... the first known methods of advertising was an outdoor display, usually an eyecatching sign painted on the wall of a building. Archaeologists have uncovered many such signs, notably in the ruins of ancient Rome and Pompeii. An outdoor advertisement excavated in Rome offers property for rent, and one found painted on a wall in Pompeii calls the attention of travellers to a tavern situated in another town. As much as some three thousand years ago Papyrus sheets were used in Thebes in Egypt for announcing the reward for return of runaway slaves .The first advertisement was somewhat in the form of stenciled inscriptions. which were found on earthen bricks prepared by the Babylonians 1 Prepared by BeeHive Digital Concepts Cochin for Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam about three thousand years before Christ. The bricks carry the name of the temple in which they were used and the name of the king who built it, just as a modern public building which contains a corner stone or stone tablet with the names of officials in office when the structure was erected. The method was to cut a stencil in hand stone and with it each brick was stamped while the clay had been in its son stage. The kings who did this had advertised themselves to their subjects which could be read in hieroglyphics" . In medieval times a simple but effective form of advertising was 2 wry...
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...www.galaxyimrj.com Galaxy: International Multidisciplinary Research Journal ISSN 2278-9529 Gandhian Ideals in Raja Rao’s Kanthapura P. Prayer Elmo Raj Assistant Professor, Department of English Karunya University, Coimbatore Raja Rao’s Kanthapura is one of the finest depictions of the Freedom Movement commenced in the early twentieth century by Mahatma Gandhi to lead India towards freedom from the colonial British rule. India’s freedom struggle which exerted considerable influence on the demeanor of Indian population is the central thrust of the novel. Kanthapura illustrates how Gandhian ideals and struggle for freedom against the British arrived to a characteristic South Indian village Kanthapura. The novel is a striking example of the impact of Gandhian leadership and value that affected even the distant Indian villages. Kanthapura, the “dynamo” of the Gandhian ideals communicates the fresh impetus that propelled the freedom struggle against the British. Iyengar identifies, in Kanthapura, the“veritable grammar of the Gandhian myth.” The novel illustrates two faces of Gandhian vision: the political and the social. This paper is an attempt to critically elucidate the manner in which Raja Rao appropriates Gandhian vision through his creative imagination in Kanthapura. There is no village in India, however mean, that does not have a rich sthala-purana, or legendary history, of its own. Some god or godlike hero has passed by the village – Rama might have rested under this papal-tree...
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...1. LETTER TO ADDITIONAL SECRETARY, HOME DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA DETENTION C AMP, January 27, 1944 ADDITIONAL S ECRETARY TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (HOME DEPARTMENT) NEW DELHI SIR, Some days ago Shri Kasturba Gandhi told the Inspector-General of prisons and Col. Shah that Dr. Dinshaw Mehta of Poona be invited to assist in her treatment. Nothing seems to have come out of her request. She has become insistent now and asked me if I had written to the Government in the matter. I, therefore, ask for immediate permission to bring in Dr. Mehta. She has also told me and my son that she would like to have some Ayurvedic physician to see her. 1 I suggest that the I.G.P. be authorized to permit such assistance when requested. 2. I have no reply as yet to my request2 that Shri Kanu Gandhi, who is being permitted to visit the patient every alternate day, be allowed to remain in the camp as a whole-time nurse. The patient shows no signs of recovery and night-nursing is becoming more and more exacting. Kanu Gandhi is an ideal nurse, having nursed the patient before. And what is more, he can soothe her by giving her instrumental music and by singing bhajans. I request early relief to relieve the existing pressure. The matter may be treated as very urgent. 3. The Superintendent of the camp informs me that when visitors come, one nurse only can be present. Hitherto more than one nurse has attended when necessary. The Superintendent used his discretion as to the necessity. But when...
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... Abstract This study is an analysis of the essential leadership styles utilized by Mahatma Gandhi in his struggle to gain Indian independence from Great Britain. While his time in South Africa undoubtedly effected Gandhi’s decisions in India, this paper focuses primarily on the “Gandhian” era of India from 1915 to his death in 1948. This analysis does not progress chronologically throughout Gandhi’s life, rather, I examine several different events through the scope of his many different leadership qualities. Being the Change: Leadership Qualities that Transformed a Nation Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, lived from 1869 to 1948, and is better known as Mahatma meaning high-souled, or Bapu in India, which means Father. Gandhi is well known throughout history for leading India to independence through non-violent means. He is often regarded as one of the greatest leaders of all time, and the high esteem in which Gandhi is regarded is pretty much universally accepted throughout the world. What I’m interested in here, however, is determining what specific leadership skills Gandhi mastered in order to achieve not only independence from a harsh, oppressive superpower, but also, the salvation of his followers. That is the issue that I will explore in this glimpse into the life of possibly, the greatest leader the world has ever known. By looking at some specific events, I will show how Gandhi employed both servant, and transformational leadership styles, and also, how he was a remarkable...
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...After coming across various critiques of Gandhi and by Gandhi in the past few weeks, the mind wonders if I could unlearn what I have learnt till now. Should I change my perspective altogether or accept the existence of multiple perspectives or simply give into the simplicity of ignorance and indifference towards the so called father of the nation. I feel perplexed and drained by the amount of literature that has been written by Gandhi and even larger amounts that have been written as criticism to the former. Finally, I choose to interrogate my own learning and perspective from whatever history of the country I have been taught till now. One cannot close a speech on Gandhi without highlighting his efforts to abolish untouchability from the Hindu society. Living in a city, I do not come across this abhorring practice on a day to day basis. At the same time I am aware of its prevalence in the interiors of India even today. I am curious to know whether the efforts of Gandhi have actually affected the practice of untouchability and reduced it to an extent in modern India or it is a byproduct of globalization. On this discourse, I would refer to the differences in the approach of the other pioneer of Dalit rights and the drafter of our constitution, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. It is important to study and highlight the different approaches followed by Gandhi and Ambedkar and their motives behind them on the issue of caste system in India. After reading D.R. Nagraj’s essay – ‘Self- purification...
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...Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (pronounced [ˈmoːɦənd̪aːs ˈkərəmtʃənd̪ ˈɡaːnd̪ʱi] ( listen); 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing non-violent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahatma (Sanskrit: "high-souled," "venerable"[2])—applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa,[3]—is now used worldwide. He is also called Bapu (Gujarati: endearment for "father,"[4] "papa."[4][5]) in India. Born and raised in a Hindu, merchant caste, family in coastal Gujarat, western India, and trained in law at the Inner Temple, London, Gandhi first employed non-violent civil disobedience as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, but above all for achieving Swaraj or self-rule. Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both...
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...NAME: SALONI KUMARI SEM: 2 ; SECTION: A ROLL NO. : 405 ABSTRACT: DEATH PENALTY “An eye for an eye will make the whole world blind” * MAHATMA GANDHI SHOULD THE DEATH PENALTY BE ABOLISHED? According to oxford dictionary death penalty is the legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for crime. It is the death sentence awarded for capital offences like crimes involving planned murder, multiple murder, repeated crimes, rape and murder etc. where in criminal provisions consider such person as gross danger to the existence in the society and provide death punishment. So, the purpose of this research paper is to highlight, how death penalty infringes individual’s Right to equality before Law and Right to life and personal liberty under Article 14 and 21 of the constitution as death penalty is one of the most barbaric way to deal with the murder and morally there is nothing that makes us better if we kill those who kill. And, whether the judiciary system removes the chances of punishing innocent completely? Apart from these, do the criminals deserves such an easy death, Is it not important for the criminals to suffer more than the person they attacked as dying at once by death penalty is very easy but dying every day in the jail for the completion of life imprisonment is very tough. But whether the abolishment of death penalty would amount to a rational decision, as the abolition of death penalty completely would amount to repeated crimes or can give a second chance...
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...Iman Moosavi Research paper English 101 Hasmik Barsamian 12/11/2015 Who should have the power? Power can be defined as the ability to influence other people’s life and behavior. It has been common since thousands years ago that a group of people chooses someone to lead them and make important decisions that affect everybody’s life, as today people elect president and senates or before they chose kings and advisors. Usually leaders make up rules and regulation to control the people’s behavior, solve the problems and move towards a goal that a society is seeking. For instance, in the “lord of the flies” novel, one of the first things that kids, who were stuck in an island, did was to choose a leader. After that the leader, who was Ralph made a goal, which was being rescued form the island and made a rule for talking, that was “whoever wanted to talk should have hold the conch”(Golding 43). People who have the power and lead a society, basically directly or indirectly influence everyone’s life, even people who didn’t choose them as a leader or even people of other countries. For example the conflict between Iran’s and U.S or U.S and Russia’s government affects civilians of these countries, as U.S puts economic sanctions against Iran or Russia, it influences the income of these counties citizens. It was only a simple example that how a U.S president can affect an Iranian civilian’s business. I believe in our century people should get selected to have...
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... Achievement: Laid the foundations of the Birla Empire; founder of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI). Ghanshyam Das Birla is considered as a doyen of Indian Industry. He was the man who laid the foundations of the Birla Empire. G.D. Birla was a multi-faceted personality. He was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and advised Gandhiji on economic policies. He was the most important pre-Independence contributor to the Indian National Congress. G.D. Birla, was a native of Pilani. His grandfather Shiv Narayan Birla was a traditional marwari moneylender. Ghanshyam Das Birla entered the business arena during the time of First World War. He established a cotton mill in Sabzi Mandi, and later on established Keshoram Cotton Mills. Along with cotton mills he diversified to jute business and shifted his base to Calcutta city in Bengal, the world's largest jute producing region. He established Birla Jute Mills in Bengal, much to the consternation of established European merchants. In 1919, with an investment of Rs. 50 lakhs, the Birla Brothers Limited was formed and a mill was set up in Gwalior. In 1930s, G.D. Birla set up Sugar and Paper mills. In 1940s, he ventured into the territory of cars and established Hindustan Motors. After independence, Ghanshyam Das Birla invested in tea and textiles through a series of acquisitions of erstwhile European companies. He also expanded and diversified into cement, chemicals, rayon and steel tubes. Ghanshyam Das Birla also...
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... 1 Assistant Professor, Dept. of English, SCSVMV University, Enathur, Kancheepuram (India). ------------------------------------------------- 2 Research Scholar, Dept. of English, SCSVMV University, Enathur, Kancheepuram (India). INTRODUCTION: Women’s Empowerment is a global issue in determining the status of women. The position and status of women all over the world has risen incredibly in the 20th century. It may be because of the awareness among women. We know that it has been very low in 18th & 19th centuries in India and other Countries. Women were treated like “objects”. In the name of marriage they can be bought and sold. Their dependence on men folk was total. But now women started to learn the possible ways to be independent in the society. Their monetary independence led them to the way to empowerment. Robert Blood (1965) observes, “Employment emancipates women from domination by their Husbands and secondarily, raises their Daughters from inferiority to their Brothers” (Blood and Wolfe, 1965). According to Dr. Nafi’s Sadik, the former Executive Director of UNFPA “Women are the heart of development”. Women are the agent to bring about better lives for billions of people in the developing countries as well as developed countries to bring sustainable development. The main aim of this research paper is to bring about the ideas about Empowerment of Women and barriers to the Women Empowerment through the poems of Eunice De Souza. Her poem reflects...
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...Introduction Mahatma Gandhi has been a distinctive leader throughout his lifetime. His leadership characteristics have been recognized, analyzed and praised all around the world. He has become a prime example of a successful leader. In this research paper, I will pick certain theories to analyze Gandhi’s leadership. Then I will choose a “leader” from my circle of family, my mother, and examine her leadership using the same criteria. The purpose of the comparison is to recognize key leadership attributes and behaviors and establish an understanding of the importance of certain fundamentals of leadership. As I was beginning to research information on the topics of leadership and the basic ideas of it, I realized that I agreed with a lot of theories and opinions. However, I decided to take some key ideas and formulate my own definition of leadership that fits my perceptions of life, my cultural beliefs, my background and my personality. In my view, in order to be a leader one must have an open mind. One must have the ability to view situations from different perspectives. One must be able to think logical and free of clichés and acknowledge all advantages and disadvantages for all parties involved. In order to practice those characteristics one must get to know the players of the situation, one must get to know their mindset and their reasoning for action. What inspired me most about Gandhi, and which is also considered his most distinguishable and memorable trait, is that he...
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...The Brundtland Commission defined Sustainable Development as that which "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs". A primary goal of sustainable development is to achieve a reasonable and equitably distributed level of economic well being that can be perpetuated continually for many human generations. It also implies using renewable natural resources in a manner that does not eliminate or degrade them, or otherwise diminish their usefulness for future generations. Sustainable development also requires depleting non-renewable energy resources at a slow enough rate so as to ensure the high probability of an orderly society transition to renewable energy sources. Mahatma Gandhi has observed long back that "There's enough in the world to meet the needs of everyone but there's not enough to meet the greed of everyone". He has also spoke about using the non-violence principal in sustainable development something like this - "We cannot have ecological movement designed to prevent violence against nature, unless the principles of non-violence become central to the ethics of human culture."...
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...software activism.[73] Professing to care little for material wealth, he explains that "I've always lived cheaply ... like a student, basically. And I like that, because it means that money is not telling me what to do."[74] Until around 1998, his office at MIT's AI Lab was also his residence.[75] He was registered to vote from there. Currently he has a separate residence in Cambridge not far from MIT.[76] His position as a research affiliate at MIT is unpaid.[77] In a footnote to an article he wrote in 1999, he says "As an atheist, I don't follow any religious leaders, but I sometimes find I admire something one of them has said."[21] Stallman often wears a button that reads "Impeach God".[11][78] When asked if he was Jewish, Stallman said he was "an atheist but of Jewish ancestry".[79] Stallman chooses not to celebrate Christmas, instead celebrating "Grav-mass" on December 25. The name and date are references to Isaac Newton, whose birthday falls on that day on the old style calendar.[80] When asked about his influences, he replied that he admires Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., Nelson Mandela, Aung San Suu Kyi, Ralph Nader, and Dennis Kucinich, and commented as well: "I admire Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, even though I criticize some of the things that they did."[81] Stallman is a Green Party supporter,[1] and a supporter of the National Initiative proposal.[12] Stallman recommends not owning a mobile phone,[82] as he believes the tracking of cell phones...
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...Great Lakes Institute of Management PGPM 2013-14 MGNREGA: Is it resulting in the intended outcomes? Sharad Raghavan Introduction What is the Act? The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) was passed in Parliament in 2005 and has been one of the flagship projects of the ruling Congress-led UPA coalition. The Act was put into place to provide 100 days of guaranteed employment in a financial year to any adult who asks, and who is willing to do unskilled work. The intended beneficiaries of the Act were the poor. It was almost entirely on the basis of the popularity of this concept that the UPA government won its re-election in 2009. The objectives of the Act, as stated by the Ministry of Rural Development are: 1. Ensuring social protection for the most vulnerable people living in rural India through employment opportunities. 2. Ensuring livelihood security for the poor through creation of durable assets, improved water security, soil conservation and higher land productivity. 3. Strengthening drought-proofing and flood management in rural India. 4. Aiding in the empowerment of the marginalized communities, especially women, Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), through the processes of a rights-based legislation. 5. Strengthening decentralized, participatory planning through convergence of various anti-poverty and livelihoods initiatives. 6. Deepening democracy at the grass-roots by strengthening the Panchayati Raj Institutions...
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...The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913 Rabindranath Tagore Tagore and His India by Amartya Sen* Voice of Bengal Rabindranath Tagore, who died in 1941 at the age of eighty, is a towering figure in the millennium-old literature of Bengal. Anyone who becomes familiar with this large and flourishing tradition will be impressed by the power of Tagore's presence in Bangladesh and in India. His poetry as well as his novels, short stories, and essays are very widely read, and the songs he composed reverberate around the eastern part of India and throughout In contrast, in the rest of the world, especially in Europe and America, the excitement that Tagore's writings created in the early years of the twentieth century has largely vanished. The enthusiasm with which his work was once greeted was quite remarkable. Gitanjali, a selection of his poetry for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913, was published in English translation in London in March of that year, and had been reprinted ten times by November, when the award was announced. But he is not much read now in the West, and already by 1937, Graham Greene was able to say: "As for Rabindranath Tagore, I cannot believe that anyone but Mr. Yeats can still take his poems very seriously." The Mystic The contrast between Tagore's commanding presence in Bengali literature and culture, and his near-total eclipse in the rest of the world, is perhaps less interesting than the distinction between the view of Tagore...
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