...Livestock Domestic sheep and a cow (heifer) pastured together in South Africa Livestock are domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber and labor. This article does not discuss poultry or farmed fish, although these, especially poultry, are commonly included within the meaning of "livestock". Livestock are generally raised for profit. Raising animals (animal husbandry) is a component of modern agriculture. It has been practiced in many cultures since the transition to farming from hunter-gather lifestyles. History Animal-rearing has its origins in the transition of cultures to settled farming communities rather than hunter-gatherer lifestyles. Animals are ‘domesticated’ when their breeding and living conditions are controlled by humans. Over time, the collective behaviour, life cycle, and physiology of livestock have changed radically. Many modern farm animals are unsuited to life in the wild. Dogs were domesticated in East Asia about 15,000 years ago, Goats and sheep were domesticated around 8000 BC in Asia. Swine or pigs were domesticated by 7000 BC in the Middle East and China. The earliest evidence of horse domestication dates to around 4000 BC[1] Older English sources, such as the King James Version of the Bible, refer to livestock in general as "cattle", as opposed to the word "deer", which then was used for wild animals which were not owned. The word cattle is derived from Old North French catel, which meant...
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...Pelton Livestock discussed how much money was just too much when buying a bull this spring. It says that, in theory, you can pay up to four times the price of a steer calf and make it economically feasible. Steer calves in 2014 went for more money and 2015 is showing all the signs for a similar payout. This means ranchers do have a bit more of a set budget when shopping for new genetics. 9 Whether you pay $8,000 for a bull or invest in the $240,000 whopper that just topped the Holden Hereford sale, you want to protect your investment. Tyler Holland with PayneWest Insurance out of Bozeman, Montana says that there is an insurance policy out there that helps to transfer your risk. Holland told Haylie Shipp in a recent interview that there...
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...Knowledge Management in the Livestock Industry William Afedu Annan University of Phoenix Knowledge and Self-management in the Livestock Industry The branch of philosophy which is concerned with nature and scope of knowledge and deals with the acquisition of knowledge with reference to any particular subject matter is termed as epistemology. Epistemology is a study which is connected to the notion of truth, belief and justification. These assertions are supported by Powell (2001) who postulated that epistemology is a study of knowledge in terms of what is known and how we know it. According to Powell, the role of epistemology is basically to probe the justifiability of knowledge-claiming itself. The philosopher Plato defined knowledge as justified true belief and according to Moser and vander Nat (2003), knowledge is related to belief and although knowledge requires belief, belief does not require knowledge. Aristotle and other medieval philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Hume expressed the view that the thoughts that go on in an individual’s mind are objects of belief. Self-management is the total absence of formal hierarchy in the work place, where the functions of the manager such as; planning, coordinating, controlling, staffing and directing are taken up by the individual knowledge-workers. This assertion is supported by Chiaburu, Baker and Pitariu (2006), who postulated that self-management, is the degree to which individual workers...
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...Badin from Internet Badin website] LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS It is not easy to introduce technological innovations in livestock production at the level of the smallholder. Without adequate knowledge of taboos, customs and the sociology of village communities, the researcher has little hope of establishing methods to improve traditional systems. Subsistence farmers must first ensure their families' food supply. Only then can they think of improving the condition of their livestock. Thus, if technical innovations are to be successful, they must be introduced taking into account the following requirements: • There must be an immediate financial return from the application of the innovation • The innovation must be relatively simple and should not interfere with normal farm activities, such as planting or harvesting • The livestock venture must entail minimal risk • The innovation should not be hazardous or arduous, unless returns are exceptionally high • It should not cut across religious or other cultural activities. The introduction of technologies is discussed in detail by Dolberg (1982, 1983) on the basis of experiences with the development of new livestock technologies in India and Bangladesh. His analytical framework for a livestock development strategy is given in Table 1.6. This illustrates the complex interactions that determine whether a new technology will be adopted by the farmer. 1.6 A LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY The challenge to...
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...Eat Are the factory farms we buy our meat from treating animals humanely? Animal mistreatment is illegal and we can make a difference to put a stop to it. According to Ethical Farms “Some of the largest US factory farms refuse to uphold humane USDA and OSHA standards, having unsanitary, unhealthy conditions and animal rights violations. In 1958, the US government composed the Humane Slaughter Act that is not enforced” (Ethical Farms, 2010). There are 7 statutes in effect that comprise the Humane Slaughter Act. Included in these sections are Congress' statement that livestock must be slaughtered in a humane manner to prevent needless suffering, research methods on humane methods of slaughter, the non-applicability of these statutes to religious or ritual slaughter, and the investigation into the care of non-ambulatory livestock. There are farms that follow the Humane Slaughter Act in raising their livestock that we can purchase our food from, like Humane Farms for example. By aligning our consumerism with Restaurants and grocery store chains that purchase from humane farms we can make an impact. Also, supporting an Animal Rights group like The American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals(ASPCA) or The People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals(PETA) can make a big difference. You can support them either monetarily or by volunteering your time in your local area. In Chapter 17 of the Omnivore’s Dilemma (The Ethics of Eating Animals), Pollan (2006), says that “Eating...
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...widespread distribution to wholesalers or retail outlets. On the other hand, Subsistence Agriculture is the food production to supply the minimum food and materials necessary for a family or a community to maintain survival (Bychkov 214). When considering the two classes of agriculture one can see the main differences between commercial agriculture and subsistence agriculture are the physical environment, geographic locations, and cultural practices. The first classification is Commercial Agriculture. As previously mentioned, commercial agriculture is the large scale production of crops for sale, intended for widespread distribution to wholesalers or retail outlets. When it comes to commercial agriculture one example is livestock fatting. Livestock fatting is where farmers raise and fatten cattle and hogs for slaughter (Bychkov 217)....
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...Prevalence of Zoonotic Diseases (T.B and Brucellosis) in Animals Domesticated in Pishin District Research Report submitted to & For the complete fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS) In BIOTECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATICS By AEMAL TAREEN Supervisor Dr. DOST MUHAMMAD BALOCH Faculty of Biotechnology and Informatics, BUITEMS, Quetta Co-Supervisor PROFESSOR Dr. MUHAMMAD AZAM KHAN KAKAR Faculty of Biotechnology and Informatics, BUITEMS, Quetta PREVALENCE OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES (TUBERCULOSIS AND BRUCELLOSIS) IN ANIMALS DOMOISTICATED IN PISHIN DISTRICT (BALOCHISTAN) Abstract This report presents a combined epidemiological and economic framework for assessing zoonoses using a ‘‘one health’’ concept. The framework allows for an understanding of the cross-sector economic influence of zoonoses using improved risk analysis and listing a range of analytical tools. The goal of the framework is to link the check outputs of animal and human disease transmission models, economic influence models and assessment of risk management options to gain improved understanding of factors affecting the acceptance of risk management plans so that investment planning includes the most promising interventions (or sets of interventions in an integrated fashion). A more complete understanding of the costs of the disease and the costs and benefits of control measures would promote broader application of the most efficient and effective control...
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...Managing Manure In my communications class we have discussed current issues in the agriculture world today. One topic that really stood out to me was the manure pollution caused by livestock animals. I guess this stood out to me just because I remember how awful it was to go scoop pig and goat manure on our farm back home. Although I loved raising animals, the manure was the worst part about them, but I knew it had to be done. Farms all over the world produce large amounts of wastes, such as manure and urine that have been polluting our environment. Even though animal manure is not something livestock farmers can help, it can cause pollution to our water and air quality if it is not being managed properly. As the livestock farms grow larger, human health can be put into danger. The reason why animal wastes can be such a pollutant is because there is so much of it being produced and not managed. The waste produced per day by a single dairy cow is far more than wastes produced by households of people (EPA, 2011). Even though our livestock farm back at home was not very big, I have been around some large farms that could definitely affect our water and air quality if they have not already. To the left is a picture of manure pollution. The United States Environmental Protection Agency says, “Animal waste has the potential to contribute pollutants such as nutrients (e.g., nitrate, phosphorous), organic matter, sediments, pathogens (e.g., giardia, cryptosporidium), heavy metals...
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...------------------------------------------------- Intensive farming Intensive farming or intensive agriculture is characterized by a low fallowratio and generally the high use of inputs such as capital, labour, or heavy use of pesticides and fertilizers relative to land area.[1][2] This is in contrast to many sorts of traditional agriculture in which the inputs per unit land are lower. With intensification, energy use typically goes up, either provided by humans, or supplemented with animals, or replaced with machines. Intensive animal husbandry involves either large numbers of animals raised on limited land, usually confined animal feeding operations (CAFO) often referred to as factory farms,[1][3][4] or managed intensive rotational grazing (MIRG). Both increase the yields of food and fiber per acre as compared to traditional animal husbandry, but in a CAFO the animal feed is brought to the animals which are seldom moved, and in MIRG the animals are bunched up and constantly moved to fresh forage. There are many modern-day forms of intensive crop based agriculture, but they are all characterised by innovations designed to get the most yields per acre possible. This is usually done by a combination of multiple crops per year, very few if any fallow years, and improved cultivars. It can sometimes also involve the use of high inputs of fertilizers, plant growth regulators orpesticides, and mechanization. Most large modern intensive farms include innovation in agricultural...
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...Chapter I INTRODUCTION In many countries in Asia, goats are very important in the protein diets of the people, as well as a good, stable source of livelihood especially for the poor in the rural areas. Goat production is mostly carried out by smallholders where the animals are kept in small flocks at an average of 5-10 head/family. While rearing of goat remains at a subsistence level, its contribution to the total farm income is substantial. Goat production fits well in the rural landscape as well as in the resource capacity of smallholder farmers. It requires low initial capital and guarantees a high return on investment in as fast as two years; hence it is an attractive undertaking among rural households (FFTC Annual Report 2009). In recognition of its importance, several advanced technologies have been developed to increase goat production in some countries in the region. Technology improvement widely ranges from reproductive techniques and seasonal breeding, to silage making, agricultural by-product utilization, slotted slat barn facilities and total mix ration. However, most Asian small-scale goat farmers do not have access to these relevant information and advanced technologies for increased outputs, giving them very limited opportunities to improve their production as well as their livelihood. Goats are a most likely alternative source of animal protein, and can efficiently provide meat and milk to complement cattle and buffalo production. Goat raising has become...
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...Participation in Livestock Market in Zambia Mary Lubungu, Antony Chapoto, and Gelson Tembo Key Points/Summary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. This study uses longitudinal household data collected in 2001, 2004, and 2008 to identify factors that influence Zambian smallholder farmers' participation in livestock markets. Although livestock ownership increased during the study period, not all provinces experienced the upward trend. While livestock populations increased in Southern and Central Provinces, they remained stagnant in Eastern, North western and Lusaka Provinces and reduced in Western Province. Not only has herd size remained stagnant over the years, but the level of participation of smallholder farmers in the livestock markets has also remained largely the same. Crop commercialization and participation in off-farm activities reduces the likelihood of participation in cattle markets but not in the markets for small livestock. Livestock mortality increased the likelihood of households selling cattle, goats and pigs. Household head’s level of education increased the likelihood of households selling cattle. Key public investments that may serve to increase participation in livestock markets include investments in rural education, and building institutional and infrastructural capacities. Government may also consider including livestock vaccines into the farmer input support program to allow livestock farmers to access subsidized medicines. INTRODUCTION: Livestock production and associated...
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...English 12 Mrs. Borowski Agriculture has helped lives of many throughout the time it was started. Agriculture is the production of crops, livestock, and or poultry. Without agriculture, or farming, then the world would have major setbacks from what it is today. Alabama Agriculture is mostly known for making cotton, livestock such as sheep and cows, and poultry, or dairy products. Farmers have been more help to civilization than most people think. Cotton is used to make clothes with its soft structure. Cotton is a fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or a seed-bearing capsule, and it has been around since at least 5000 BC. It was mostly likely to be originated in Mexico and modern day Pakistan. Now it is the most widely used natural fiber cloth in clothing. Cotton has been and always will be an important natural crop that has been around since the beginning of agriculture and it will never be beaten by another natural fiber. In Alabama, cotton was, and still is, the driving economic force in the creation of Alabama Livestock is another very important part of life. Livestock in agriculture is basically animals that are bred and raised for multiple things, such as food, fiber, and labor. Livestock is a huge resource for food, such as chicken with eggs and it has been huge change since livestock. Before livestock started in 15,000 BC from Asia domesticating dogs, people had to hunt for their food. The problem with this is that the most active time for hunting...
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... In reality, however, most farms today are actually large corporate factories, not the vast fields and red barns that most Americans imagine. These consolidated operations known as CAFOs (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations) are able to produce meats in high volume but have little to no regard for animal or human welfare, the environment, or food safety. CAFOs in the United States are able to produce and process these large amounts of meat year-round by providing sheltered farms for a range of livestock such as cattle, swine, and sheep. However, within these farms animals are confined in limited spaces, making living conditions increasingly unhealthy and unsanitary. Brian Walsh, an environmental columnist at Time Magazine, observed that pigs are sometimes “packed so tightly with other swine that many of their curly tails have been chopped off so they won’t bite one another.” Conditions like these are prime locations for diseases to thrive and spread throughout the livestock. Although antibacterial immunizations are provided to the pigs, the bacteria and other viruses are constantly altering, leading to untreatable infections that can be easily passed onto workers and consumers. Contributing to the threat of new diseases, CAFOs contain massive pileups of feces and other excrements which do not provide safe living or breeding grounds for animals. With over 100 million tons of feces and urine produced annually by swine CAFOs alone, the total amount of unmanageable waste...
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...Loss of Top Predators is Humankind’s Most Pervasive Influence on Nature Thesis: For thousands of years, nature and humans have coexisted in equilibrium. As human population increases and expands, it cases severe effects in every ecosystem. Evidence of human growth and urbanization can be seen through the impacts on virtually every ecosystem in planet earth, marine and terrestrial. Effects of, such as species decline, endangerment and extinction of enormous proportions. In most cases, driving some species to the edge of extinction. Possibly no species are more affected than the world’s large top predators. These animals are extremely important to the overall health and function of an ecosystem, but conservation and restoration of them and their habitat is a remote thought on humans. The absence of predators in certain areas has led to an explosion of their natural prey, which leads to a damaging impact on their habitat. Ecosystems need to be healthy in order to maintain the health of all living things within and around them, including humans. It seems logical then to restore the natural balance by reintroducing the animal’s natural predator, conserving the population, and protecting the wild environment. Humans can no longer wait to address this growing environmental and ethical issue, and by establishing clear goals they can ensure the future of these species and ecosystems along with the continuing growth and success of their own. DOT: Sharks influence on the structure and...
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...Conservation versus Preservation SCI/275 Environmental Science Emmy Spencer Sunday May 8, 2016 Dr. Rafael Sanchez Conservation of rangelands is the rotation of livestock from one section of land to another section on land to allow the first section to rest and recover. Rangelands are often over grazed, causing the grass to die and turn the land into dirt lots. The natural resource is the grass and will be used to feed the livestock. Conservation also includes controlled burn of areas to help promote new growth. (1) Preservation of wildlife is saving the habitats and environment where endangered animals, plants, and eco system lives. The habitats and environment should not be altered or changed in any way. Natural resources are not to be used and the areas need to be left alone. Conservation of rangelands has been successful in some areas and not so successful in others. There was a government act created in 2002 - Rangeland, Grazing Land and Grassland Protection Act of 2002. This act was designed for California and the protection of their rangelands. The act’s purpose is to prevent rangelands from being converted into nonagricultural areas and sustain the grazing of livestock (2) Preservation of wildlife habitats are being threatened everyday by people all over the planet. The three major types of losses are destruction, fragmentation, and degradation of habitats by humans. They are affected by agriculture, land development, pollution, global warming...
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