...Logical thinking Logical thinking can be explained in simple words as something that helps the human being to make the right decision or solve unsolved problems. Most of the humans think, but most of them do not reason correctly and that process is called logic and it needs training sometimes. Understanding the logical way of thinking makes that person think critically and all the information needed and come to a conclusion. This process of thinking is different form other thinking process as it involves a lot of critical thinking. This process or sense is only given to the human being and not any other animals even though some people claim that Chimpanzee’s a category in monkey family also have that. This logical thinking involves a lot of critical thinking and it could be something that happens every day in our life and we might be trying to solve that problem in a different way. Best example that Bejoy can think will be something that he does on his off days as his wife goes to work and he end up spending time taking care of his 2 yr old son. His main purpose those days is how to make his son speak his language very well as language is related to the culture that Bejoy was brought up and he wanted his son to grow up in that same culture. As soon as his wife leaves, he make plans on how to teach his son the language in a way that is going to interesting for both him and his son. The way of handling the situation will be different every day and it involves a lot of logical...
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...Compare emotional and logical thinking When we compare emotional thinking to logical thinking, we find that there is a vast difference between the two. Emotional thinking can be defined as unnecessary influence of emotions on the thought process that can lead to selective or imbalanced decisions (Mehrabian, 2010). We can safely say that logical thinking is a learned process. This type of thinking is when an individual uses reasoning consistently when coming to a conclusion. Both types of thinking can and will be used in both personal and business decisions. Within an organization, logical thinking is preferred so that emotions do not overtake the decision causing further issues. Oftentimes when emotions get into the decision making process we have conflict within the team. Logical thinking is preferred so that we use our skills to create a step process to understand the facts and determine the correct course of action. This type of thinking is a more structured approach that enables teams to create a step process to come to a conclusion (Albrecht, 2000). Contrast emotional and logical thinking As one looks at the characteristics of both emotional and logical thinking, one can determine there are many differences between the two types of thinking. Logical thinking starts with the thought that the statement is true. Emotional thinking can be true or false that depending on the person’s ideas and thoughts of the subject. In the critical thinking process emotional...
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...Resurrection is more likely to be true than reincarnation. Discuss (35) For thousands of years human beings have entertained thoughts of afterlife, of something continuing on after their lives. Perhaps the implications of this have been the motivation to develop such beliefs. Perhaps it is the attraction of meeting loved ones again in the future, perhaps just a way to make the notion of karmic law sound more believable. Often, beliefs concerning life after death involve some kind of deity or god helping things along. A similarity between the two approaches I’m looking at (resurrection and reincarnation) is the fact they do not necessarily need to involve a god or deity in order to work. Although many use the example of the resurrection of Christ to say that there must have been a god involved, I will once more state that I don’ believe that resurrection or reincarnation has to be contingent on a supreme being, but instead just necessary, infinite natural laws that control and regulate themselves. Already, this has implications for religious and non-religious people. Essentially, it could mean that those who do not believe in a god or deity may still believe in the possibility of an afterlife (for example, an atheist may still believe in ‘ghosts’, in the classical sense), and although religious believers may use a god in their ideas about afterlife, it doesn’t have to be a part of their beliefs. In fact, looking from Hegel’s viewpoint of the rational kernel and the irrational...
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... | | | | | | | | | | | Introduction Over the past decades many philosophers and other scientists have created several theories about the economy. Many of them tried to convince others with their subjective view on this area of interest. Among them there were several great scientists who created a widely discussion among their fellow scientists because they really added something to the endless discussion: “what is this thing called science” Karl Popper was one of them; he was known for ruthlessly attacking the logical positivism supporters. He even took responsibility for the collapse of the Vienna Circle. In short he stated that observations only became valuable if there were previously marked observations. Those previously discovered observations were created and viewed through people’s eyes and therefore science was “peoples work” and people are fallible creatures thus subjective.[1] Over the years many of them supported Popper while many others heavily discussed his opinion. In this essay we will discuss another view of Popper and we try to reflect it on today’s International Business. We will discuss an example and in the end we will try to see if we support Poppers view or not. Popper’s Falsificationism Claim associated especially with...
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...Prescriptivism in relation to ethical language is ethical statements that are about what we think ought to be done. Meaning that when people say something they want to prescribe their views on others. Invented by hare he argued for universalizability, if you refer one thing rather than another then you think this would be good for everyone. In prescriptivism there are four basic ideas. 1. Morality must be about doing not just thinking if you believe. 2. Something is right you must act on it and actually do it. Has to be consistent 3. Moral beliefs must be kept in harmony with other in other words cant cause war. 4. Cannot be a hypocrite He states that ethical statements are universalizable but this does not mean that they are objective. However there is also another non-cognitivst concept of ethical language. Emotivism came out of the logical positivist position of the Vienna circle. They believe that absolute truths were based on the empirical scientific knowledge. After developing the verification principle they concluded that neither religious nor ethical language can be verified. Ayer’s solution to the problem of ethical language is known as Emotivism. Or the boo hurrah theory. It argues that out moral are determined by our feelings and opinions of others. When we say that something is good it is like an emotional response that says hurrah to it and if we say something is bad it is like we are booing it. E.g to commandments says stealing is wrong, cannot prove this through...
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...Chapter 8 Logical Positivism I want neither that plutocracy grasping and mean, nor that democracy goody and mediocre, occupied solely in turning the other cheek, where would dwell sages without curiosity, who, shunning excess, would not die of disease, but would surely die of ennui. — Poincar´ (quoted in Runes, ToP, p. 966) e Science itself, therefore, may be regarded as a minimal problem, consisting of the completest possible presentment of facts with the least possible expenditure of thought. — Mach (Newman, WM, Vol. 3, p. 1792) 8.1 Historical Background In this chapter we will look at logical positivism, the most influential phi- Logical Analysis losophy of science in the twentieth century. In spite of the fact that logical positivism has been abandoned by most philosophers of science, its influence continues in many disciplines, including physics, linguistics and psychology. We will be especially concerned with logical positivism’s view of knowledge, which is, roughly: (1) the only real knowledge is scientific knowledge; (2) by a process of logical analysis scientific knowledge can be reduced to symbolic formulas constructed from “atomic facts.” Certainly assertion (1) is nothing new; Socrates said as much when he distinguished “scientific knowledge” 303 304 Empiricism Anglo-American Roots Continental Roots Auguste Comte: 1798–1857 CHAPTER 8. LOGICAL POSITIVISM (episteme) from a “practice” (empeiria); see Section 2.4.3. Furthermore...
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...INTRODUCTION The article “Marketing: philosophy of science and “epistobabble warfare” is a commentary by the author Michel Rod published as a qualitative research in an International Journal, Vol. 12 Iss. 2, pp. 120- 129. Throughout the article Rod articulated his viewpoints on the variety of philosophies involved in legitimizing the science of marketing research and sought to establish his own perspective of what he actually believes marketing research should accomplish. This was stated in his thesis statement that: “Rather than argue one particular perspective, it is this paper’s central thesis that no one philosophical perspective does or should have a monopoly on what makes a useful contribution to our understanding of marketing phenomena. “ Consequently, what Rod proposes is that rather than trying to establish an allegiance to any one particular philosophy one should be free to research, understand and articulate all the questions and results that can ‘contribute meaningful information to the study of marketing phenomena’. In other words, whilst Rod understands that a philosophy might be needed to establish foundations of ontology and epistemology to determine the methodology (POEM): - * Type of questions or problem one attempts to answer in their research * The manner in which these questions should be posed…. * The best methodological approach to shed some light on the particular question(s) being posed or the phenomenon of interest being investigated...
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...James Jackson BCOM/275 Week 2 Assignment Logical Fallacies Analysis 1. Personal attack ad hominem. An ad hominem compares the qualities of the person making a claim to the qualities of the actual claim. It is when it is argued that a claim cannot be true because there is a certain lack of quality in the person providing the claim. With this fallacy, it is not the claim itself being analyzed, but the person making the claim. A “personal attack” ad hominem does exactly that – it attacks the person making a claim in order to set them in a negative light. The thought is that a claim cannot possibly be true if the person making the claim is a “bad person”. We see this in the media all of the time with politics. Often pundits in the media will claim that a politician in the opposing party does not have the “moral authority” to claim something because the politician may have been accused of doing something that the media outlet is reporting as morally wrong. A good example of this was early in Barack Obama’s presidency, and even when he was campaigning. During that time some media outlets would dispute a patriotic statement he may have made. They claimed that he could not be patriotic because there was no proof he was even an American citizen since no one had ever seen his birth certificate. This could also be considered a circumstantial ad hominem, as the media was saying that his claimed circumstances refuted his patriotism. 2. Scare tactics. Scare tactics involve...
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...UNDERSTANDING BOOLEAN LOGIC AND ITS APPLICATIONS In the 1800’s (1815-1864), George Boole, a English mathematician who did extensive work in the subject of logic, invented a system of mathematics in which the abstract concepts of true and false can be used in computations. In an attempt to create a new form of mathematics, Mr. Boole identified certain patterns of logic that were later found to be easily translated into an electronic language—essentially, a "switchon/switchoff" pattern. Today, using tiny electronic switching mechanisms inside the computer, "decisions" are made with lightning speed within the central processing unit (CPU). These decisions are based on whether a tiny switch is on or off at any given time. Computer programmers follow prescribed sets of instructions to "teach" computers how to make decisions to carry out instructions. Programming is made possible by sets of instructions called languages. Many of these languages are made up of the logic building blocks identified by Mr. Boole more than 100 years ago, long before computers. The building blocks that Mr. Boole identified are AND logic, OR logic, NOT logic, NAND logic, and NOR logic. Computer decisions are made from these patterns of logic. All programming languages allow you to create expressions that can be evaluated as either true or false, which are called Boolean expressions. A Boolean condition is a conditional statement containing a Boolean expression, and another name for a conditional...
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...this paper I want to address the coincidence of two powerful cultural forces of the early 20th century: modernist design in architecture and the philosophy of logical empiricism. This coincidence is most dramatically represented in the connection between two groups, who have each had powerful cultural influence in this century: The Bauhaus (1919 - 1933: Weimar, Dessau, Berlin, Chicago) The “Vienna Circle” (1922 - 1938: Vienna, Amsterdam. The former became the premier school of modernist design, and contained as faculty many of the most influential artists, designers and architects of the century. The Vienna Circle was a group consisting mostly of non-philosophers, who met weekly for discussion of philosophical issues. These informal meetings brought about the birth of logical empiricism, a movement which set the agenda for philosophy in America after the second world war. Herbert Feigl, Otto Neurath and Rudolph Carnap, central participants in the Vienna Circle, gave public lectures at the Bauhaus beginning in summer of 1929, when the Bauhaus was in Dessau under the leadership in Hannes Meyer. Their influence was sufficiently strong that logical empiricist philosophy became part of the standard curriculum of the school. A second very clear connection between modernist architecture and logical empiricism is the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein. Although Wittgenstein was not a licenced, practicing architect, he oversaw the construction of one of the most...
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...Week 1 Textbook Exercises Jessica Pollock MTH/221 October 28, 2013 Leslie Fife Week 1 Textbook Exercises Chapter 1 Supplementary Exercises #7. There are 12 men at a dance. (a) In how many ways can eight of them be selected to form a cleanup crew? Order does not matter Cannot repeat N = 12 R = 8 (b) How many ways are there to pair off eight women at the dance with eight of these 12 men? Order does matter Cannot repeat N = 12 R = 8 Exercises 2.1 #3 Let p,q be primitive statements for which the implication is false. Determine the truth values for each of the following. a. = false True and false b. = false not true or false c. = true False implies true d. = false Not false implies not true Exercises 2.2 #17 For any statements p,q, prove that a. P | q | | | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | b. p | q | | | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Exercises 2.3 #1 The following are three valid arguments. Establish the validity of each by means of a truth table. In each case, determine which rows of the table are crucial for assessing the validity of the argument and which rows can be ignored. a. P | Q | R` | | | | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1...
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...AO1 Candidates may begin with an account of the work of the Logical Positivists, possibly even giving an account of the forming of the Vienna Circle and the writings which led these philosophers to come together. Some may mention Wittgenstein’s Tractatus but they should be aware that he was not himself a member of the Circle. This may lead to an exploration of the strengths and weaknesses of the Verification Principle, with some demonstration of the self-refuting nature of the principle itself. Some may use examples from religious language of the kinds of statements which the Vienna circle were accusing of meaninglessness such as; ‘God is all-loving, all powerful, your God is a jealous God.’ Some candidates may take their arguments towards an explanation of the later writings of Wittgenstein and introduce the ideas of language games; and his claim that language gets its meaning from the context in which it is used or the rules of the game you are playing at any given time. Others may explore the approach taken by the Vienna Circle to analytic and synthetic statements, explaining the need for synthetic statements to be verifiable by empirical evidence if they were to be considered meaningful. In this context some may address the issue of strong and weak verification. AO2 In their evaluation candidates may assess the underlying assumption of Logical Positivism that it is only scientific propositions which can accurately describe the reality of our world. Arguably not religious...
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...Examine the contribution that two of the following may make to the study of religious language * Analogy * Symbol and myth * Language games Religious language has been around for years and two of the contributions that relate to this are analogy and language games. Religious language is used to talk about religious ideas for example the existence of god. The Vienna circle can up with the idea of the verification principle and they believed that unless something can be empirically proven then it doesn’t exist meaning that it has no meaning. However one issue with this theory is that you cannot prove something that isn’t of sight for example historical statements and emotional statements. This also applies to religious statements because god cannot be proven meaning his is not a physical being making him meaningless. However Ayer creates the weak verification principle and argues you can have statements like ‘I love you’ and historical statements but he argues that along as it can be proven as some point then it is not meaningless. Analogy is another way of describing things in religious language for example Paley’s idea of the world being like a watch. Univocal language is good when describing god because you can relate to it for example saying ‘god is good’ and saying ‘that was good’ gives you a measure of how good god really is because you understand what good means, meaning it is easy to relate and understand because it can be related to anything including...
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...| | | Business Trip Checklist | | | While You Are Away: Preparing the Office ☒ | Organize any necessary meetings to take place on your trip; book appointments and meeting rooms. | ☐ | If traveling internationally, obtain any necessary paperwork and vaccinations. | ☐ | Familiarize yourself with local business customs common at destination. | ☐ | Confirm appointments, schedules, reservations, etc. | ☐ | Tie up any loose ends at the office (finish up projects; set up out-of-office replies; notify or remind coworkers about your departure). | ☐ | Print out hard copies of presentations, agendas, and important documents. | While You Are Away: Preparing the Home ☐ | Arrange for child, pet, and plant care; communicate needs and schedules. | ☐ | Pause routine deliveries. | ☐ | Make your home seem lived-in while away by putting lights and a radio on timers. | ☐ | Turn down thermostat. | ☐ | Leave house and car keys, and your complete itinerary, with a trusted friend. | ☐ | Lock windows, garages, and doors. | Packing for the Trip ☐ | Make a list of the specific items of clothing you’ll need to pack for your trip to suit the various functions you’ll attend. | ☐ | Try to pack everything you need in a carry-on bag, to avoid the possibility of lost luggage. | ☐ | If you check your bag, pack a second set of business clothes and toiletries in a carry-on bag, in case of lost luggage. | ☐ | Print several copies of this checklist, and save a copy on your...
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...Task 1(A) Global Marketplace Activity (A1) Being the largest hospital corporation in the world, with over 160 hospitals, 100 surgical clinics, and a never ending amount of specialty facilities, supplies are an essential component to the successful day to day operations. In the event that those supplies were not able to be delivered on time, the possibility of not being able to provide properly for our patients would be immense. And with the company receiving certain supplies from all over the world, it is very possible that due to measures beyond the hospital corporations control or the supplying company that delivery of supplies could be delayed due to inclement weather, natural or manmade disasters. This in turn could have a substantial impact to the quality of care provided and received. In addition, the hospital corporation is also a key component to several ongoing research projects for treatment, cures and vaccinations for various diseases and infections, all of which rely on the supplies provided by other research facilities or specialty supplies provided by specific supply companies who could be impacted by these potential disasters, which would debilitate and prolong the success of the research projects effected. Risk Source (A2) The source for the first risk identified would be nothing more than age and continual use. The boiler at the Disaster Recovery site is the original boiler for the building which is approximately 50 years old, and even though the boiler...
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