...blood pressure or also known as hypertension is one of the most common disease afflicting humans worldwide. Hypertension represents a major public health problem affecting more than one billion individuals worldwide (Faselis, Doumas, & Papademetriou, 2011).Hypertension is a significant public health problem in the United States and worldwide, primarily due to its place as a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular and kidney disease (Minor, Smith, Wofford, & IPA, 2012). High blood pressure is a major life-threatening disease of high morbidity and mortality, which affects between 10% to 40% of the general population in an age-dependent manner. High blood pressure is estimated to cause 7.5 million deaths worldwide, about 12.8% of the total of all deaths, and it accounts for 57 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYS), or 3.7% of the total DALYS (Papathanasiou et al., 2015). It is a chronic medical condition and a major risk factor to other diseases such as stroke, myocardial infarction, vascular disease and kidney disease. An elevated blood pressure is an important risk factor for premature disability and mortality and contributes to the burden of heart disease, stroke and kidney failure (Papathanasiou et al., 2015). It is a condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. It is a force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood. The heart is composed of two independent pumping systems, one on the right side...
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...sacs are where the blood absorbs oxygen from the air. When the small particles from the cigarette smoke are absorbed into the blood stream and transported to other parts of the body, they include a variety of diseases. The smoke from a burning cigarette is a mixture of hot gasses and different sized particles that fills the air with over 4000 chemicals, including 43 carcinogens and over 400 other toxins (Glantz & Daynard, 1991). One of the gasses emitted by cigarettes is carbon monoxide, a colorless and odorless poison. By attaching to hemoglobin, the carbon monoxide lessens the blood’s ability to carry oxygen. There are many effects of cigarette smoking on the actual smoker. They include lung cancer and other cancers, cardiovascular malfunctions, strokes, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Cigarette smoking may even lead to changes in the smoker’s appearance such as early wrinkling and yellowing of their teeth. Heart disease and cardiovascular malfunctions are also major effects of cigarette smoking. A chemical in cigarette smoke called glycoprotein attaches to smooth muscle cells inside arteries, causing the interior of these cells to grow. The hollow space inside the artery narrows, which could cause a blockage of the blood flow to the heart and may lead to heart...
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...benign, but can indicate underlying heart disease. They often occur intermittently and so can be difficult to diagnose. * Can present with palpitations, chest pain, presyncope/syncope, hypotension, pulmonary oedema. Some are asymptomatic e.g. AF. * History taking make sure include: * Precipitating factors, onset, nature (fast/slow, regular/irregular), duration, associated symptoms (chest pain, dyspnoea, collapse). * Causes: * CARDIAC: * MI. * CAD. * LV aneurysm. * Mitral valve disease. * Cardiomyopathy. * Pericarditis. * Myocarditis. * Aberrant conduction pathways. * NON-CARDIAC: * Caffeine. * Smoking. * Alcohol. * Pneumonia. * Drugs (β2 agonist, digoxin, L-dopa, tricyclics). * Metabolic imbalance (K, Ca, Mg, hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis, thyroid disease, phaeochromocytoma). * Tests: * Bloods: FBC, U&E, glucose, Ca, Mg, TSH. * ECG: look for signs of IHD, AF, short P-R interval, long QT interval, U waves. * If ECG normal consider doing 24 hour tape. * Echo: look for structural heart disease. * Others: exercise ECG, cardiac catheterisation etc. * Types of Arrhythmias: * Bradycardias: * If asymptomatic and rate >40bpm then no treatment. * Look for cause and stop any drugs that may be the cause or contributing. * If rate...
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...First source) Below is exact words from web site that I think is useful! http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-disease-prevention/WO00041 Don't smoke or use tobaccoSmoking or using tobacco is one of the most significant risk factors for developing heart disease. Chemicals in tobacco can damage your heart and blood vessels, leading to narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Atherosclerosis can ultimately lead to a heart attack. When it comes to heart disease prevention, no amount of smoking is safe. Smokeless tobacco and low-tar and low-nicotine cigarettes also are risky, as is exposure to secondhand smoke. In addition, the nicotine in cigarette smoke makes your heart work harder by narrowing your blood vessels and increasing your heart rate and blood pressure. Carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke replaces some of the oxygen in your blood. This increases your blood pressure by forcing your heart to work harder to supply enough oxygen. Even so-called "social smoking" — smoking only while at a bar or restaurant with friends — is dangerous and increases the risk of heart disease. Women who smoke and take birth control pills are at greater risk of having a heart attack or stroke than are those who don't do either. This risk increases with age, especially in women older than 35. The good news, though, is that when you quit smoking, your risk of heart disease drops dramatically within just one year. And no matter how long or how much you smoked, you'll start reaping...
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...obesity.” Note#2 While Many people see obesity as a minor problem, People should be properly educated on obesity because It causes serious risk to your health, Children become part of the problem,mainly because they can't control what they consume, and It is a problem worldwide. My topic is on obesity which is pretty much self explanatory. Obesity is what some of the doctors call as the “New American Epidemic”. Obesity is, easily, one of america's fastest growing health concern, that not only affects adults but also children. It is also estimated that eight out of ten people over the age of twentyfive are overweight. Note#3 My topic matters mainly because it is a major problem in my community and worldwide. Also, many people don’t take this problem serious enough which is why it is a rapid growing health concern. Note#4 Many people see obesity as a minor problem, I see it as a major problem that is actually not just in the america’s but is also a problem worldwide. For example, worldwide obesity has more than doubled since the 1980’s. Also, most of the world’s population lives in countries where being overweight and obese kills more people than being underweight. Note#5 Second many people should be properly educated on obesity because of the major health problems that it develops. For example, being obese could lead to Type 2 diabetes(also diabetes is a leading cause to early death), Metabolic Syndrome(is a name for a group of risk factors that raise risk for ...
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...As a common chronic condition, rheumatic diseases contribute greatly to the disability rates among many men and women all over the world. Rheumatic diseases are painful conditions that are usually caused by inflammation, swelling, and pain in joints or muscles (Shiel, 2014). Two common rheumatic diseases include osteoarthritis, also known as the “wear and tear” arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis (Shiel, 2014). Many believe that the treatment of arthritis is limited to splinting, applying cold packs, and anti-inflammatory medications, but there is another type of treatment on the rise that can include multiple additional benefits on top of relieving pain; incorporating exercise into the daily lives of those with arthritis. With unique exercise...
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...Comprehensive Case Study: Coronary Artery Disease Jennifer Plucinak Santa Barbra City College Introduction My patient, C.R., went to his primary physician for complaints of dypsnea on exertion and frequent dyspepsia. The physician gave C.R. an exercise stress test and found abnormal ECG readings, and he was diagnosed with severe coronary artery disease. He was admitted to the hospital for a quadruple coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) a week later. Patient Assessment C.R. has a history of type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. He also has a twenty-year history of smoking, and he has been drinking 3 to 4 beers every night for about the same amount of time. My patient is 5’11’’ and weighs 212 pounds, so he is overweight. He also stated that he rarely exercises, but is on his feet, and moving around at work. C.R. has no past surgical history. When I took care of him, C.R. was post-op day three from his quadruple coronary artery bypass graft. I didn’t notice any psycho-social issues with my patient. C.R. was a pleasant 61 year old, Caucasian male, whose wife was at his bedside throughout the day. He seemed well adjusted to his new diagnosis of coronary artery disease, along with his recent open-heart surgery. He was very cooperative with his medications, he used his voldyne every hour, and he walked several times a day. He was also very receptive to learning about his new diet...
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...college-aged women in America, or 1 in 10,000 Americans (Stoppler, 2008). In the state of Mississippi up to 4% of women will struggle with Bulimia(Healthwise) . The most common misconception concerning bulimia is that it is simply a physical or mental problem. Many people do not understand that bulimia is a disease that affects both the mind and the body, and in its course can destroy both aspects of the diseased individual. Bulimia affects a variety of different people, but generally the victims will tend to fall into certain categories. In Mississippi those at highest vulnerability to this disease are young adult females, ages 12 to 18.(Healthwise) The disease, however, can start as early as elementary school, or much later in life. Others (such as athletes competing in sports such as ballet, gymnastics, ice-skating, diving, etc.) may also be pressured into starting bulimic habits. Males who perform in athletics such as wrestling and dance are at high risk for developing the disease as well. Victims of bulimia can often be linked to being victims of verbal, physical, and/or sexual abuse; (Sacker, 1987) though not all are. Bulimia may also contain ties to diseases such as clinical or manic depression. Bulimics often start out with anorexia, starvation and excessive exercising, or may turn to anorexia after being bulimic. Bulimia is marked by significant cycles in eating habits. Bulimics will often starve themselves for extended periods of time prior to a massive...
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...Final Exam Review NUTR 295 – Fall 2013 NEW MATERIAL: 100 points (~50 questions) Understanding Disease Risk Factors * Describe the differences between a chronic disease and infectious disease. * What leading causes of death are nutrition-related? A) heart diseases, cancers, strokes, diabetes * Describe the concept of a risk factor. A) Factors known to be related to diseases, but have not yet proven to be a cause. We say that a certain factor puts us at increased risk for a disease, but does not cause it. * How does one use risk factors? * Review the basics of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. * Be ready to identify the risk factors for cardiovascular disease (especially diet-related risk factors!) A) High LDL blood cholesterol, low HDL blood cholesterol, high blood pressure (hypertension), diabetes, obesity (central obesity), physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, diet: high saturated or trans fats, low veggies, low fruits, low whole grains * Describe the dietary strategies to reduce risk of CVD through diet. A) Decrease saturated and trans fat, increase soluble fiber intake, increase fruits and veggies, increase whole grains/ decrease refined grains, increase fish intake (2 servings/week) * What is the TLC diet and what does it entail? A) TLC = Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes. From the NIH, designed to help decrease cholesterol through diet and lifestyle changes: the same changes we saw in table 11.6, also recommends...
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...of 65, but 9% of those over the age of 65 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Many other cardiac diseases are seen with AF, either as a cause, or as a result of the atrial fibrillation. Left untreated, AF can result in tachycardia that causes ventricular dysfunction and/or heart failure, along with a significantly increased risk of thromboembolic stroke. I recently conducted an interview with my father who has had AF for nearly 20 years and I compared my findings in the literature against his experiences with the disease. Pathophysiology Atrial Fibrillation is a supraventricular tachyarrthymia. In the heart, ventricular rate is controlled by the conduction and refractory properties of the AV node and the progression of wave fronts entering the AV node. Calcium channels are accountable for the major depolarizing current in AV nodal cells. Beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation boosts AV nodal conduction, whereas vagal stimulation impedes AV nodal conduction. Sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal, as with illness or exertion, speeds up the ventricular rate. After each atrial excitation wave that depolarizes AV nodal tissue, those cells become refractory for a time, preventing subsequent impulses from propagating in the node (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Heart Rhythm Society Task Force, 2014). Loss of atrial coordination will decrease cardiac output and cause contractions to be ineffective. This leads to a disruption...
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...Task A. Answer the following five learning objectives [Maximum 100 words per objective] 1. Distinguish between the various social-cognitive theories of health behaviour. 2. The major barriers to health promotion are health, individual, family, cultural and ethnic barriers. Health barriers involve lack of preventive visits to the doctor for health assistance. Individual barriers include the immediate satisfaction from negative behaviours despite the negative consequences. For example, excessive alcohol leads to hangovers; it provides a momentary escape from reality. Also, women are likely to contribute in health preventative and promoting behaviours than men. Family barriers include genetics, which children’s health behaviour is acquired, copying parental behaviour. Cultural barriers demonstrate the low knowledge of health preventative behaviours. 3. The major sources of stress covers life and terrible events as well as daily hassles. Life events are changes in an individual’s life, which will cause them to readjust. One of the few major stressors includes the death of a loved one, unemployed and acculturative stress. Immigrants and refugees go through acculturative stress as they try to adapt the new environment and culture and overcome the language barriers....
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...are organized and classified based on the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The DSM is a standard guide to diagnose abnormal behaviors by providing criteria for each abnormal behavior listed. A clinician will gather all the information gained during an assessment and will organize it and see if it fits the criteria of any of the abnormal behaviors listed in the DSM. After a clinician diagnoses, the patient’s insurance will then cover their treatment (Butcher, Mineka & Hooley, 2013 p. 104). If a person experiencing low appetite and fatigue seeks help from a clinician, the clinician will first conduct and assessment to find out all the symptoms of the client. If the clinician finds that the person is depressed with no major depressive event as well as has low...
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...Phoenix Worldwide, there are 35.6 million people diagnosed with dementia and climbs another 7.7 million each year, most cases, over the age of 65. Alzheimer’s, the most widely known symptom of dementia can be detected in a small amount of people, well before they are 65 years of age. There is, as of yet, no cure for Alzheimer’s disease (dementia), and the progressive range of organic brain diseases which are categorized by difficulties of short-term memory and other cognitive insufficiencies. There is very little in the way of treatment at this time, while scientists have been studying this disease for many years, and have started getting a better idea of the disease with constant successes. As dementia becomes more prevalent worldwide, proper diagnosis of the stages of dementia, each defined by its own distinct symptoms and behaviors, is key to providing effective treatment. Dementia is the loss of logical functions such as thinking, memory, and perception that is severe enough to inhibit with a person’s daily operations or functions. Dementia is not a group of symptoms alone, but somewhat a collection of symptoms caused by several diseases or ill conditions. Symptoms can include fluctuations in character, mood, and behavior. Some cases of dementia are treated and even cured because the source itself is correctable. Instances of this include dementia formed by substance abuse (illegal drugs and excessive use of alcohol), blends of prescription medications, and hormone...
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...phobia, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Chronic and severe anxiety are treated with antianxiety drugs, also called anxiolytics or minor tranquilizers. Anxiety is a feeling of apprehension, fear, or worry. It can occur without a cause and may not be based on a real-life situation. Symptoms of anxiety vary with the form of anxiety disorder. Common anxiety disorders include panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, phobic disorder, OCD, and PTSD. Treatment of anxiety depends on the cause. Short-term anxiety attacks can be treated at home with interventions such as talking with a supportive person, meditating, taking a warm bath, resting in a quiet place, or performing deep-breathing exercises. Life style modification, such as balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep can be helpful to overcome anxiety. If the cause is physical, such as a tumor called a phechormocytoma, surgical removal of the tumor can resolve the symptom of anxiety. Hyperthyroidism can be the cause of anxiety, and the treatment of hyperthyroidism can also resolve the anxiety. Counseling or psychotherapy, group therapy may be useful to control the anxiety. 2. Related concepts: 1) Stress: Stress can be the cause of the anxiety. Anxiety is the emotional response to the stressor. 2) Functional ability: Severe anxiety interferes with daily life, and impairs functional ability. 3) Motivation:...
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...within the last 5 years. The overuse of the ED’s medical services across the nation is commonly referred to as “overcrowding”. One major cause of overcrowding is the misuse of the emergency room. Another cause is the increased volume of illness. The third cause of overcrowding is a shortage of staff. These major issues can delay staff from providing care to those who need it most. Although staff gives priority to patients who have a higher acuity of illness these patients often have to wait long periods of time before a bed becomes available. Overcrowding is serious issue in the ED and most of the contributing factors are beyond the control of the emergency department. The first cause of overcrowding in the ED is the misuse of the emergency room. More than 50% of emergency room visits are for non-urgent concerns and over 46% of these medical complaints could have been solved by a primary care physician (PCP). PCP’s sometimes fail to properly communicate with their patients which can lead to the anxiety that sends the patient to seek assistance in the emergency room. In many instances when a PCP unavailable for appointments they will suggest that their patient pursue help in the ED instead of referring them to urgent care which, in most cases, would be more suitable for the patients complaints. The popular search engine Google can also cause misuse of the ED when a patient attempts to find a solution to their problems by simply searching their symptoms....
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