...The Aging Musculosketltal system The Aging Musculosketltal system The aging musculoskeletal system of a 84-year old thin, small boned white female has many changes that it could possibly go through. There are three of the major problems that are possible for her body to go through. Osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and muscular atrophy. Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and are more likely to have fractures. With osteoporosis the bones become weaker and lose their density. They have less amounts of calcium and minerals in them. Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease there is. This may occur without any cause and sometimes the tendency to have bone loss and thin bones is passed down through families. The leading cause of osteoporosis is the drop in estrogen in women t the time of menopause and a drop in testosterone in men. There are no symptoms in the early stages of osteoporosis. Most people who have this disease are prone to getting fractures and not even having an injury these are called compression fractures. Other changes that may occur are the loss of height and a stooped posture or kyphosis many develop. The treatment for osteoporosis is a lifestyle change with diet an exercise , taking medication and vitamin D along with calcium. Exercises such as walking, jogging, dancing will assist with improving bone mass. This disease of the bones is able to be reversed and even cured over time the the right treatment, Osteoarthritis...
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...Andrea Brennan discussed how to rehabilitate a patient with lymphedema and chronic edema. The meeting consisted of a variety of occupations from psychological therapists, a podiatrist, physical therapists, an acupuncturist certified occupational therapist assistant, registered nurses, advanced practice nurses, physician assistant, and licensed physical therapy assistants. Some of the names and titles of the participants include: Miranda R. Taylor, EAMP, L.Ac, M.T.C.M., Lorete Feka, PT, Certified Lymphedema Therapist, Cathy Joseph, OTR/L, Donna Hannah, OTR/L, Certified Lymphedema Therapist-Lymphology Association of North America, Karen Corr, RN, Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioner, Mara Fusfield, RN, Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioner, Jamie Young, RN, Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioner, Theresa M Lee, RN, Family Nurse Practitioner, Alicia Berry, RN, Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioner, Gerontological Nurse Practitioner, and Bethzaida Perez-Kyles, RN, Family Nurse Practitioner, Oncology Nurse...
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...Lymphedema 77 year old J.P. has experienced many years of progressive leg swelling. Her legs always seemed disproportionately larger than the rest of her body.Her primary care physician associated her large legs to her dietary indiscretions, and often described them simply as swollen and edematous. The status-quo continued until one day she presented to our Wound Center with 3+ pitting leg edema, and blistering of her left anterolateral calf. An arterial and venous doppler ultrasound was immediately obtained and showed no deep vein thrombosis or evidence of atherosclerotic occlusive disease. Closer examination of her lower extremities confirmed characteristics consistent with the typical trophic skin changes of secondary lymphedema Note the absence of varicosities, which are often thought to co-exist with chronic venous insuffi-ciency, but frequently are absent. The patient was afebrile and preliminary blood work showed no leukocytosis or bandemia. The erythema noted was consistent with severe stasis dermatitis and not a bacterial infection. Therefore, the patient did not require hospitalization for parenteral antibiotics. A Unna Boot was applied at the time of the patient’s first visit, with resultant rapid and effective reduction in edema, venous hypertension. The Unna Boot was removed after 72 hours and the extremity inspected. The patient responded nicely to treatment, but even after her stasis ulcer had resolved, she still complained of leg heaviness, easily fatigability...
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...fluid as well as fight infections. Filarises is spread from person to person via mosquito bites. When an infected person with filarises is bitten by a mosquito the circulating worms from inside the infected persons blood enters the mosquito and carried to another person that is bit by the same mosquito. Once the person is bitten by the mosquito the worms travel to the lymph vessels. Once the worms reach the lymph vessels they mature into adults and live for five to seven years. Repeat mosquito bites over several months are needed to get filariases. This diseases is most common in tropical or subtropical areas. This infection will show up on a blood test as most that suffer from this disease are asymptomatic. Some people may develop lymphedema. Fluid collection and swelling is a result of the improper functioning of the lymph system. Usually this takes place in the legs however the genitalia, arms and breasts can be affected as well. People affected with this disease will have more bacterial infections in the skin as well as the lymph system. Hardening and thickening of the skin develops. This is known as elephantiasis. Men can develop hydrocele or swelling of the scrotum due to infection. Filarial infection can also cause tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome. This syndrome is typically found in infected persons in Asia. Clinical manifestations of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome include cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing. The eosinophilia is often accompanied...
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...Task 5.4 Comparison What happens when we are healthy? It is important to have a healthy lymphatic system because a well-functioning lymphatic system helps to keep the body's needs in balance, but when things malfunction, disorders and cancer can be a result of this. Maintaining a healthy lymphatic system will help to prevent illness and help your body to function correctly, to take care of your lymphatic system you should consider, drinking water regularly, have a balanced diet, exercise daily and avoid toxins. How we mount an immune response when exposed to pathogen The human immune system us multicellular and it has dedicated cells or tissues to deal with the threat of infection. Some responses occur immediately so that an infecting organism...
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...adipose tissue on the breast cancer. Body weight cell specific proliferation suggests that obesity related adipokines and mediators enhance cell proliferation and increase the risk for breast cancer. A couple guidelines and recommendations that help to prevent obesity are physical activity and diets. Obesity is associated with poorer survival in women with breast cancer, regardless of menopausal status. The purpose of this study was to determine if the associations of obesity with breast-cancer specific, all cause, and non-breast cancer mortality differ from between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women with breast cancer. Also some other recent studies have shown that elevated BMI may be associated with breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema. Introduction Cancer is a disease of the cells in the body, fundamentally genetic. Cancer is defined as “ a malignant form of tumors which are tissue masses that arise through mutations in the genes that govern cell growth and division”. Tumors occur when specific changes or mutations, occur in genes. The frequency and consequences of these genetic changes can also be altered by environmental factors. There are many different kinds of cancers. Cancer can develop in almost any organ or tissue,...
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...Within five years, I plan to be certified in lymphedema therapy and be a fieldwork clinical instructor for occupational therapy students. I developed a special interest in lymphedema therapy in occupational therapy primarily because I want to learn more about the treatment of pathologies related to the lymphatic system. I want to be a fieldwork clinical instructor is because I desire to develop and refine my ability to teach, instruct, and guide the development of my students. Furthermore, I can pass on my acquired knowledge and practice experience to the next generation of therapists and be exposed to new theories or ideas the therapy students are currently learning in school. Also, there is opportunity to provide on the job training to the fieldwork student and potentially recruit the student as a therapist after he or she passes the certification exam...
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...circuitry of vessels powered by heart General Mechanisms That Alter Flow: * Flow reduction in systemic circuit creates ischemia, leading to hypoxia * Flow reduction in venous system alters waste removal and increases systemic pressure * Venous engorgement or venous obstruction * Flow reduction in lymphatic system causes edema * Changes to lymphatic vessels and lymph circulation * Blood vessel obstructions * Blood vessel structural alterations Lymphatic Vessels: * Lymphatic circulation overwhelmed when changes in capillary or interstitial oncotic pressures increase filtration, or when fluid movement at capillary bed is impaired * Causes edema * Causes wide variety of conditions * Lymphedema- lymphatic flow alteration due to impairment in lymph circulation Blood Vessel Obstructions: * Alteration of blood flow may involve impedance of arterial or venous flow * Some obstructions specific to arterial or venous * Others form on both sides * Will now cover those that affect arteries and veins- specific later * Thrombus= blood clot attached to vessel wall * Thromboembolus- detached thrombus * Develop where conditions activate hemostasis * Different triggers for arteries and veins * Shock can lead to thrombi * Impaired metabolism and blood stasis * Arterial thrombi- 2 threats: * Occlusion of artery * Thromboembolus causing occlusion at distant size * Venous...
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...Bio 54 2002 Filarial Worms I : Structure, Infection, & Disease Andrew G. Campbell, Ph.D. Parasitic Filarial Worms - Background • Thread-like worms transmitted by insect vectors (flies and mosquitoes) • collectively infect AT LEAST 100 million worldwide • considered major obstacles to development in endemic countries • "major players" – Wuchereria bancrofti / Brugia malayi lymphatic filariasis – Onchocerca volvulus - river blindness – Loa loa - loaiasis 1 Today’s Lecture •Taxonomy •Lymphatic Filariae •Nonlymphatic Filariae •Disease •Diagnosis, Treatment, & Control KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS/SPECIES Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi ANIMALIA NEMATODA RHABDITAE SPIRURIDA ONCHOCERCIDAE Onchocerca volvulus Loa loa (Dirofilaria immitis) NONLYMPHATIC LYMPHATIC 2 Lymphatic Filariae • Wuchereria bancrofti – Approximately 600 million individuals are exposed with at least 80 million currently infected. – disease caused often referred to as Bancroftian filariasis. – occurs throughout the tropics, especially in Africa, South America, India, and Southeast Asia – has also been found in parts of Europe, Nile Valley and Australia • Brugia malayi – limited mostly to parts of India and Southeast Asia – infects probably less than 10 million The Global Distribution of Lymphatic Filariasis 3 Major Life Cycle Stages • INFECTIOUS LARVAE - transmitted to humans by mosquito bites • ADULT WORM - develop from larvae, reside in the lymphatic...
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...Approach to Care Ugochi Anyanwu Grand Canyon University NRS-410V December 22, 2013 Approach to Care Cancer refers to disease processes involving an uncontrollable abnormal growth of cells in the body. The body is made up of many cells with numerous functions. The cells grow and divide in order for the human body to function adequately. When the cells get damage or become old they die off and are replaced by new ones. Cancer develops when the body’s normal control mechanism is no longer working. The old cells will not die and start to grow out of control, leading to formation of abnormal cells that develops into a mass of tissue known as tumors. Although, some cancers like leukemia do not form tumors ("CTCA," 2013).Cancer tumors are malignant and may invade surrounding tissues and organs. Cancer can also spread to distant organs in the body via the bloodstream and lymphatic system. In this paper, the writer will discuss the diagnosis and staging of cancer, complications of cancer, the side effects of treatmens, and methods to lessen physical and psychological effects of cancer and its treatments. To determine what causes cancer is very complex, but studies have suggested that the causes of cancer include, genetic risks, diet, lifestyle, tobacco use, and physical activity. Others causes are some infections, chemicals exposures and radiation ("American Cancer Society," 2013). Detecting cancer early is very crucial as it allows for early treatment and can stop the disease...
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...Bio 54 2002 Filarial Worms I : Structure, Infection, & Disease Andrew G. Campbell, Ph.D. Parasitic Filarial Worms - Background • Thread-like worms transmitted by insect vectors (flies and mosquitoes) • collectively infect AT LEAST 100 million worldwide • considered major obstacles to development in endemic countries • "major players" – Wuchereria bancrofti / Brugia malayi lymphatic filariasis – Onchocerca volvulus - river blindness – Loa loa - loaiasis 1 Today’s Lecture •Taxonomy •Lymphatic Filariae •Nonlymphatic Filariae •Disease •Diagnosis, Treatment, & Control KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS/SPECIES Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi ANIMALIA NEMATODA RHABDITAE SPIRURIDA ONCHOCERCIDAE Onchocerca volvulus Loa loa (Dirofilaria immitis) NONLYMPHATIC LYMPHATIC 2 Lymphatic Filariae • Wuchereria bancrofti – Approximately 600 million individuals are exposed with at least 80 million currently infected. – disease caused often referred to as Bancroftian filariasis. – occurs throughout the tropics, especially in Africa, South America, India, and Southeast Asia – has also been found in parts of Europe, Nile Valley and Australia • Brugia malayi – limited mostly to parts of India and Southeast Asia – infects probably less than 10 million The Global Distribution of Lymphatic Filariasis 3 Major Life Cycle Stages • INFECTIOUS LARVAE - transmitted to humans by mosquito bites • ADULT WORM - develop from larvae, reside in the lymphatic...
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...how do you contract these parasites? These parasites are carried by mosquitos and black flies. So a bite from an infected mosquito can cause a person to contract the worm parasite. This usually occurs in tropical regions of the Americas, Asia, and Africa. There are approximately 120 million people worldwide infected, of these 40 million are disfigured or have chronic disease. The adult parasite sets up its establishment inside a lymphatic vessel of the carrying host. This in turn causing abnormalities in the lymphatic integrity system and its functions. People who are infected can develop scar tissue and fibrosis inside and around the affected lymphatic vessel. This leads to permanent characteristic pathology manifested by irreversible lymphedema. To try and prevent yourself from being infected with these parasites utilize a mosquito repellant this will hopefully keep you from receiving a bite from an infected mosquito, especially if you are in a tropical place where this usually occurs. Always read the directions on any insect repellant and if necessary re-apply as directed. This disease may be treated with bed rest, elevation of limbs that are affected to help with the swelling. However, if an infection exists you may be treated with Diethylacarbamazine or DEC. This is a medication commonly...
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...BLOOD AND TISSUE NEMATODES LYMPHATIC FILARIA PARASITES - Wuchereria bancrofti - Brugia malayi * One of the most debilitating diseases today * 120 million worldwide are affected > 25million men suffer from genital disease >15million suffer from lymphedema or elephantiasis * Disease of poverty * Adult – frequently infected * Habitat: Banana trees and Abaca plantation * Bicol region: hydroceles are more frequent * Mosquito-borne causative agents: - Wuchereria bancrofti or Bancroft’s filarial worm - Brugia malayi or the Malayan filarial worm * WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI * more widespread * adult worms: creamy, white, long, and filiform in shape * male worm: 2-4 cm.; female worm: 8-10 cm. * Disease: Bancroftian filariasis * causes chronic disfiguring disease which may present as lymphedema, elephantiasis, or hydrocele * microfilaria in fresh specimens appear as snake-like organisms moving among the RBC * when stained, central axis shows dark staining nuclei (serve as an important identifying feature) * column of nuclei is arranged in 2 or 3 rows * tapered tail but no tail nuclei * adult male and female are found tightly coiled in nodular dilatations in lymph vessels and sinuses of lymph glands * Biologic vectors: Aedes, Culex, Anopheles * Microfilaria ingested by the mosquito migrate to its muscles & develop into 3 larva stages: * First (L1) * Second (L2) ...
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...Wound Care Specialists has a current ownership structure of a LLC. This company is majority owned by Cressey Company, with founders being other majority owners. They are located within fourteen states. Those states are AR, LA, MS, FL, GA, IL, KS, MO, MS, NE, NM, OH, OK, and TX. Within these fourteen states there are a total of ninety-five clinics. These clinics are filled with hospital services such as critical access, acute care, LTAC, and HBO. They also have a series of products that are typically involved with wound care. There website being http://www.woundcarespecialists.com/ take a look and see how professional and how deliberate they are for employers as they are for customers. ” Wound Care Specialists is one of America’s largest operators...
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...Research the following health care settings: * Residential * Day Care * Nursing * Domiciliary Then discuss the similarities and differences between a nurse in a hospital and a Macmillan nurse. Find out about qualifications, experience, job criteria, work hours etc. Residential Care is when a person leaves their home environment in order to be cared for in a secure and safe place. People who need and use this type of care may not be able to independently care for themselves and keep themselves healthy, but not necessarily need nurse care. A residential care setting will make sure that the person is cared for personally, that their medication is organised and taken at the appropriate times and encourage them to be independent whilst still arranging health visits when necessary and ensuring that the person is well. A residential care setting would care for people will illnesses such as Alzheimer’s. Day Care is a type of care for people who need help on a daily basis but not in a residential home. They can live independently in their own houses but will have access to the day care required to maintain their health and wellness. This will often include regular visits from nurses and physiotherapists, or the opportunity to access these occupational and health services in environments such as hospitals. People in Day Care may also have carers during the day who help with more personal things that the person may be unable to do such as bathe themselves. These...
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