...Professor Margaret Peterson Expository Writing: English 105 02, December 2010 Save yourself and your baby’s life by taking a HIV test. Getting tested for Human Immunodeficiency Virus which affects the cells of any living organism in order to replenish itself in its host body. Since 1995, regulations have stated it is required that pregnant women receive HIV counseling and offered a voluntary test. However, I believe that all pregnant women should be mandatory to take an HIV test because of the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Getting tested can benefit the mother, help researchers find treatments, and prevent passing it on to the next generation. First, for mothers getting tested can stop the HIV infection from passing along to the baby. This happens during any time during the pregnancy, labor, delivery or breastfeeding. "With appropriate treatment and intervention, the chances of a child becoming reduced from around 25% to less than 2%" (International HIV). Mothers knowing if they are positive can really help promote and stop the spread one-baby at a time of the virus. Just like, “For many women, especially in resource-poor areas, pregnancy will be the only time in their young adult lives when they access healthcare services on a regular basis” (International HIV). Making testing mandatory is beneficial, of giving your baby a HIV free life where they don’t need to be taking medicine to determine if they could survive. Clark 2 Some people would argue against...
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...HIV Disclosure to Sexual Partners an Ethics Study Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a prominent disease in the United States today. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately fifty thousand Americans will be newly diagnosed with HIV this year alone (Basic Statistics, 2014). Although HIV can be transmitted in several ways the most common ways are via sexual transmission or intravenous drug use. Therefore there has always been a stigma attached to HIV – even for those who are in the health profession. A nurse who has been in this vocation for twenty years will probably be able to tell you of a nurse who refused to take care of an HIV patient. Nursing has come a long way since the 1980s, when HIV became known. However, there are still issues that a nurse may face today. One of these issues is when a newly diagnosed HIV patient has a significant other. Should a nurse, knowing the potential devastating consequences of HIV, tell a patient’s sexual partner about their HIV status? This paper will discuss, the legal, moral and ethical ramifications of HIV disclosure. It will weigh the pros and cons of a nurse revealing this information, and it will provide recommendations for nurses who encounter this issue during their practice. It is understandable that a nurse may feel perplexed about this ethical dilemma. Once someone is diagnosed with HIV, they will have the disease for the rest of their lives. Currently there is not a cure. Although...
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...Name Vernice Morain Course” Ethic & Management Assignment: Due Date November 3rd 2013 Tutor Ms Ross | Side One | Side Two | Details of case | Whether it is ethical for employers to screen employees for HIV &Whether the Company’s Health Insurance should drop the coverage of employees that are HIV positive | Whether employees could refuse to be tested for HIV as requested by their employer & Whether employees who are HIV positive should remain on the Company’s Health Insurance | Relevant Criteria: | Aquinas natural law and following the will of God.Kant – acting out of principle. Deontology - Duty vs. consequences. Act based on principles regardless of the consequences. Universal principles are to be categorical and imperative. These can be considered: * Respect for persons * Constitutional and legal rights * Human Rights * Protocol and signed agreements with international organizations * Workplace and national policies * Occupational health and safety in the work place * Right to workRule Utilitarianism that is to choose the course of action which conforms to a specific rule resulting in the greater good for the greater number of people. Consider: * international and national and workplace policy on HIV * Costs * Impact on productivity * Cultural normsKohlberg’s theory ( principle, social contract, law and order morality, good boy attitude, self interest. Consider: * Type of work place * Employment type / contracts...
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...No End in sight: Breaking the vicious cycle of hiv/aids in Tanzania Abstract Tanzania is a country of close to 40 million people, out of which 3 million are living with HIV/AIDS. This disease has been declared an epidemic by the WHO standards, and Tanzania is described as a country “experiencing a mature, generalized HIV epidemic, which is still growing” (WHO Report, 2008). The combination of a high infection rate and a lack of available resources to address HIV/AIDS make it more than difficult to bring the levels of this disease down. Tanzania has a national office dedicated to fighting HIV/AIDS, and it receives close to $400 million dollars a year in funds directed at combatting the various issues associated with the epidemic (Global Fund, 2011). However, there is no indication that this large sum has been used to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This money has been lost somewhere in the trickle down from foreign funding agencies and has most likely landed in the pockets of corrupt officials. The policy that the Tanzanian Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS, 2011) and the Prime Minister’s office has released attempts to accomplish too much in one go, making the overall effect of the policy somewhat flat. There needs to be a campaign that shocks the country out of its current state of stagnation. By using a social campaign that employs education in all facets of life, at school, on the radio, and in the community, HIV/AIDS awareness can become an apparent part of everyday life...
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...September/November 2008 Patrick Eba One size punishes all… A critical appraisal of the criminalisation of HIV transmission Lauded by lawmakers as an expression of their strong will to ‘fight AIDS’, HIV-specific laws have become a ubiquitous feature of the legal response to HIV in sub-Saharan Africa1 As of 1st December 2008, twenty countries in ECOWAS Parliament, the West African Health Organisation sub-Saharan Africa had adopted HIV-specific laws.2 (WAHO), the Center for Studies and Research on HIV-specific laws or ‘omnibus HIV laws’, as they are Population for Development (CERPOD), the Network of sometimes ironically referred to, are legislative provisions Parliamentarians in Chad for Population and Development that regulate, in a single document, several aspects of HIV and the USAID West African Regional Programme.3 and The stated objective of these HIV-specific laws, as communication; HIV testing, prevention treatment, care provided under several of their preambulary provisions, and support; HIV-related research; and the protection of is to and AIDS, including HIV-related education people living with HIV. The emergence of HIV-specific …ensure that every person living with HIV or laws in sub-Saharan Africa can be traced to the adoption presumed to be living with HIV enjoys the full of the Model Law on STI/HIV/AIDS for West and Central protection of his or her human rights and freedoms.4 Africa in September...
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...1.1 INTRODUCTION HIV and AIDS pandemic in the African continent has had a short but devastating history. Sub-Saharan Africa is more profoundly affected by HIV as compared to any other part of the world. Approximately 23 million people are said to be living with the deadly virus in the region which translates to about two thirds of the universal total. In 2010 alone, around 2 million people contracted the disease while 1.2 million died in sub-Saharan Africa. Since the onset of the pandemic, over 15 million children have lost one or both of the parents to HIV and AIDS. The social- economic effects of AIDS pandemic have not only been experienced in the health sector but also in agriculture, transport, human resource, education and the economy as at large (UNAIDS 2010). HIV and AIDS is therefore a major burden and challenge to the social, health and economic development of the African continent. There can be no significant growth in the region as long as the issue of AIDS is not addressed urgently. The impact of HIV and AIDS in the African continent and the world at large cannot be down played. This means that immediate measures should be taken by the general public and governments in order to curb the ever increasing effects of HIV pandemic to the African continent. Due to the economic standing of the African continent coupled with socio-cultural practices, HIV continues to spread at an alarming rate. Any further delays to address this issue will turn out to be detrimental...
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...11:02 AM History of Vaccines A VACCINE HISTORY PROJECT OF THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF PHILADELPHIA Vaccine Science En español History and Society Cultural Perspectives on Vaccination Debunked: The Polio Vaccine and HIV Link Development of the Immunization Schedule Disease Eradication Ethical Issues and Vaccines History of Anti-vaccination Movements Influenza Pandemics Scientific Method in Vaccine History The History of the Lyme Disease Vaccine U.S. Military and Vaccine History Vaccination Exemptions Vaccine Injury Compensation Programs Vaccine Testing & Vulnerable Human Subjects Cultural Perspectives on Vaccination Public opinions about vaccination include varied and deepseated beliefs, a result of the tension between divergent cultural viewpoints and value systems. Several key cultural perspectives on vaccination stem from (1) individual rights and public health stances toward vaccination, (2) various religious standpoints and vaccine objections, and (3) suspicion and mistrust of vaccines among different U.S. and global cultures and communities. Individual versus Public Health Stances Many countries require their citizens to receive certain immunizations. In the United States, state laws dictate mandatory vaccinations, such as those required for children to enter school.[1] Controversies over the efficacy, safety, and morality of compulsory immunization stem from the longstanding tension between two, sometimes divergent, goals:...
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...effort. Sources and quotes used in this stud are indicated and acknowledged. ______________ ______________ Sibuyi J Date ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements Declaration Dedication Table of contents Abbreviations Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background on HIV/AIDS 1.1.1 HIV/AIDS in South Africa 1.1.2 HIV/AIDS in tertiary institutions 1.2 Backgrounds on university of Limpopo 1.3 Aim of the study 1.4 Objective of the study 1.5 Significance of the study...
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...THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING THE PREVENTION OF MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV (PMTCT) PROGRAMME AT BULAWAYO CITY CLINICS, ZIMBABWE. by MGCINI SIBANDA Submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS in the subject SOCIAL BEHAVIOR STUDIES IN HIV/AIDS at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR GE DU PLESSIS JOINT SUPERVISOR: MR L ROETS SEPTEMBER 2008 DEDICATION This is dedicated to all women living with HIV, in the sincerest hope that this study will make a small contribution to programme development and implementation. I also wish to dedicate this to my family: Patience, Babongile and Bongiwe, with love. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would not have been possible without the support, commitment and encouragement of a large number of people in a wide range of capacities. Unfortunately, it is not possible to acknowledge by name all the people who contributed in some way to the study. Above all l appreciate the contribution of all the pregnant women who participated in the study, who volunteered their time and valuable information. Particular thanks are due to my supervisor Gretchen du Plessis for her untiring effort and thorough guidance throughout the study. A special word of thanks goes to the Bulawayo Medical Director’s office and the staff at the city clinics for allowing me to carry out the study. I am also grateful to the research assistants who assisted in collecting...
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...Graduate School of Development Studies A Research Paper presented by: Joreen Nkole Mwelwa (ZAMBIA) In partial fulfilment of the requirements for obtaining the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Specialization: Public Policy and Management (PPM) Members of the examining committee: Prof. Dr Michael Grimm (Supervisor) Dr Bridget O’Laughlin (Reader) The Hague, The Netherlands November, 2009 Disclaimer: This document represents part of the author’s study programme while at the Institute of Social Studies. The views stated therein are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Institute. Research papers are not made available for circulation outside of the Institute. Inquiries: Postal address: Institute of Social Studies P.O. Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Location: Kortenaerkade 12 2518 AX The Hague The Netherlands Telephone: +31 70 426 0460 Fax: +31 70 426 0799 Acknowledgements I give my sincere gratitude to Jehovah God for his love and care throughout my life and the fifteen months I have been here. With much honour I sincerely thank my Supervisor, Prof M.Grimm, truth be told it was a blessing to have a supervisor like him, I am short of words to describe him, I would simply say he has been...
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...HIV/AIDS treatments: Sub-Saharan African nations still have a long way to go HIV-AIDS has infected over thirty million people in the world. Over 95% of all AIDS cases in the world are in Africa and in some of those countries over 40% of the people are infected (Frederickson and Kanabus HIV and AIDS in Africa 1). AIDS does not solely affect homosexuals, or any certain ethnicity of people, either; HIV-AIDS can affect any type of ethnicity including African Americans, Caucasians, Asians, Indians, and Hispanic people. AIDS cannot be reversed or cured, but with proper treatment this deadly virus can be controlled and people can live a nearly normal life. In Africa, though, proper treatment is not nearly as available as it is in some other countries. Approximately 2.3 million people died in 2003 in Sub-Saharan Africa alone and that is only the beginning (Frederickson and Kanabus HIV 1). Particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where hospital provide inferior treatment to infected patients because of their socioeconomic status, lack of training of their health providers, shortage of medical staffs, lack of appropriate equipment, insufficient funds allocated for medicine and doctors salary and the absence of counselor or prevention unit in these facilities. HIV/Aids has been named a global epidemic with its toll felt significantly especially in Africa. It has been a major cause of death in the world; it also continued to be a public health concern. It poses huge threat of wiping out...
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...Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Including Post-exposure Prophylaxis May 2007 NACO Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India Assessment and Management of HIV-Infected Person No Is HIV infection confirmed? Send to ICTC for confirmation of HIV status Yes Perform history taking and physical examination (see p 9 ) Evaluate for signs and symptoms of HIV infection or OIs and WHO clinical staging (see p 10) Provide appropriate investigations/treatment of OIs (see p 13 ) If pregnant, refer to PPTCT Screen for TB Screen for STI Identify need for: CTX prophylaxis (see p 16 ) ART (see p 18 ) No Pre ART care (see p 15 ) Yes Give patient education on treatment and adherence (see p 54 ) Arrange psychosocial, nutrition and community support (see p 56) Start ART, (see p 19 ) Arrange follow-up + monitoring (see p 25 ) Assess adherence every visit Provide positive prevention advice and condoms Provide patient information sheet on the ART regimen prescribed (see annex 7, 8) Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Including Post-exposure Prophylaxis May 2007 NACO National AIDS Control organisation Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India with support from CDC . Clinton Foundation . WHO TAble of T A b l e o f Acronyms and Abbreviations Introduction....... ..........................................................................................
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...ABOUT NESTLE Nestlé is a Swiss multinational food and beverage company headquartered in Vevey , Switzerland. It is the largest food company in the world measured by revenues. Nestlé’s products include baby food, bottled water, breakfast cereals, coffee and tea, confectionery, dairy products, ice cream, frozen food, pet foods, and snacks. Twenty-nine of Nestlé’s brands have annual sales of over about US$1.1 billion including Nespresso, Nescafé, Kit Kat, Smarties, Nesquik, Stouffer’s, Vittel, and Maggi. Nestlé has 447 factories, operates in 194 countries, and employs around 333,000 people. It is one of the main shareholders of L’Oreal, the world’s largest cosmetics company. Nestlé was formed in 1905 by the merger of the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company, established in 1866 by brothers George Page and Charles Page, and Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé, founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlé. The company grew significantly during the First World War and again following the Second World War, expanding its offerings beyond its early condensed milk and infant formula products. The company has made a number of corporate acquisitions, including Crosse & Blackwell in 1950, Findus in 1963, Libby's in 1971, Rowntree Mackintosh in 1988, and Gerber in 2007. Nestlé has 8,000 brands, with a wide range of products across a number of markets, including coffee, bottled water, milkshakes and other beverages, breakfast cereals, infant foods, performance and healthcare nutrition, seasonings, soups and sauces, frozen...
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...religions there are and the laws allow it to be so. This is because, as human beings, we are constantly evolving. Our needs a thousand years ago differ greatly from what we believe them to be today. This fact holds true in regard to criminal justice and the policies the system is based on. This is the basis for just about any and all drug related policies that have been implemented. As more information is discovered about each substance more laws are created and amendments to the existing ones come to. Early on, drugs like opium, heroin, and cocaine were sold over the counter like Tylenol. They were used for medicinal purposes like relieving sinus congestion or acting as pain killers. It wasn’t until science began to delve deeper into the makings of each substance that the government started to restrict their sale and use in 1909. One such substance, Marijuana, which for ages has been used for medicinal purposes, found its way into the government’s cross hairs. “Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa. The plant contains the mind-altering chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other related compounds. (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2016)” In the early 1900’s even, marijuana was seen as being virtually harmless. People could grow and sell the substance without worry until Marihuana Tax Act went into effect in 1937. This allowed the government the right to control the sale and use of the substance by taxing...
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...the CEO 3 Hierarchy of Company Ethics Principles 4 Our Purpose 5 Our Values 6 Our Principles 7 Our Policies A. Respect of Government and the Law 1. Compliance With Legal Requirements 2. Accuracy of Company Books and Records • Books and Records • Disclosure Controls • Internal Controls 3. Securities Trading 4. Antitrust Policy and Compliance Guidelines 5. Lobbying 6. Political Contributions and Related Policies 7. Transacting International Business 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 B. Respect in the Workplace 1. Behavior in the Workplace 2. Child Labor and Worker Exploitation 3. Wage and Hour Practices 4. Safety, Health and Environmental • Employee Safety • Environmental Quality 5. HIV/AIDS 6. Conflict of Interest • Business, Financial and Personal Relationships • Gifts, Entertainment and Gratuities • Improper Use of Company Assets 7. Employee Privacy 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 C. Respect in the Marketplace 1. Product Safety 2. Bribery and Improper Business Dealings • Commercial Bribery • Improper Payments to Government Officials • Money Laundering and Product Diversion Avoidance 3. Fair Dealing and Fair Competition • Treating Suppliers Appropriately • Treating Customers Appropriately • The Government as a Customer • Treating Competitors Appropriately • Fair Competition • Advertising and Promoting to Consumers Appropriately 4. Consumer Privacy and Confidentiality • Confidentiality ...
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