...Lymphoma Lymphoma is when cells in the lymph system change and grow uncontrollably that may form a tumor. In the lymph system there are thin tubes that branch out to all different parts of the body ("Types of Cancer: Lymphoma"). Its job is to fight infections and diseases. In the lymph system it carries lymph which is colorless fluid containing lymphocytes that are white blood cells. The main job of a lymphocyte is to fight of germs in the body. Two main lymphocytes are B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes also called B-cells make antibodies to fight off bacteria and T-lymphocytes kill viruses, foreign cells and triggers B-cells to make antibodies ("Types of Cancer: Lymphoma"). In different areas of the lymph systems there are lymph nodes through out the body. “Lymph nodes are found in clusters in the abdomen, groin, pelvis, underarms, and neck. Other parts of the lymph system include the spleen which makes lymphocytes and filters blood, the thymus an organ under the breast bone and the tonsils which are located in the throat” ("Types of Cancer: Lymphoma"). There are two types of lymphoma Hodgkin and Non Hodgkin. They both have different types and it is important to know which you have so the treatment is affective. Hodgkin is a blood cancer but may appear as a solid tumor in the glands, most common in teenagers and young adults. According how the cells look under a microscope is how they are identified ("Leukaemia & Lymphoma Research"). Most patients...
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...NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA 1 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Allynda Casterton Science/162 October 24, 2012 Susan Avallone NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA 2 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) is a cancer of the immune system. It is when abnormal white blood cells build up in the blood, bone marrow, spleen and / or the lymph nodes. Researchers have found that people who have had a blood transfusion are at a higher risk of getting NHL. Even though transfusions cannot be avoided this must be discussed with your doctor. Researchers have also found that people who have taken an immune suppressant medication after an organ transplant or have under gone chemotherapy are at a higher risk of getting NHL. Immune suppressants are necessary to prevent the rejection of the new organ. Genetic causes of cancer are to blame for less than 15% of the risks for cancer. Behavior is to blame for up to 60% and the rest is mainly the environment, like chemicals and air pollution. As for many cancers, including NHL, early detection or diagnosis does not affect the outcome of the disease. There are 30 types of NHL. They are put into, two groups; Indolent NHL and Aggressive...
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...Running head: Treatment of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma 1 Zevalin/Bexxar for the Treatment of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Treatment of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma 2 Abstract Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a cancer that attacks the cells of our immune system. It is a cancer that begins in our lymphatic system involving the B and/or T cells. Depending on the type of non-Hodgkin ‘s lymphoma, that is present in the body, will determine the method of treatment used. Monoclonal antibodies, Zevalin and Bexxar, are used to treat Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma by attaching radioactive molecules to them during radioimmunothearapy treatment. Keywords: non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, monoclonal antibodies, Zevalin, Bexxar Treatment of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma 3 Zevalin/Bexxar for the Treatment of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a cancer involving the lymph tissues, which are found in our lymph nodes, spleen, and other organs of our body’s immune system. White blood cells (B cell or B lymphocyte) help prevent infections in the human body and are where most lymphomas will begin. “Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is actually a complex group of about 50 different cancers and the 13 most common types account for 88 percent of all cases in the United States (MSKCC, 2014). The cause of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, for most individuals is unknown, but seems to be present in persons...
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...Tamara Goins- Weekly Research- Week 5- Antonelli College- Ericca Peacock- Instructor For this weekly research, I have chosen Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. From my research, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma is also called NHL, and no, not for the National Hockey League! But for the acronym of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is a cancer that starts in your lymphatic system where it in turn, develops into tumors from our white blood cells, called lymphocytes. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is a more common type than that of the Hodgkin Lymphoma. Some of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma’s symptoms may include painless, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, your armpits, and your groin area. There could also be abdominal pain and or swelling. You could have chest pain...
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...Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the most commonly occurring blood related malignancy effecting the lymphatic system. It is the sixth leading cause of cancer death in the United States, and its incidence is on the rise, since the early 1970's, incidence rates for NHL have nearly doubled. Of the nearly 500,000 Americans with lymphoma, approximately 332,000 have this form. Over 65,000 cases of NHL are diagnosed annually in the United States. (www.LYMPHOMA. Org 2015, n.d.) Lymphoma occurs when lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, grow abnormally. The body has two main types of lymphocytes that can develop into lymphomas: B-lymphocytes (B-cells) and T-lymphocytes (T-cells). Cancerous lymphocytes can travel to many parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood or other organs, and can accumulate to form tumors. The two main forms of lymphoma are Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not a single disease, but a group of several closely related cancers. The World Health Organization estimates that there are at least 61 types of NHL. (www.LYMPHOMA. Org 2015, n.d.) Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are broadly divided into two major groups: B-cell lymphomas and T-cell lymphomas. B-cell lymphomas develop from abnormal B-lymphocytes and account for 85 percent of all NHLs. T-cell lymphomas develop from abnormal T-lymphocytes and account for the remaining 15 percent of all NHLs. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas may also...
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...invasive and do not spread throughout the body. Heterogeneous can be described as the diversity of nearly anything whether its population, classrooms, or collections. Patients may be risk stratified into low, intermediate, and high-risk categories based on prognostic factors, which may influence the approach to treatments. Differences in cell morphology, immunophenotype, cytogenetics, and molecular characteristics impact the clinical courses of disease and individual patient response. Cell morphology is essential in identifying the shape, structure, form, and size of cells. In cancer, for instance, cell morphology pertains to the shape and size of the cancer cells. Immunophenotype is the study of the lymphoma cells and is critical in the definitive diagnosis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Cytogenetics is to determine chromosome changes in cells, and molecular genetic studies which are the DNA and RNA tests of the cancer cells. Molecular is consisting of molecules, which would be relating to a simple structure or form. The...
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...From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on March 10, 2015. For personal use only. How I treat How I treat enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma Antonio Di Sabatino,1 Federico Biagi,1 Paolo G. Gobbi,1 and Gino R. Corazza1 1First Department of Medicine, Centro per lo Studio e la Cura della Malattia Celiaca, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico S. Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) is a complication of celiac disease (CD). This tumor derives from the neoplastic transformation of aberrant intraepithelial T lymphocytes emerging in celiac patients unresponsive to a gluten-free diet. Poor adherence to a gluten-free diet, HLA-DQ2 homozygosity, and late diagnosis of CD are recognized as risk factors for malignant evolution of CD. Recurrence of diarrhea, unexplained weight loss, abdominal pain, fever, and night sweating should alert physicians to this complication. The suspicion of EATL should lead to an extensive diagnostic workup in which magnetic resonance enteroclysis, positron emission tomography scan, and histologic identification of lesions represent the best options. Treatment includes high-dose chemotherapy preceded by surgical resection and followed by autologous stem cell transplantation, although biologic therapies seem to be promising. Strict adherence to a gluten-free diet remains the only way to prevent EATL. (Blood. 2012;119(11): 2458-2468) Introduction Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic...
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...Kyle Jensen, Vanessa McDowell, Brianna Peterson, David Lee, Sam Olson, Jeff Murtha, Tim McCorry The disease that our group decided to do our project on is leukemia. Leukemia is a group of cancerous cells that usually starts in bone marrow and results in a large number of abnormal white cells, also known as leukocytes. The leukocytes do not fully develop and this is known as blasts or leukemia cells. Some of the symptoms of leukemia are bleeding and bruising, feeling tired, fever, and having an increased risk of infections. Diagnosing leukemia includes having a bone marrow biopsy or having multiple blood tests. There has not been an exact cause of why a person might have leukemia. There are multiple types of leukemia that have different causes inherited and also non-inherited. Some of the risk factors of leukemia are smoking, radiation, certain chemicals, prior chemotherapy, and having Down syndrome. Also when people have a family history of leukemia they may be at a higher risk. There are four main types of leukemia. The first type is acute lymphoblastic leukemia, second is acute myeloid leukemia, next is chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and last includes chronic myeloid leukemia. All of these will be discussed a little later. When looking for treatment for leukemia some of the options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and bone marrow transplant. The success rate of the five year survival rate for adults is around 55%. For kids under 15 the survival rate...
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...A Case Of Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma A case was presented of a possible infection with non-hodgkins lymphoma. The patient is a 60 year old man that presented symptoms petering to the development of a follicular lymphoma. The patient has been suffering from colds and fevers more frequently in the past weeks and upon physical examination swelling was observed under his left armpit. Preliminary diagnosis suggests follicular lymphoma which is indicative of the lymphatic cancer Non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Hodgkins lymphoma is a malingnant disorder of the lymphoid tissue often characterized by the painless progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes (Braun and Anderson, 2011). The exact cause of HL is unknown. Risk factors include exposure to viruses such as Ebstein-Barr virus, genetic factors, and immunosuppression. Incidence is highest in the ages between the aggression. Incidence is highest in those between the ages of 10 and 30 years and in those older than 50 years (Braun and Anderson, 2011). HL is characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells (macrophages), called Reed-Sternberg cells, or mononuclear giant cells, called Hodgkin cells, surrounded by multiple other inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, plasma cells, small lymphocytes, and fibroblasts. The pathogenesis of HL is still under investigation. The Reed-Sternberg or Hodgkins cell has been identified as the neoplastic cell diagnostic for HL. Susceptibility to specific viral oncogenes or certain HLA...
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...Hodgkin disease Mary-Beth Stilwell 7/7/2015 ITT Technical Institute There are many diseases of the lymphatic system. The one I am going to focus on today is Hodgkin Disease. I will begin by explaining what Hodgkin disease is. Followed by what are the causes, signs and symptoms. Next I will explain possible treatments for the disease. Then, I will discuss how Hodgkin disease affects everyday life of a person who suffers from it. “Hodgkin disease also known as Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. Cells in the lymphatic system grow abnormally and may spread beyond the lymphatic system” (mayoclinic.org, 2014).” Hodgkin disease is a type of lymphoma, a cancer that starts in white blood cells” (The American cancer society, 2015). There are two types of this disease Hodgkin disease and Non-Hodgkin disease. “The two types differ in how they behave, spread, and respond to treatment. So it is important to tell them apart. Doctors can usually tell the difference by looking at the cancer cells under a microscope or by doing special lab tests. Both children and adults can develop Hodgkin disease” (The American cancer society, 2015). Hodgkin disease spreads through the lymph vessels. “Because lymphoid tissue is in many parts of the body, Hodgkin disease can start almost anywhere. Most often it starts in lymph nodes in the upper part of the body. The most common sites are in the chest, neck or under the arms. It spreads lymph node to lymph node. Rarely and late in...
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...Routinely pushing play on the answering machine, as I do every time I get home, I was about to hear the words that would forever change my life. The sorrow and agony in her voice gave away the horrifying news I had been regretfully waiting. My heart sank as I sat and reflected on what had happened. Since I was a little kid, my grandpa, Howard Scheuster, has always been a role model in my life. He was an intelligent man, loyal Christian, prominent family leader, and hard worker, thus I had many reasons for looking up to him my whole life. My grandpa was a victim of the affects of Lymphoma cancer for thirteen years. Ever since I remember knowing my grandpa, he has had cancer, but I would have never known it. When looking back at my grandpa, I remember an avid fisherman, fanatic cigar collector, Chicago White Sox follower, and jazz lover; but possibly the aspect of him I remember most was his many simple, yet captivating stories about his past. My favorite of these stories had to be the descriptive flashbacks of how he had met my grandma and all the romantic, exciting jazz clubs they had spent there weekend nights at. During the last summer of my grandpa's life, I was fortunate enough to spend more time with him than ever before. Unaware of what the future would bring, I guess I just hoped and thought that my grandpa would be fine and healthy forever. Unfortunately, my grandpa began to slip, and various treatments, such as chemotherapy, tragically failed...
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...Cancer Patient Information 13 August 2011 Hodgkin’s Disease What is Hodgkin’s disease? Hodgkin’s disease is named for Dr. Thomas Hodgkin, who described several cases of the cancer within the lymph system in 1832. Hodgkin’s disease is a type of lymphoma. Lymphoma is cancer of the lymphatic system, which is the body system responsible for fighting off infections and keeping one healthy. It is the third most common type of cancer in kids and teens ages 10 to 14 but is still very rare for kids to get (The Nemours Foundation, 2011). What causes Hodgkin’s disease? No one really knows what causes Hodgkin’s disease, but it cannot be caused by getting someone else’s germs or by eating the wrong foods. The risk of Hodgkin’s is slightly increased among family members of patients who carry the disease (The Nemours Foundation, 2011). How does Hodgkin’s disease affect the body? Hodgkin's disease affects the body's cells. Healthy cells grow, divide, and replace themselves in an orderly manner. This process keeps the body in good repair. In Hodgkin's disease, cells in the lymphatic system grow abnormally and can spread to other organs. As the disease progresses, the body is less able to fight infection (The Nemours Foundation, 2011). What about detection and prevention? Hodgkin’s disease presents symptoms similar to those of the flu – fever, aches, and swollen glands. One may also feel tired or sweat excessively during the night or losing weight without trying. One may also...
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...Cancer Patient Information H 13 August 2011 Hodgkin’s Disease What is Hodgkin’s disease? Hodgkin’s disease is named for Dr. Thomas Hodgkin, who described several cases of the cancer within the lymph system in 1832. Hodgkin’s disease is a type of lymphoma. Lymphoma is cancer of the lymphatic system, which is the body system responsible for fighting off infections and keeping one healthy. It is the third most common type of cancer in kids and teens ages 10 to 14 but is still very rare for kids to get (The Nemours Foundation, 2011). What causes Hodgkin’s disease? No one really knows what causes Hodgkin’s disease, but it cannot be caused by getting someone else’s germs or by eating the wrong foods. The risk of Hodgkin’s is slightly increased among family members of patients who carry the disease (The Nemours Foundation, 2011). How does Hodgkin’s disease affect the body? Hodgkin's disease affects the body's cells. Healthy cells grow, divide, and replace themselves in an orderly manner. This process keeps the body in good repair. In Hodgkin's disease, cells in the lymphatic system grow abnormally and can spread to other organs. As the disease progresses, the body is less able to fight infection (The Nemours Foundation, 2011). What about detection and prevention? Hodgkin’s disease presents symptoms similar to those of the flu – fever, aches, and swollen glands. One may also feel tired or sweat excessively during the night or losing weight without trying. One may also...
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...invasive and do not spread throughout the body. Heterogeneous can be described as the diversity of nearly anything whether its population, classrooms, or collections. Patients may be risk stratified into low, intermediate, and high-risk categories based on prognostic factors, which may influence the approach to treatments. Differences in cell morphology, immunophenotype, cytogenetics, and molecular characteristics impact the clinical courses of disease and individual patient response. Cell morphology is essential in identifying the shape, structure, form, and size of cells. In cancer, for instance, cell morphology pertains to the shape and size of the cancer cells. Immunophenotype is the study of the lymphoma cells and is critical in the definitive diagnosis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Cytogenetics is to determine chromosome changes in cells, and molecular genetic studies which are the DNA and RNA tests of the cancer cells. Molecular is consisting of molecules, which would be relating to a simple structure or form. The...
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...Cancer drug may have Alzheimer’s benefits By Laura Sanders, Science News Publisher: Science News Date Published: March 10, 2012 Alzheimer’s a disease that progressively attacks the brain’s nerve cells which results in many changes in behavior, memory and thinking skills. Scientists have been studying this disease for decades and have yet to come up with any drug that can cure or help cure this disease, until recently that is. Cramer of Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland took a drug called bexarotene and injected it into mice that have Alzheimer’s. Bexarotene has been around for over ten years and is used as a second treatment of T-cell lymphoma. Cramer and her colleagues studied mice whose brains were full of both types of A-beta plaques. A-beta called amylod-beta exists in small fragments that scramble the nerve cell communication and there are large sticky clumps called plaques. The team gave a dose of the bexarotene to the mice and watched over the next fourteen days to see what would happen. Within the first twenty-four hours the levels of A-beat plaque fell by 25 percent and within the 14 days after given the bexarotene the mice A-beta plaques fell by 75 percent. Bexarotene targets the protein that carries ApoE and tries to regulate it from causing Alzheimer’s. ApoE is a big cause of Alzheimer’s as it tries to carry A-beta from the brain. Cramer ran another test of the memory of the mice. Cramer noted that generally when you put...
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