That is a human-oriented industry, for which the experienced leaders inspire the sales people through continuous training and encouragement and lead them by vision. Therefore, leader’s leadership type is the critical factor for the success of the organization. This research explores the relationships among leader’s leadership style, subordinate’s personality characteristic, and job stress and turnover intention. We also identify the role of the variable of personality characteristic and job stress respectively. We use convenient sampling method to collect data. In pretest, 50 copies of questionnaires are sent to employees of M insurance company, for which 46 valid ones are returned, And then, a total of 220 copies of questionnaires are sent out, of which 176 returned questionnaires are valid. The effective response rate is at 80%. We adopt SPSS to do data analysis and draw conclusions as follows:(1) Leadership style has significant influence on job stress; (2) Job stress has positive relationship with turnover intention; (3) Leadership style has negative influence of turnover intention; (4) Personality...
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...Similarities in Generalized Characteristic Traits among Genders: The Sociopath and Psychopath by Evelyn J. Dotson MS, University of Phoenix, 2015 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Psychology University of Phoenix March, 2015 Abstract Psychopathic and sociopathic general characteristic traits are found in both genders in various populations. More research on the general characteristic traits of females is needed. Research for the female populations will give professionals information about the differences displayed between genders. Different applied sciences will also further their knowledge in treatment options for either tendency. The study used explored if any differences existed between genders with intensified levels of psychopathic traits in regard to psychopathy factor scores. The sample consisted of 2,500 people of both genders (52.6% women) (M=22.15; SD=1.38) from the generalized population, aged 20-24. Results displayed women with psychopathic personality traits had significantly higher levels of behavioral tendencies than men of the same. The genders did display a difference in aggressive behavior. The men showed a significant amount of aggressive behaviors compared to the women. The gender differences displayed in the seven psychopathic features show the variations needed for treatment options. Differences and Similarities in Generalized Characteristic Traits among Genders: The Sociopath...
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...Literature Review Journal #1 Title: Behaving Intelligently - Leadership Traits and Characteristics By Kristina G. Ricketts, Community and Leadership Development Most individuals would consider these people to be some of the greatest leaders of all time. In the early 20th century, leadership traits were studied to determine what made certain people great leaders. Common thoughts of leadership back then suggested that leaders were born and not made. These perceptions originated out of an observation that many great leaders possessed something out of the ordinary—natural, inborn characteristics that allowed them to excel above the rest. This perception translated into limited opportunities for leadership among the common people, as they were not endowed with these “special” leadership characteristics. However, research did not end up supporting this hypothesis and came back disappointingly negative. Researchers compared leaders and followers and looked for obvious differences. Even after comparing aspects such as IQ, personality qualities and personal characteristics, no consistent trends were found. As mentioned above, effective leadership often relies upon certain traits held by the leader. So leadership effectiveness is based upon the working relationship between the leader and other group members. Individual Differences Framework (IDF) states that leadership can be defined relatively straightforwardly as influencing people towards a shared goal. Determining that effective...
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...Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Literature review 2.1 Leadership 2.2 Leadership Theories 2.3 Leadership Styles 2.4 Impact of Leadership on Organizations 3.0 Analysis and Findings 4.0 Conclusion References 1.0 Introduction Over the past decades the study of leadership has been carried out by a number of different scholars. The study of leadership has been faced with challenges of a number of definitions. However, these definitions have shown the significance of leadership among a group of individuals, and organisations. Three contemporary views on leadership have been provided by known scholars, such as transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and charismatic leadership views. In the globe today, people witness or work with several leaders with different types of leadership styles in their organisations. However, there are two major leadership theories that define or assume there is a particular personality or behavioural characteristics that leaders share. Leadership has been one of the most discussed and debated topics in social sciences. These debates and discussions have shown how vital and important leadership is regarded. The objective of this paper is to discuss the importance of leadership. The following section would provide a literature review. Thereby defining leadership and its importance, the impact of leadership in organizations. 2.0 Literature review Leadership in the past decades has been one of the most debated and discussed...
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...Economy Vol. 78, No. 2 (Mar. - Apr., 1970), pp. 311-329 The psychoanalytic theories and philosophies of Freud have influenced not only psychology but also literature, social science, and medicine, as well as marketing. Freud stressed the unconscious nature of personality and motivation and said that much , if not all ,behaviour is related to the stresses within the personality’s three interacting sets of forces, the id ,igo and superego, interact to produce behaviour. According to Freudian theory, the id is the source of all driving psychic energy, but its unrestrained impulses cannot be expressed without running afoul of society’s values.The superego is the internal is the internal representative of the traditional values and can be conceptualized as the moral arm of personality.The manner in which the ego guides the libidinal energies of the id and the moralistic demands of the superego accounts for the rich variety Harold H. Kassarjian Journal of Marketing Research Vol. 8, No. 4 (Nov., 1971), pp. 409-418 Personality and Consumer Behavior: A Review Abstract This article reviews the current literature in the fields of consumer behaviour and the marketing of services in order to examine the main issues facing the consumer in purchasing services, as opposed to goods. Five distinguishing characteristics of services are discussed and the implications of these for the consumers are placed within the information processing model of consumer behaviour theory. The...
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...of a brand personality are becoming more and more important to companies as they try and reach out to customers. As competition becomes harder for nearly all companies and organizations it is becoming more and more important to have that "little extra," that something that makes you different from your competitors. Based on this, the purpose of this thesis is to provide a better understanding on an organization's brand identity. In order to reach this purpose, two research questions are stated focusing on the components of positioning as well as a description of the brand personality. Using the research questions as a guide, a literature study was conducted resulting in a conceptual framework which guided the data collection. A qualitative, case study methodology was used, using focus group interviews to collect empirical evidence. The findings indicate that there can be a conflict in how the brand is positioned in the target markets mind and the brand personality perceived in contrast to the positioning and personality wanted by the brand owner/manager. By identifying the traits and positions of the brand, the brand identity can be better understood. 1. Introduction In this first chapter we will consider the concepts of branding and positioning and the importance of these elements for a strong brand. We will start with the background were will begin with discussing the concepts of branding and describe relevant theories in brand personality and brand positioning...
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...BES1100 Personal Effectiveness Report BES1100 Personal Effectiveness Report Contents 1.0 Executive Summary................................................................ 2 2.0 The Introduction..................................................................... 3 3.0 Literature Review……………………...........................................….... 6 4.0 Data…………………..………………………………………………….............. 7 5.0 Main Outcomes.......................................................................16 6.0 Reccomendations....................................................................17 7.0 References………………………………………………………………….………18 1.0 Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to illustrate the aspects of the two individual staff members and how they are likely to relate to one another given their unique combination of characteristics and behaviours. There is a literature review on the use of psychometric testing and collecting the data from psychometric testing on two staff members. This report will introduce advantages and disadvantages of psychometric testing in HR. There are some results of the indicator instruments between the two staff members. This report will give some recommendations on how to best utilise two staff members and some suggestions on how to ensure teamwork between the two staff members. Ella Bryant an architect and Lisa Mcune a. Have not worked with one another before due to 2.0 Introduction 2.0 Introduction ...
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...Stephane Ludovic Marie ID:11300880 Stephane Ludovic Marie ID:11300880 MGT200 Assignment 3 MGT200 Assignment 3 Contents Introduction 2 Personality 2 Personality determinants 2 Personality Related theories 3 Five Key Factor Model 3 Hypothesis 3 Conclusion 3 Reference List 3 Introduction For many decades, there has been an ongoing debate about the usefulness and validity of personality measures in selection contexts. While some authors believe that those instruments lack validity, others recommend their use as a selection instrument. There is plenty of literature available on this topic, but it is fairly controversial (Alvesson 2002). For the purpose of this report; job performance concerns the attitudes, information and skills that are desired to facilitate one to perform the tasks listed in the job description by the organization; of which task performance includes one’s behaviour that involves in the conversion of organizational resources into finished goods and services. Organizations worldwide use performance appraisal as a means to ensure the job performance of workers, moreover personality measures recently have received considerable attention in the employee selection process since personality of an individual is closely linked with the process of job or work performance. The relationship between personality and the level of job performance is dependent on the environment in which he/she is working (Alvesson 2002). It is important to note that job...
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...Introduction Traits, personalities, behaviors or characteristics are all a part of life. There are things in life that we naturally gain without notice and attributes that are gained just by observing. It is kind of like the natural order of things. We learn, we adapt and we apply the things that we pick up in our everyday lives. (Personality: what makes you the way you are, 2007) However, not all the traits, behaviors and characteristics are there to begin with. Personalities are learned by those around us, those we admire and those we tend to observe on a daily basis. Literature Review Every time that you go anywhere there are always people who are always watching you. Some people are more aware of it than others and some people tend to keep silent. According to Kendra Cherry personalities are base of the nature around us and those who we get along with. In recent times people tend to say that personalities are just a part of life and that people are born with certain personalities. (Cherry, 2012) Studies have shown that these critics are just nothing more than reviews unless even proper studies are done. Many studies have shown that people’s personalities are not born and that they are developed by those around us that would influence us that most. There are so many reasons why people are not born with their own personal traits. The first is said to be heredity. (Cherry, 2012) There are studies that show that people tend to have their personalities and behaviors from their...
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...Chapter Overview of Personality and Emotions Personality Personality is a dynamic concept describing the growth and development of a person’s whole psychological system. Personality looks at some aggregate whole that is greater than the sum of the parts. Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment. Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others. It is most often described in terms of measurable traits that a person exhibits. A review of the personality literature offers general guidelines that can lead to effective job performance. As such, it can improve hiring, transfer, and promotion decisions. Because personality characteristics create the parameters for people’s behavior, they give us a framework for predicting behavior. For example, individuals who are shy, introverted, and uncomfortable in social situations would probably be ill-suited as salespeople. Individuals who are submissive and conforming might not be effective as advertising “idea” people. Can we predict which people will be high performers in sales, research, or assembly-line work on the basis of their personality characteristics alone? The answer is no. Personality assessment should be used in conjunction with other information such as skills, abilities, and experience. However, knowledge of an individual’s personality can aid in reducing mismatches...
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...psychological distance, supporting information transfer into long-term memory, and facilitating non-conscious processing, thus better representing consumer choice processes. Applying cluster analysis to the various attitudinal measures, participants are segmented according to their pro-social and technology-oriented inclinations and some conclusions as to the characteristics of EV consumers are presented. Abstract Climate change programmes around the globe are relying heavily on the electrification of transport, especially private battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids (‘EVs’). These are novel technologies of which mainstream consumers have very little experience and knowledge, so they are psychologically distant from the category. This presents a methodological challenge. Yet, the weight afforded them in policy requires a better understanding of which consumers are most likely to adopt EVs and under what circumstances. Jansson et al. (2009) concluded that potential consumers will have either a strong pro-environmental orientation or a strong inclination to own this new technology. As these are two distinct characteristics, consumers...
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