...A Reflection Paper on the Article : Little Emotional Albert In the history of psychology, we can see how the tsunami-like waves of Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory engulfed most of the study of human behavior and mental processes in mid 1900’s. such breakthrough provided convincing explanations about he dimension of man in accordance to the discipline of psychology. Freudians’ conception that we are governed by our unconscious desires and repressed emotions prove to be cunning enough to leave the rest of the world agrees to their claim. Freud’s brainchild stood up like invincible walls – until an attempt to shake and bang the wall down took place. Although we can say that the wall was not completely toppled down, we cannot deny the fact that it left huge cracks and holes to it, paving the way for another dogma to emerge. With an agitate esprit to counter Freud’s theory, Watson and his colleagues delivered the birth of Behaviorism. Banking on the idea that behavior is generated outside the person through various environmental or situational stimuli, Watson was eager to provide justice to his point. Through his works, he figured that the environment played a very significant role in shaping one’s behavior. Watson and company espoused on the idea that emotional responses exists in us because we have been conditioned to respond emotionally to a certain stimuli in the environment. Therefore, emotional responses and all other human behavior are learned through conditioning...
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...experiment also raises many ethical concerns. ABSTRACT When dealing with the observation of what we can learn from watching the behavior of the person there would be a lot of factors and conditions that would have to be ethically applied which is why John Watsons case of Little Albert leaves a lot of questions. Psychological testing and theories all play a significant part in psychology. Over time people have learned what to do and what not to do. Ethics seem to always be a question especially when dealing with psychology. I think this is true because there always seems to be some type of controversy to the science and experimentation of it. In the name of science there have been experiments and studies that have been questionable and whether or not they were ethical or not. Over the years a considerable amount of controversy has taken place due to one specific study. This study was over a little boy whom they called Albert and was conducted by John B. Watson, known as the founder of behaviorism, with the aid of his assistant later turned wife Rosalie Rayner. This test by Watson has brought up many questions and debates. It is no wonder that Watson choose the experiment or study on little Albert, he himself had somewhat of a rebellious streak about him and was even described by one of his professors as a “nonconformist” (Schultz & Schultz p. 212)....
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...Little Albert and Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning may be defined as; a kind of associative learning where two stimuli happen in a combined as well as frequent manner because of which, they ultimately become linked with each other. The outcome of this union is that each stimulus sooner or later generates an identical response. In fact, this technique is applied in behavioral training in which Unconditioned Stimulus (US) is paired with and leads towards the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) until the conditioned stimulus unaccompanied is enough to bring out the response (Abell et al., 1999). To understand it clearly, there is need to recall the experiment performed by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner in 1920. Watson suggested that psychological researches should be based merely on apparent behaviors and due to this viewpoint, his research was related with conditioning of fear (learned). He demonstrated above conditioning via usual procedures including association of stimuli, and research subject chosen by him for the purpose was an 11-month old child Albert. Albert was an extremely firm infant who hardly ever exhibited fear of anything involving the white rat present in laboratory, but Watson and Rayner noticed that he was afraid of loud noises (Unconditioned Stimulus). They decided to implement this innate fear response (Unconditioned Response (UR)) shown by Albert as a tool in their study. So; they created piercing sound by striking a big steel pipe with hammer. ...
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...Reading # 10 Little Emotional Albert Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 1-14. In 1920 J.B. Watson and R. Rayner studied the classical conditioning of emotional responses. John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's Little Albert study involved attempted conditioning of an infant known as Albert B. Some researchers see the work as way to explore classical conditioning as a mechanism of change in emotional behavior in young children, while other researchers view the work as a way to advance understanding in psychopathology. The study, however, must be viewed in light of the early nineteenth century methodology employed as well as the study's modest results. Perhaps as interesting as the study itself is the historical pattern created by psychologists' accounts of the work. In the years since the publication of the Little Albert study, its methods and results have been described many times. Some researchers believe that the study's importance and its theoretical offerings have been overstated in the literature. The Little Albert study was designed to test the premises that an infant can be conditioned to fear an animal that appears at the same time as a loud sound that was previously identified to arouse fear in the infant, that the fear would generalize to other animals or inanimate objects, and that such fears would persist over a period of time. On pretesting, nine-month-old Albert was shown to display no...
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...The “Little Albert” Experiment was conducted by John B. Watson and Rosalie Raynor. Watson was interested in showing that emotional reactions could be classically conditioned or learned in people. He based his research off of Pavlov’s research with dogs. The participant in the experiment was “Albert B”, as Watson called him, but became known as Little Albert. Around 8 months, Little Albert was placed in a room and an experimenter stood behind him and made a loud noise by striking a hammer on a steel bar. He began to cry after hearing the sound a few times. At the age of 9 months, Watson and his counterpart, Rosalie Raynor, exposed Albert to a series of stimuli including a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey, masks, and burning newspapers and observed the boy’s reactions. He initially showed no fear of any of the objects. The next time Albert was exposed to the rat, Watson made a loud noise by striking the hammer on the steel bar. Naturally the child began to cry after hearing the loud noise. After repeatedly pairing the rat with the loud noise Albert began to cry by just simply seeing the rat. They also observed that stimulus generalization had occurred. Albert feared not just the white rat, but also a wide variety of similar white objects and furry objects. In this experiment the neutral stimulus was the white rat, the unconditioned stimulus was the loud noise, the unconditioned response was fear, the conditioned stimulus was the white rat, and the conditioned response was fear. ...
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...Introduction to Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism. Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Behaviorism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment. Two other assumptions of this theory are that the environment shapes behavior and that taking internal mental states such as thoughts, feelings, and emotions into consideration is useless in explaining behavior. It's important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to food. By associating the neutral stimulus with the environmental stimulus (the presentation of food), the sound of the tone alone could produce the salivation response. In order to understand how more about how classical conditioning works, it is important to be familiar with the basic principles of the process. The Unconditioned Stimulus The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry...
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...Little Albert Experiment- Classical Conditioning Adaora Nwokedi PSY1001 S02 - General Psychology Raymond Brogan South University Online 06/06/2017 A stimulus is anything that stimulates your senses. It is anything you can hear, feel, touch, taste or smell. Stimuli produces responses. When something is said to be conditioned, it means it had to be learned and when it is unconditioned, it means it happens naturally. With that said, given the study, we can explain unconditioned stimulus to be understood as the stimuli that produces a response based on one’s normal physiological response, these types of responses are not taught, and are called Unconditioned responses. Initially, the baby was calm and showed no fear (unconditioned stimulus) to the unconditioned stimulus placed in front of him (rat, dog, etc.)...
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...albert camus does a great magnificant job in the stranger developing the chaaracter of mersault by using reptition and basic words to show just how robotic mersault is in this story. the style and way mersault decides whether he likes something or not is so basic as he says it himself and is extremely blunt with it. furthermore albert camus shows how emotionless mersault is by showing little to no importance on his mom dying and no cares about marriage or murder which further develops mersaults character as a crazy sociopath. in addition to his emotionless response to the death of his mother he also is drawn as a ruthless killer when he shoots the arab four more times after the one kill shot and says how it was like knocking on a door of unhappiness...
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...Albert Einstein Of all the scientists to emerge from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries there is one whose name is known by almost all living people. While most of these do not understand this man's work, everyone knows that its impact on the world of science is astonishing. Yes,many have heard of Albert Einstein's General Theory of relativity, but few know about the intriguing life that led this scientist to discover what some have called, "The greatest single achievement of human thought." Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1874. Before his first birthday, his family had moved to Munich where young Albert's father, Hermann Einstein, and uncle set up a small electro-chemical business. He was fortunate to have an excellent family with which he held a strong relationship. Albert's mother, Pauline Einstein, had an intense passion for music and literature, and it was she that first introduced her son to the violin in which he found much joy and relaxation. Also, he was very close with his younger sister, Maja, and they could often be found in the lakes that were scattered about the countryside near Munich. As a child, Einstein's sense of curiosity had already begun to stir. A favorite toy of his was his father's compass, and he often marveled at his uncle's explanations of algebra. Although young Albert was intrigued by certain mysteries of science, he was considered a slow learner. His failure to become fluent in German...
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...October 19, 2011 The 20th Century Genius Award The nominated figure that stands out in my mind as a genius of Western culture would be Albert Einstein. His work and cultural contributions can be classified in both the Age of Modernism and the Age of Pluralism for the 20th Century Genius Award. The following examples will include a synopsis of the life and times of Albert Einstein, A survey of the ideas and works recognizing the reflections of his genius, and an appraisal of his impact on the arts and culture. Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 to Hermann and Pauline Einstein a scientifically minded family, who were non-practicing Jews in Ulm, Wurttemberg Germany. As a child, he was very curious, and lively. Albert attended a Catholic elementary school, and his mother insisted for him to take violin lessons. Although he detested the lessons, and later on decide not to continue with them, he would later on find an appreciation and great comfort in Mozart’s violin sonatas. At the early age of five, Albert was fascinated by complex scientific and mathematical concepts at a very early age. Hermann Einstein shows his son a pocket compass, and Einstein with his sense of wonder, and curiosity realizes that something in “empty” space controlled the needle; he later on describes the experience as a revelation of his life. Albert Einsteins hobbies was to build models and mechanical devices for his amusement although he showed mathematical intelligence early on, Albert’s...
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...Albert Camus THE STRANGER THE Stranger By ALBERT CAMUS Translated from the French by Stuart Gilbert VINTAGE BOOKS A Division of Random House NEW YORK 1 Albert Camus THE STRANGER VINTAGE BOOKS are published by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. and Random House, Inc. Copyright 1942 by Librairie Gallimard as L’ÉTRANGER Copyright 1946 by ALFRED A. KNOPF, INC. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review to be printed in a magazine or newspaper. Manufactured in the United States of America. Distributed in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. 2 Albert Camus THE STRANGER Contents Contents ........................................................................................................................ 3 Part One ........................................................................................................................ 4 I.................................................................................................................................. 4 II .............................................................................................................................. 14 III ............................................................................................................................. 18 IV.............................................................
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...Albert Einstein Albert Einstein had little resistance attending school. Some say that Einstein had dyslexia. Einstein showed language impairments at a very young age. His family believed he may be slow because of the abnormal period of time before he began to talk. Between the ages of two and three Einstein began to speak whole sentences. According to most researchers they believed that Einstein was withdrawn from the world as a boy. When Einstein started school he did surprisingly well. At the age of 16 Einstein failed the college exam the first time plainly because he did not study and later learned that it’s a bad choice to not prepare for a test. Einstein is a clear example of a person who is listed with learning disabilities in today's schools. If you have the right approach to education than labels can’t stop you from making great accomplishments, which is proven by Einstein and others like Thomas Edison, Leonardo de Vinci, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Winston Churchill, and Walt Disney. Einstein made many contributions to mathematics. The first is the Special Theory of Relativity, which essentially deals with the question of whether rest and motion are relative or absolute, and with the consequences of Einstein’s conjecture that they are relative. The second is the General Theory of Relativity, which primarily applies to particles as they accelerate, particularly due to gravitation, and acts as a radical revision of Newton’s theory, predicting important new...
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...Albert Einstien Albert Einstein Every era has its own heroes. People who stood out amongst the rest. The human race is such a young species compared to the others that we share this amazing planet with. Because we are so young, we still have a lot to learn. I was once told that a day without learning something new, is a day wasted. There is no reason that you should not learn one new thing every day. The world is an amazing place that has so much to offer and so much to learn. How one decides to accomplish the above statement is up to them. There are going to be people who take that a little more serious than others. Among the people of the 19th century that stand out, Albert Einstein is one that has become a house hold name because of the discoveries and theories he was able to come up with in his lifetime. As you read history books, it will be hard not to see Albert Einstein’s name. He alone has made some of the more significant discoveries in our history as a race. The way he was able to achieve this was not in the way one would think. When typically thinking of a person such as Einstein, what comes to mind is someone who spent their lives as a professor in a university, where they were able to spend their time expanding their knowledge and share theories with people of their same intelligence. This environment would allow for them to grow their knowledge by the influences of their surroundings. However this is not the case for Einstein. It wasn’t...
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...The Outsider – Albert Camus Albert Camus presents ideas of identity and the human condition in his classic novel The Outsider, through his exploration of gender and cultural representations as well as an insight into absurdum and existentialism. These concepts of identity and the human condition reflect on the society in which the novella has been set, demonstrating how women, those of other cultures and those who are considered to be different are represented. The novella tells a recollection of events of a young man named Meursault, emotionally detached from a society where he refuses to conform to society’s conventions and in turn a refusal to ‘play the game’. The novella begins with the death of Meursault’s mother and ends with his own, his execution for the guiltless murder of an Arab man. Meursault’s refusal to play the game and willingness to live by his own set of rules is what has him condemned in the end. In the patriarchal society known to the characters of The Outsider by Albert Camus, gender ideologies are explored. In the novella, men are represented as the dominant, powerful gender while women are represented as weak and undermined. It is through the character of Meursault’s girlfriend Marie, that the idea of gender identity is revealed. When Meursault is arrested for the murder of the Arab man, Marie is called to court as a witness to the crime, as well as been questioned for her own character. At the court case, instead of Marie being asked for her recollection...
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...Albert Camus was a French-Algerian writer best known for his absurdist works, including The Stranger (1942) and The Plague (1947). He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957. Early Life Albert Camus was born on November 7, 1913, in Mondavi, French Algeria. His pied-noir family had little money. Camus's father died in combat during World War I, after which Camus lived with his mother, who was partially deaf, in a low-income section of Algiers. Camus did well in school and was admitted to the University of Algiers, where he studied philosophy and played goalie for the soccer team. He quit the team following a bout of tuberculosis in 1930, thereafter focusing on academic study. By 1936, he had obtained undergraduate and graduate degrees in philosophy. Political Engagement Camus became political during his student years, joining first the Communist Party and then the Algerian People's Party. As a champion of individual rights, he opposed French colonization and argued for the empowerment of Algerians in politics and labor. Camus would later be associated with the French anarchist movement. At the beginning of World War II, Camus joined the French Resistance in order to help liberate Paris from the Nazi occupation; he met Jean-Paul Sartre during his period of military service. Like Sartre, Camus wrote and published political commentary on the conflict throughout its duration. In 1945, he was one of the few Allied journalists to condemn the American use of the atomic bomb...
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