Energy

Class 1

Energy —— the ability to do work
Work —— when a farce acts on an object through a distance
Farce —— push or a pull

| |Distance |Force |Energy |Power |
|USA units |Foot(ft) |Pounds(lbs) |kWh |hp |
|Metric |Meter(m) |Newton(N)kg*m/s2 |Joules |J/s(watt) |

*kWh —— kilowatt hour hp —— horsepower
33,000 ft*lbs/min = 745 J/s = 746 W —— 1 hp

Power —— the rate at which works is ?
Mechanical —— relates to the movement of an objects or its position is gravity
Sound —— relates to the repetitive compression and rarefaction of molecules in a substance
Chemical —— relates to energy stored in the bonds between atoms in a molecule
Electrical —— relates to the movement or flow of electrons
Light —— relates to on electric change or magnetic field that produce electromagnetic waves
Heat —— relates to the motion of particles, atoms or molecules in a substance
Nuclear —— relates to the potential energy stored in bonds between particles in the nucleus of an atom

Conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, if only changer forms

Class 2
10 Sources of Energy
|Renewable |Non Renewable |
|Biomass 4% |Coal 20% |
|Solar 0.1% |Crude oil 36% |
|Hydro 4% |Natural Gas 25% |
|Wind 0.05% |Nuclear 8% |
|Geo thermal 0.5% | |
|Hydrogen 0% | |

Energy Consumption
Transportation 7%
Residential 10%
Industrial 19%
Commercial 7%
Lost 57%

Class 3
Formation of fossil fuels
Coal: - Starts off as plants - Buried by water and sediment - Very little decay because if absence of oxygen - The weight of the sediment squeezer moisture - Leaving a high carbon concentration

Oil + Natural Gas: - Marine organisms die and collect on Ocean floor - Mix with mud and sand - sediment are deposited on top - A waxy substance known as kerogen is formed - Those "clack" to form shorter hydrocarbon chains http://www.hk-phy.org/energy/power/source_phy/flash/formation_e.html Types of coal
|Type |%carbon |Heat valve(BTU/pound) |
|Peat |25% |3000 |
|Lignite |50% |6000 |
|Subbituminous |60% |10000 |
|Bituminous |70% |13000 |
|Anthracite |90% |15000 |

http://www.theenergylibrary.com/
BTU - 英国热量单位（British Thermal Unit）

Class 4

Where do we get our oil from?
Canada 12% Mexico 9% Saudi Arabia 9% Kuwait 1% Russia 2%
Venezuela 8% USA 34% Nigeria 6% Iraq 4% Algeria 3%
Colombia 4% Angola 3% Ecuador 1% Virgin Islands 2%

OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国家组织
Basic service charge $8.65
Enuironmt Improvement rider $ 1.56
Resource adjustment $ 3.46
Taxes $10
Rate adjustment $ 4.36
Fuel charge 9 therms $4.30
Service charge $9
Allen S king coal plant
588MW* 1000kw/1MW * 24h/1days * 365days/1years = 5,150,880,000 kWh/year
5,150,880,000 kWh/1 year * 1month/house / 690 kWh * 1year / 12 month = 622,000 housers

Where does my money go?
Lighting 12%
Heating 29%
Cooling 17%
Electronics 4%
Hot water 14%
Appliances 13%

Demo 1
There is a relationship between electricity and magnetism
Demo 2
A magnetic field can push or pull or a current carrying wire
Demo 3
A motor turns electrical energy into mechanical energy
Demo 4
A generator turns mechanical energy into electrical energy

Class 5
2010 Xcel Emissions
| |CO2 |Sulfur Dioxide |Nitrogen Oxide |Soot |Mercury |
|Coal |2000(1 ton) |3.1 |2.3 |0.19 |YES |
|Nat Gas |720 |0.4 |1.7 |0.05 |NO |
|Oil |1466 |4.6 |25.6 |0.46 |YES |
|Biomass |2039 |1.2 |3.0 |1.27 |YES |
|Trash |1870 |2.8 |5.2 |0.28 |YES |

* Pounds per 1000 kWh produced
Needs of a Generator
Coil of wires
Magnet
Something to move it a) Steam 25% efficient i. Nuclear ii. Coal iii. Solar 1. Tower 2. Trough iv. Nat Gas v. Trash vi. Biomass vii. geothermal b) Air ----- wind 20% c) Water ----- Hydro 90%

A generator ----- Uses a high speed fluid with lots of KE to spin a shaft near a magnet

[pic]

The right side of the dotled line is the same for:
- Nuclear
Reash
Biomass
Natural gas
Geothermal

Class 6
Silver lake Plant
- 114 coal plants across u.s.
- cheaper to buy energy than to produce it
- 16,665 hr - 2005
- 256 hr - 2011
- cap X 2020

MN electrical study
-11 utilities serving MN
- cap X 2020
- MN cost of electricity is low
- Change coal to Natural gas - Cleaner and cheaper
- Nuclear is at a good percentage now 29% http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2012/08/electricity-study-aims-keep-minnesota-lights EPA sue
- 7 States are suing EPA over ash pond regulations

Class 7 Nuclear Power

|Fuel |Energy(KWH/LB) |
|Coal |3 |
|Ethanol |3.5 |
|Gasoline |5.5 |
|Diesel |6.2 |
|Wood |1.4 |
|Uranium |11,000,000 |

Nuclear Timeline
1895 William Roentgen discovered X-Rays
1898 Pierre and Marie Curie discovered radium
1905 Albert Einstein developed the theory of relativity E = mc^2
December 1942 Enrico Fermi achieved first self-sustaining nuclear fission Chicago
December 1951 First nuclear reactor produced electricity
July 1955 Acro Idaho was first town powered by nuclear energy
December 1957 Shipping port, America's first large-scale nuclear power plant, started operation Penn sylvan
1966 Pathfinder began commercial operation
September 1967 Pathfinder shut down for the last time as a nuclear-powered plant
1971 The Monticello nuclear plant began operations
Dec.1 1973 Prairie Island Unit One achieves initial criticality
Dec.17 1974 Prairie Island Unit Two achieves initial criticality
March 1979 The Three Mile Island nuclear power plant suffered a partial CORE MELTDOWN
Oct.2 1979 Unit 1 suffers steam generator tube rupture
Apr. 1986 Chernobyl nuclear reactor meltdown and fire occurred in the Soviet Union
June 25,1999 Unit 1 generates 100 millionth megawatt hour of power
2002 - Yuka mountain approved for the final disposal of spent nuclear fuel.
2009 - Yuka mountain cancellation
2010 - A new nuclear power plant is stated in Georgia. First new plant in USA since 1988.
2011 - A 9.0 magnitude earthquake and tsunami on March 11 ,2011 wrecks the Fukushima nuclear plant, Triggering nuclear meltdowns that contaminated food and water and forced mass evacuations.

Japan 2030 BBC
- Fully phase out nuclear power by 2040
- Nuclear was 1/3 of energy production befor
- It was to be raised to 50% by 2030

Japan 2030 3 new reactors
- Complete 3 new reactors

435 world reactors
| |Now |planned |
|USA |104 |22 |
|Canada |17 |2 |
|Zero by 2040 →Japan |55 |3 |
|India |20 |9 |
|Germany |8 |0 |
|80% if electrically←France |59 |1 |
|China |16 |26 |
|Russia |33 |11 |

2 Types of nuclear reactors
BWR - Boiling Water Reactor 15%
PWR - pressure water Reactor 85%

Class 8
What is an element?
Something that can't be broken down to a simplier form
Isotope - a different number of neutrons in the same element.
Proton - positive charge in nucleus
Neutron - neutral charge in nucleus
Electron - negative charge outside nucleus
Ionization - the process by which an electron is removed from a molecule of atom
[pic]
[pic][pic]
[pic]
When a water molecule is hit by a neutron

prairie island tritium spill http://www.twincities.com/news/ci_19912281 Class 9
[pic]
[pic]
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Photons - a bundle of energy
Low energy →→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→high energy
| Radio waves | Micro waves | Infrared | Visible | Ultra Violet | X-Rays | Gamma rays |
↑-------------------------------------------------Radiation----------------------------------------↑
↑------------------------------------Speed of light = 3*108m/s---------------------------------↑ ↑---------Ionization Radiation-------↑

Radio waves: Cell phones, TV, AM, FM, Power lines
Micro waves: TV

Class 10
U238 halflife is 4.5 billion years
238 g U238= 1 mole U238
1 mole U238= 6.022*1023 atoms
Over 2,000,000 U238atoms decay every second
Uranium Pellet goes into Fuel Rods and hen into Fuel Assemblies
A Nuclear reactor needs U238 (3%-30%)
Uranium (U3O8)
U238 - 99.3%
U235 - 0.7%
Nuclear Bomb needs 80-90% U238
Smith Ranch WY - Largest mine in US
Olympic Dam, Australia -Largest mine in the world
McArthur River, SK - Largest High grade mine in the world
USA 2010 Uranium Imports
Russia 23%
Canada 22%
Kazakhstan 15%
Australia 15%
Namibia 10%
USA 8%

Class 11

- The amount of energy released is one million times greates than that of the same mass of gasoline
- E = mc2

Palo Verde
- largest in us
- 3875 MW
Crystal River Power
- 4 coal plants
- 1 Reactor
Zaporogian
- 5th Largest Nuclear Power Plants
- 6000 MW

Annual waste produced by 1000 MW Plant
|Type of Plant |Coal Ash(tons) |Sulfur Dioxide(tons)|Nitrogen |Carbon Dioxide(tons)|Small Particulates(tons) |Nuclear Used |
| | | |Oxide(tons) | | |Fuel(tons) |
|Nuclear |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |27 |
|Coal |400,000 |20,000 |15,000 |7,400,000 |100 |0 |

What to do with Spent fuel assemblies?
Temporary: - Dry cast storage - Store in water pool
Permanent: - Sink in Ocean - Bury in a hole (SKM) - Yuka Mountian - Reprocess it (France)

Meltdown - All the heat from a fission reaction must be removed or the temp will rise and the assemblies will melt (China syndrome) move
Three Mile Island 1979
- Radiated steam leaked due to operator error
- No one died

Chernobyl - 1986
- User error caused low coolant and an explosion and fire
- no containment building
- 70 people died

Class 12
Fission U235 neutron → fission Fragments 1,2,3 neutron heat Gamma rays

Fukushima
- 8.9 earth quake - auto shut down
- Inserted control rods (SCRAM)
- Back up generators knocked out by Tsunami
- Hot water + metal = Hydrogen gas
- New Idea - Flood reactor with salt water
- Hydrogen explosion in 3 reactors
- Germany shut down 8 reactors
- Newer reactors use gravity to move water instead of pump

Fusion
H2+H3 → He4 + n

- The sun uses fusion to combine 657 billion tons of Hydrogen into 653 billion tons of Helium every sec.
- Energy released 8 times greater than fission
- Fusion produces no radioactive waste
- Fusion is wnsidered a renewable resource
ITER
- Currently in construction in France (2020)
- First fusion reactor to produce net energy
Q >= 10 - LOST A LOT OF MONEY TO GET HIGH TEMPS
- electrified and magnetically controlled plasma donut at high temps causes fusion to occur
- longest cement plasma duration = b 1/2 min

Class 13
Hydro power
The production of electrical power through the use if the gravitation force of falling water.
The power depends on the volume of water.
In the VS only 2000 of 80000dams are hydroelectric

Types of dams
- Run of the river - dose not stop flow of create pooling
- Storage - Creates a reservoir

Shapes of dams
- Arak - Good for canyons with steep walls
- Buttress - Heavy dam built with supports to trans for force down
- Embankment - made of rock, sand ,earth
- Gravity - Heavy concrete dam

Glen Canyon Arak / storage
Fort Peck Embankment / Storage
Chief Joseph Buttress / R of the R
Grand Coulee Gravity / Storage
Largest in U.S 7079 MW

Itaipu Dam
- Brazil 19%/ Paraguay 90%
- 20 generators
- 14000 MN
- 2nd largest Power Plant

Three Gorges Dam
- China, Yangtze River
- 34 Generators
- 22,500 MW

Class 14

Dam Disasters
Johstown flood - 1889
2200 people died
Sath fork dam collapse
First help from American Red Crass

Baludwia Dam 1963
Banqiao Dam 1975
-Typhoon Nina caused Dam to fail
- 26,000 people died

-2008 lake Delton,WI

- 2009 Russia Sayano Dam - Turbine became loose and unbolted - 76 Fatalities

Tidal Power
Barrage - a reservoir is filled at hight tide and power is generated as it drams.
Stream - Similar to a wind turbine, water flow generates power
Dynamic - A "T" shaped dam

Examples
Rance, France
- First Tidal power Station
- 1966
- 240 MW

Sihwa lake Tidal Power station
- 245 MW South Karen
- largest Tidal Plant

Kislaya Dam
- Russia
- 1.7 MW

Penzhin South Karen
- Planned
- 87,000 MW

Sea Gen
- First Stream Generator
- 1.2 MW
- Ireland

Hydro Power
Pros
- Energy Supply is plentiful
- low maintenance
- Green (O2, SO2)
- long life span
- more efficient than others

Cons
- lower oxygen is water
- Drought can effect power
- location is needed
- expensive start up
- risk of disasters

Class 15
The Sun
-Light from the sun is composed of infrared, visible, and UV.
- Not ionizing radiation

Above atmosphere
50% Infrared 40% visible 10% UV --------------- 1350 W/m2

Below atmosphere
40% I 32% v 2% UV --------------------------- 1000W/m2

Ozone Blocks UV
- 8 minutes for light from the sun to reach the earth
- the energy received by the earth in 1 hour equals the energy used by the world in one year.
- the earth receives only 0.0000005% if the sun's energy

Solas Technology
#1 CSP trough (Concentrated Solar Power)

-The light form the sun bounces of bent mirrors to heat up oil in a center pope. 1050°F
- The oil heats water into Steam Which turns a turbine

Kramer Junction, CA
- 9 solar units
- 354 MW
- Largest solar plant in the world

Aznalollar , Spain
- 300 MW
- 5 trough units, 2 towers

#2 CSP Tower (concentrated solar power)

- Sunlight bonces off mirrors and heats up oil in the tower
- The oil heats water into steam that turn a turbine.

Daggett, CA
- first CSP tower - 1982
- Demolished 2009

Lan caster, CA
- only solar tower in US
- SMW

Iuanpah, CA
- completed in 2013
- 392 mu
-$2.2 billion

La campana, Spain
- 20 MW
- completed in 2011

Class 16

#3 PV Photovoltaic solar
- conversion of the sun's energy Straight into electrical energy
- Silicon Solar Cells Photovoltaic effect - the creation of electric current upon exposure to light

Nellis Air Force Base
- 14 MW
- 70,000 panels
- As of 2015 all military Instillations need to be 100% green

Boulder city , NV
- copper mountain Solar
- 75 MW
- Plans to be 418 MW
- 1,000,000 pands
- 17,000 homes

Brandis , Germany
- 54 MW

Zazam, India
- 214 MW

#4 Solar updraft Tower

[pic]
- Sun heats up air in green house
- hot air rises through tower and turns turbines
- 1-2 % efficient

CLASS 17
Wind mill
-built low to the ground
-4 square blades
-designed to move slow and glint something up

-Very tall -3blades( aerodynamic) -designed to move faster
-speed is contorted minimum “cut in speed”
- A device that converts wind energy into electrical energy
Largest wind turbine
E-126
-7.5 MW -443 ft hub height -413 ft diameter

Estinnes, Belgium
- II E-126 turbine
-85.5 MN south Hawaii wind farm
-20.5 MW
Roscoe ,Tx
Abilene, Tx
Total 10000 MW combined
20% of US wind energy
Gansu Wind Farm, China
Largest single wind farm
6000MW
by 2020---20000MW
London Array
Largest offshore wind farm
630 MW went online 10/29/12
Lewiston.MN
2 new turbines
Gunderson clinic
Energy independent by 2014
SMW
Red Wing wind farm
-how many turbines proposed? 48
-proposed MW produced? 78mw
-why it is being fought? Bald eagles
-who is funding it? T.Boone Pickens
Majave CA
Alta wind farm
1020 MW
Largest in US
Class 18
-Wind power won’t be profitable until alternatives get more expensive. (2016?)
-Texas has used all of its wind rebates.
Power of a wind turbine
Kinetic energy=1/2 mu^2
The mass in this equation relates to the mass of air that hits the blades. This is related to wind speed. KE=1/2vv^2=1/2v^3
Another thing to consider is the area swept out by the blades
Power=D^2V^3*constant constant=236*10^-6
The constant includes conversion factors, constants, and efficiencies
Be+2 limit- you only can get 59% of the winds energy
-We end up around 30% after real world inefficiencies
|Wind speed |D=15ft |D=30ft |D=413ft |
|10mph |0.53kw |2.12kw |402.5kw |
|20mph |4.25kw |17.0kw |3200kw |
|30mph |14.3kw |57.3kw |10.9mw |
|40mph |34kw |135.9kw |25.8mw |

-There are theoretical numbers.
-Not linear
-A doubling of wind speed produces 8 times more power.
|Location A D=15ft |Location B D=15ft |
|Wind is always 20mh |Wind is 10 mph for half the time and 30 mph for the other half |
|20mph Average |20mph average |
|4.25kw*2hours=8.5kwh |0.53kw*1hours 14.3kw*1hour/14.8kwh |

Wind power curve
E-126
Insert picture……..

Cut in speed =7mph
Rates speed=38-56mph
Cut out speed =63mph

How close can yoo set turbines next to each other?
GE-1.5 MW
-116ft blade length
-212ft hub height
-cost $1000,000
-cost $900,000 install cut in speed 9mph cut out = 52mph
15 turbine farm
-3 rows of 5
-Danish hind industry association
-Distance behind should be no less than 5 Rotor Diameters
-Distance side to side should be no less than 3 Rd

our wind farm
-15 turbines
-3 rows of 5
-232ft RD
-632 acres
-42.5 acres/ turbine
Danish wind Industry
Spacing should be 3-5 (3.5) side by side
5-9(6) behind
South of dodge center, MN V
North OF Palm Springs, CA X
South of Dexter, MN V
North of John Day Dam. WA VD
Convert Coal to wind
Sherro coal plant
2400MW*1 turbine/1.6MW=1500 turbines FAIL: wind is not always on!
1500 turbines*41.5 acres/1 turbine=63000 acres
Sherco 2400MW*24h/1d*365day/1y=2100 000MWh/Y
Wind 0.8MW*24h/1d*365d/1y=7008MWh/y 2100000/7008=3000 TURBINES
1.3 MILLION ACRES & Larger than Rhode Island.
-sky stream 3.7
-24kw
-$15000
- Diameter 12ft
-if I use 1100 KWH per month
-24hours in a day*30days in a month*24kw/1728kw/month product wind speed at 6 ft wind at 60 ft at 60ft turbine power watter Biomass- energy from biological material. From a living or recently living organism. The energy converted can be used to heat, create electricity, or produce fuels

Biomass types 1. dead plant Matter -wood, energy crops 2. garbage
- solid waste(US-4.3 pound/person/day) - manufacturing waste -landfill gas.
3. ways to convert to energy.
1) Combustion- directly produce heat. -create steam to turn turbine - carbon neutral
2) Thermochemical -Heating but not burning -low oxygen
Biomass examples
Drax, north York shine
Minneapolis, MN
-Cogeneration (coal+wood)
-20% electricity to U of M
-heats 94 buildings
Benson, MN
-Fibrominn
-55 MW
-poultry litter
-first Biafuel Plant in US(2007)
Red wing MN
RDF Plant (Refuse desired Fuel) 24 MW
Santiago Canyan, CA
First Landfill to produce liquid natural gas

Geothermal Energy

The core of the earth is hot for 2 reasons
1) formation of earth( 20%)
2）decay of radioactive materials (80%)
The heat melts rock to make magma
The magma flows up using convection and heats water in the crost
The amount of heat within 30000 ft, contains 50000times more energy than all the fossil fuels.
-easiest place to drill is near tectonic plate boundaries or hat spots.
3 ways to use geothermal D
1) Direct USE 1.hot springs 2.plants and animals 3.industry 4.heating bulidings
2) Heat Pump
-10-15ft the temp is constant (55F)
3) Create electricity 1. Dry steam 2. Flash steam 3. Heat exchange
* All 3 try to replace what they took
Bay, Philippines
-largest single geothermal plant
-480 MW
Cerro Prieto Mexico
-Largest multiple plant
-720 MW

“The Geysers”
-Near San Francisco
-1517 MW---- declining (955MW average)
-26 plants
-350 wells
-in the past they have added waste water to increase production
-First Geothermal plant in US (1960)
Iceland Geothermal
5 geothermal plants provide 26% of Ecelands’ energy
Pros and cons of Geothermal
-clean energy
-renewable
-reiable. Unlike wind and solar
-old faithful
-hot spots have seismic activity
-location is determined by hot spots

10. hottest years on Record.
1) 2010/ 2)1998/ 3)2005/ 4)2003/ 5)2002/ 6)2009 7)20094 8)2006/ 9)2011/ 10)2007
Greenhouse effect
Thermal radiation from the surface is absorbed atmospheric greenhouse gases
-this causes an increase in global temps
GHG
Water vapor
CO2-77% methane-15% nitrous Oxide 7% ozone GHG causes Electricity and heat 25% Industry 15% transportation 14%
Agriculture 14% land use change 12%

Top 3 carbon emissions 1. China 2. USA 3. Europe
Per capita 1. Gibraltar 2. Virgin Islands 3. Qatar 4. USA
-when sun hits ice, 90% is reflected
-when sun hits waters, 90% is absorbed
- so, when ice melts it increases the speed of melt
Kyoto Protocol
-An agreement of all the worlds countries to reduce GHG. (5% by 2012)
-signed in 1997
-Started in 2005
-Each country gets an individual goal
-China and India were not given goals developing nation
2011-canada withdrew
-avoided 14 billion in Fines
-if China, India, and US don’t have to, why us?
-US never joined. “The Grid”
-Electric Power cannot be easily stored
-Electricity is consumed less than a second after being produced
缺图
The grid has 3 parts
-Generation of Electricity
-produces AC (Alternating Current)
-power transmission-transporting the power from the power plants to substations
-power transformers- A change in voltage and final distribution to end users.
Electricity Loads
Base load-the amount of power required to meet the minimum demands of electricity
-Load following-Intermediate power supply
| |Load |Initial costs |Upkeep cost(fuel) |Capacity factor |
|Coal |Base |4-5 |3-4 |85% |
|Nature Gas |Any |2-4 |6-7 |30%-87% |
|Nuclear Hydro Solar PV |Base |6-7 |2-3 |90% |
| |Any PEAK |2-3 |0-1 |53% |
|Solar Thermal |Base |7-8 |0-1 |25% |
|Wind |Inter |9-10 |0-1 |34% |
|WindOFFshore |Inter |6-7 |0-1 |27% |
|Biomass |Base |4-6 |3-4 |83% |
|Geothermal |Base |3-5 |0-1 |92% |

Power transmission
-A high current wire causes heat, thus a loss of energy.
-To avoid this low current/high voltage Alternating current is used.
Blackout- a total loss in voltage
Cascading failure- part failure causes a failure of successive parts
Brown out – a drop in voltage

Largest blackout
-India 2012
-670 million people
-due to a stressed system and operator error largest in US
-2003 northeast
-55 million
-256 power plants went offline national super Grid
-765 KV lines
-Designed to strengthen our grid and integrate large amounts of wind generation

Transformers
Electromagnetic Induction
-Current only flows when there is a charge in the magnetic field.
| |200 (primary) |400 (secondary) |
|Current (amps) |1.05A |0.43 A smaller |
|Voltage (volts) |5.14 V |8.75 V bigger |
|Power (watts) |5.4 W |3.8 W |

P=IV
Efficiency=3.8/5.4*100%=70.4%

Step up : Iv=iV
Step down: iV=Iv

Smart Meter: An electrical meter that relays energy consumption back to the power company.

Light bulbs
Incandescent- produces light by running current through a wire until. It gets hot enough to produce light. - Filed with an inert gas. - Halogen light- similar to an incandescent bulb, but with a halogen gas. - The gas reacts with the filament to prevent darkening and adds life.

CFL: Compact Fluorescent Lamp - A tube filled with gas and then electrified - This excites the mercury gas to produce UV light - The UV light causes phosphor to fluoresce producing visible light.
LED – Light Emitting Diode - Uses two different semiconductor - When current flows in one direction it lights up
| |Lumens/watt |Life |Cost/bulb |Cost/year |
|Incandescent |14 |1500 hours |$ 0.63 |$ 15 |
|Halogen |15 |2500 |$ 3 |15 |
|CFL |60 |10000 |$ 5 |4 |
|LED |80 |1500000 |$ 30 |2.5 |
| | | | | |

2.4W*1kw/1000w*6h/1d*30d/1y*$0.09/1kwh=$0.04