...2001-2005 USD vs. Euro Contact: When the euro has just born, the world is full of doubt to this new currency. The euro against the dollar value by listing all 1.1805 dropped to 0.8225. Then the prospect of euro problems aroused widespread concern and controversy. However, in 2002 after euro unified monetary official circulation, the situation appears 180-degree shift: in just less than 6 years, the euro against the dollar had become the second-largest currency against the dollar. Interest rate parity (“IRP”) When Euro just born in 1999, the interest rates spread of dollar and euro is as high as 2.5%. Higher interest rates resulted in euro carry trade: a number of European cash flow to the United States. Yet there has been a market shift in 2001. After 911, the fed’s lowered benchmark interest rate four times in a row and therefore the interest rates spread of dollars and euros began to change. The interest rate of euro is 1.5% higher than of dollar. The capital flowing from euro toward America sharply declined. After IT bubble broke, the fed maintained the lower interest rate and thus inflation risk kept rising. Beginning in June 2004, the fed launched a new interest rate hikes cycle. Then the interest rates spread of dollar and euro again expanded. The euro against the dollar sharply fall from record high 1.3670 and continued dropping until December 2005 when the European central bank increased euro’s interest, the exchange rate had fallen back into the 1.1639. At this...
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...Macro Economy Systems Macroeconomics AIU Online Abstract In the following paper, I will be discussing the open and closed system of the two circular diagram presented in my textbook. I will explain what a closed system and open system is and provide examples for the both. Next, I will discuss the inner and outer flows of both systems. Then I will define the leakage and injections in an open system. Lastly, I will provide personal examples of the leakage and injection and describe and explain them both. Following the end of this paper, the reader should have a better understanding of and open and closed flows in the macro-economy. Macro Economy Systems It is very imperative that one understands the flows in the macro-economy. There are two flows: an open and a closed flow. In this paper I will be discussing and explain the two types of flows and how they affect the business world. By having this valuable information, consumers will now be aware of how their money is affecting the economic system in a certain way. Closed System A closed system is an economic system model that counts only domestic exchanges but not the foreign agents . This means that in a closed system, the money is built up inside a circular flow. In a closed system, there aren’t any leaks because there aren’t any foreign agents, governments, investments, or system of savings. Also there are not taxes, savings, or extra expenses that aren’t generated back into the economy. An example of a closed...
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...Written Report MACRO COMPUTER SCIENCE What is a Macro Computer? A macro (short for "macroinstruction", from Greek μακρο- 'long') in computer science is a rule or pattern that specifies how a certain input sequence (often a sequence of characters) should be mapped to a replacement output sequence (also often a sequence of characters) according to a defined procedure. The mappings process that instantiates (transforms) a macro use into a specific sequence is known as macro expansion. A facility for writing macros may be provided as part of a software application or as a part of a programming language. In the former case, macros are used to make tasks using the application less repetitive. In the latter case, they are a tool that allows a programmer to enable code reuse or even to design domain-specific languages. Macros are used to make a sequence of computing instructions available to the programmer as a single program statement, making the programming task less tedious and less error-prone. (Thus, they are called "macros" because a big block of code can be expanded from a small sequence of characters). Macros often allow positional or keyword parameters that dictate what the conditional assembler program generates and have been used to create entire programs or program suites according to such variables as operating system, platform or other factors. The term derives from "macro instruction", and such expansions were originally used in generating assembly language code...
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...CMLab Graphics A Tutorial of Writing MASM with VC++ 2005 Express Presented by Ken-Yi Lee Assembly Language 2007 CMLab Graphics Assembly Language 2007 MASM Microsoft Macro Assembler - MASM 8.0 included with Visual C++ 2005 - You can download MASM 8.0 and install it with Visual C++ 2005 Express by yourself 2 CMLab Graphics Assembly Language 2007 What do you need ? helloworld.asm helloworld.obj Editor Assembler (ml.exe) Linker (link.exe) helloworld.exe Debugger 3 Include Files Where Which Object File Libraries Where Which CMLab Graphics Assembly Language 2007 Visual C++ 2005 Express with MASM 8.0 Visual C++ 2005 Express - Editor, Linker, and Debugger • Custom build rules needed] • Set library paths and library dependencies [if • Select “console” as your subsystem MASM 8.0 - Assembler • Set include paths [if needed] 4 CMLab Graphics Assembly Language 2007 Visual C++ 2005 Express with MASM 8.0 (contd.) Download and Install Visual C++ 2005 Express - http://0rz.tw/253mH Download and Install MASM 8.0 - http://0rz.tw/8d1Xn • You should install VC 2005 Express first 5 CMLab Graphics Hello MASM ! A simple example to set up the environment CMLab Graphics Assembly Language 2007 HelloMASM - My Settings: • Project Name: HelloMASM • Solution Name: HelloMASM • Source code filename: hellomasm.asm • Additional library dependencies: Irvine32.lib user32.lib • Used...
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...1. Rule of 70: Used to determine how many years it takes for a value to double, given a particular annual growth rate. For example, if you put $20,000 in the bank and it earns yearly interest of 7%, then it will take 10 years (70/7) for your income to double. 70/x = # years to double where x equals growth rate. 2. Y = C + I + G + NX – the spending approach to calculating GDP. 3. S = I in a closed economy (no trade) and S = I + NX in an open economy 4. Calculating Nominal GDP: Multiple the number of each good produced times the price of each good: Photdog*Qhotdog + Phamburger*Qhamburger. 5. Calculating Real GDP: this proceeds just as calculating nominal GDP, but instead of current prices you use base prices: Photdog(base year)*Qhotdog(current year) + Phamburger (base year)*Qhamburger (current year). Side implications: In the base year Nominal GDP = Real GDP, with inflation Nominal GDP > Real GDP. 6. GDP deflator: A measure of the cost of living (substitute for the CPI). GDP deflator = (Nominal GDP/Real GDP)*100. Remember that this is an index. Side implication: In the base year the GDP Deflator = 100. 7. Constructing the CPI: step 1: compute the cost of a market basket in each year (prices times quantities), step 2: choose a base year. Step 3: Calculate the CPI for the current year by: (Cost current year)/(cost in base year)*100. Side implication: in the base year the CPI = 100. With inflation, CPI increases. 8. The inflation rate via the CPI: (CPI current year – CPI previous...
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...Table of contents Introduction in Macro-economy………………………………………..3. Unemployment………………………………………………………….5. Labor, Land ,Capital…………………………………………………6,7,8. Currency&Inflation……………………………………………………. .9. Hyperinflation…………………………………………………………..10. Demand and Supply…………………………………………………….11. Conclusion………………………………………………………………12 Introduction of Macro-economy It is perhaps mostly for this reason that macroeconomics, the study of these economy-wide phenomena, is so exciting. Macroeconomics is more than just headlines, however; it is a fascinating intellectual adventure. The breadth of issues it covers is evidence enough of its inherent complexity. All the same, we will see that simple economic reasoning can take us a long way. And it is often surprising how well a few simple ideas fit complex situations. Macroeconomics can also be useful. The economic well-being of all consumers, rich or poor, is afected by movements in interest rates, exchange rates, and the rate of inflation. Businesses stand to gain or lose considerable amounts of money when their economic environment changes, regardless of how well they are managed. Being prepared for such changes in fortunes can have considerable value; more generally, it makes us all better citizens able to grasp the complex challenges that our societies face. Macroeconomics is relevant to voters who wonder what their governments are up to, and can also help governments avoid the worst economic crises that have a7icted modern industrial...
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...Macro economic indicators of Bangladesh economy Introduction The Bangladesh economy has experienced both macro-economic stability and robust economic growth following the transition to a democratic rule in the early of 1990s. In the backdrop of the deep macro-economic crisis of the late 1980s, a series of stabilization measures were introduced in the Bangladesh economy which largely restored macro-economic stability in the early 1990s. Economic growth in Bangladesh averaged 6.3 percent during financial year (FY) 04-07. The economy has once again proved its resilience in achieving stronger than expected growth despite having to contend with the adverse effects of unfavorable weather conditions in financial year (FY) 04, the subsequent sharp price increase in oil and other essential imported commodities and periods of political unrest and uncertainty. Sustained gross domestic production (GDP) growth coupled with strong growth in exports and remittance has led to a marked improvement in the fiscal and balance of payments position and substantial improvements in the economic fundamentals necessary for macroeconomic stability. However, the rise in the inflation rate and further evidence of income inequality have tempered growth's direct impact on the quality of life. Macro Economic indicators In the past decade, Bangladesh enjoyed a positive growth rate in GDP and other macro economic indicators. As the most densely populated country in the world, Bangladesh is facing the...
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...Microsoft Support Services ========================== If you have a question about Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM), first look in the printed documentation, the online text files, or consult Help. If you cannot find the answer, contact the Microsoft Support Network. Outside the United States, contact Microsoft Product Support Services at the Microsoft subsidiary office that serves your area. For information about Microsoft subsidiary offices, see "Product Support Worldwide" later in this section. The Microsoft Support Network ============================= The Microsoft Support Network offers you a wide range of choices and access to high-quality, responsive technical support. Microsoft recognizes that support needs vary from user to user; the Microsoft Support Network allows you to choose the type of support that best meets your needs, with options ranging from electronic bulletin boards to annual support programs. If you have a question about MASM, first look in the product documentation or consult online Help. You can also find late-breaking updates and technical information in the README.TXT file and other text files that came with your MASM disks. Services vary outside the United States and Canada. In other locations, contact a local Microsoft subsidiary for information. The Microsoft ...
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...VESPASIAN ROME’?S EXECUTIONER Robert Fabbri read Drama and Theatre at London University and has worked in film and TV for twenty-five years. As an assistant director he has worked on productions such as Hornblower, Hellraiser, Patriot Games and Billy Elliot. His lifelong passion for ancient history –? especially the Roman Empire –? inspired the birth of the Vespasian series. He lives in London and Berlin. First published in Great Britain in 2012 by Corvus, an imprint of Atlantic Books Ltd. Copyright ©? Robert Fabbri 2012. The moral right of Robert Fabbri to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. This is a work of fiction. All characters, organizations, and events portrayed in this novel are either products of the author’?s imagination or are used fictitiously. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-1-84887-912-6 (Hardback) ISBN: 978-1-84887-913-3 (Trade paperback) ISBN: 978-0-85789-676-6 (eBook) Printed in Great Britain. Corvus An imprint of Atlantic Books Ltd Ormond...
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...Economics is the study of how our unlimited demand of certain things can be met by our limited amount of supply. For instance, if there was an unlimited amount of money for everyone, then everyone would have everything they had always wanted and would not have to work to get the money. Everyone would have billion dollar homes and the nicest cars in the world. Unfortunately, we do have a limited amount of money, so the economists find ways to get around that. There are two types of economics, there is macro-economics and micro-economics. Macro-economics studies the economy as a whole, while micro-economics studies the smaller aspects of the economy. In the automotive world, the macro-economics part would evaluate how automobiles are selling, and micro-economics would evaluate how each vehicle is selling. Macro would see how a jump in gasoline prices would effect the economy, but micro would see how it would effect the consumers in general. Economics is very important to all of us for many reasons. One reason is because unfortunately we don't all have all the money in the world, so we have to learn how to deal with what we do have. Another reason is because all of us have an unlimited amount of wants, but do not have the resources to take care of those wants. We all have to work to cope with the fact that we do not have an unlimited amount of resources. The combination of the two problems is what makes up our economic system. Economics plays a great role in my personal...
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...This assignment addresses the relationships between technological change, productivity, economic growth and socio-economic development at the macro level. It focuses on a range of questions with respect to the impact of innovation and technological change on productivity, growth, employment, human capital, inequality, poverty, sustainability and socio-economic development. These questions are studied in an international comparative perspective including advanced economies, developing economies and economies in transition. The analysis of growth and development will be enlarged to include processes of catch up, forging ahead and falling behind. In the sense that the study of micro-dynamics of households, firms and sectors contributes to our understanding of relationships at the macro-level. A key concept relating innovation and technology with growth and development is productivity. Technological transformation is one of the major forces resulting in enhanced productivity and growth of income per capita. Productivity growth implies enhanced productive capabilities, which can potentially be used to fulfill a variety of human needs and realize social goals in the context of economic development. Socio-economic development is a broader concept than economic growth. It includes aspects such as the degree of inequality within and between societies, the environmental sustainability of increased production, the creation of employment and the fulfillment of basic human needs. Drivers...
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...both nations, which are due to the youth markets in the United States over the last 60 years. Marketers in these newly youth-oriented consumer economies (White, 2012) are predicted to be growth-oriented and very savvy. It would be a good strategy to duplicate the same direction in order to remain competitive. It would be an effective strategy to research market requirements in order to understand the trend and to effectively position our placement in the market. The aim is to identify products and services that would prove to be of important interest for the target audience. The Products that will interest this age group are various kinds of products, ranging from hygiene, such as acne remedies, video games, favorite beverages like “Rock star,” and of course, electronics like IPhones, IPads, and Google glasses. This is why it is very important to stay with the trends to continue to keep up with their demands; Youth markets will continue to look for the next big thing. The micro and macro environment is the driving force, and is what influences the marketing strategies for the youth targeted products and services currently. Micro factors are known to be internal forces that fall within the organizational level. Macro factors are termed to be the exterior forces that come under the industry. The two of these are what drives the economy and how we collect our data to determine what is “hot” and what is not. As populations grow, so does consumer spending. As the percentage...
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...Zara’s Organization Strategies. Its Macro and Micro Environments Zara’s Organization Strategies. Its Macro and Micro Environments As any business firm that conducts its activity in contemporary world, Zara is comprised of interrelated parts and substructures that are integrated and intertwined with the outside world – the external environment. Since the connection and interdependence here is pretty strong, the environment affects the organization with a wide range of influences - political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental, which, in their turn, are the components of Zara’s business environment. Political environment The most important thing of a political environment Zara operates in is fiscal policies of the governments of the countries Zara’s stores are situated in. Pursuing their objectives, governments can levy taxes that make conducting a business unprofitable in this political system, or, for example, cancel taxation of some firms at all to improve the situation of a company on the market. Overall political situation in the country also affects Zara’s business. Since some countries have unstable political situation (e. g. Somali, Iraq, many African countries), Zara is reluctant to maintain their business there because of unpredictable business conditions. Economic environment Since Zara’s initial purpose is bringing profits to stockholders of its parent company Inditex, all these factors should be carefully considered...
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...MACRO FACTORS AFFECTING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT SUBMITTED BY: AAYUSH VERMA INTRODUCTION A business firm is an open system. It gets resources from the environment and supplies its goods and services to the environment. There are different levels of environmental forces. Some are close and internal forces whereas others are external forces. External forces may be related to national level, regional level or international level. These environmental forces provide opportunities or threats to the business community. Every business organization tries to grasp the available opportunities and face the threats that emerge from the business environment. The term business ‘typically’ refers to the development and processing of economic values in society. Normally, the term is applied to portion of economic activities whose primary purpose is to provide goods and services for society in an effective manner. It is also applied to economics and commercial activities of institutions which having other purposes. Business may be defined as “the organised effort by individuals to produce goods and services to sell these goods and services in a market place and to reap some reward for this effort.” Functionally, we may define business as “those human activities which involves production or purchase of goods with the object of selling them at a profit margin”. Business organizations cannot change the external environment but they just react. They change their internal business components...
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...economic paradigms in mainstream economics, without wanting to discard both paradigms in favor of some other basic methodology and paradigm. The term comes from "meso-" (which means "middle") and "economics", and is constructed in analogy with micro and macro economics. The problem • How to analyse economic coordination and change in a way that is useful for the study of growth and development, technological and institutional change, market and price dynamics • The problem is that micro-macro is no good. Why? Because it cannot analyse the process of change as it actually happens, through changing connections and changing populations. • Micro sums to macro is static and without structure (also without knowledge as interactions and populations). It does not deal with populations, networks, structures or processes. • For analysis of economies as evolving complex adaptive systems, we need to start with what exists and what changes Economic systems are made of rules: Rules are the elements of meso. A meso is a rule and its population of actualizations. The complexity of an economic system resides in the variety of the actualizations (meso population), the micro systems (of actualizations) and the macro systems (of meso). Meso is a generic rule and its trajectory: A meso unit is a generic ‘rule’ and its population of actualizations. A meso...
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