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Makopa Leaves as Tea for Lowering Blood Glucose

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Health Benefits of Ixora coccinea Linn
In the above mentioned chemical composition of santan, it has been identified that the plant contains important phytochemicals that are known to have antioxidative, antibacterial, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, antidiarrhoeal, antinociceptive, antimutagenic, antineoplastic and chemopreventive effects. This analysis suggests the validity of the plant’s folkloric and erthnomedicinal uses.
Preparation: as decoction, tincture, poultice or dried and powdered.
Decoction of Santan leaves is used to treat the following
Wounds, skin ulcers , hiccups, Nausea ,Anorexia ,Sore throat ,Bronchitis cough ,Asthma
Poultice of santan leaves and flowers or * Sprains, Eczema, Boils, Contusions
Wound Healing Effects of Santan (Ixora)
In a report published in “Fitoterafia 1999” entitled “Effect of Ixora coccinea flowers on dead space wound healing in rats”, the alcoholic extract of the flowers of Ixora coccinea was studied for its effect on wound healing, using a dead space wound model in rats. Significant increases in granuloma tissue weight, tensile strength, hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan content were observed. The prohealing actions seem to be due to increased collagen deposition as well as better alignment and maturation. The drug induced a hypertropic effect on the thymus gland but had no effect on the adrenals. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1918246 Anti Diarrheal Effects of Santan (Ixora Coccinea Linn)
In a report entitled “Ant diarrheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn. in rats” published in “Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 2010” has shown that the aqueous extract of Ixora coccinea (santan) showed significant inhibitor activity against castor oil induced diarrhea and there is a significant reduction in gastrointestinal motility in the charcoal meal test. This result substantiate the antidiarrheal effect of the aqueous extract and its use by traditional practitioners in the treatment of diarrhea http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3117321/ Antibacterial Activity of Santan (Ixora Coccinea Linn)
In a report titled “Evaluation of wound healing and antimicrobial potentials of Ixora coccinea root extract., Asian Pacific Journal of Medicine, 2011” it is reported that
The ethanol extract of ix Ixora Coccinea Linn showed highly significant antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains used in the study when compared to standard. The aqueous extract showed significant inhibition against all bacterial strains when compared to standard. The ethanol root extract of I. coccinea showed pronounced wound healing and antibacterial activity. The probable reason to heal the wound was that the external application of the extract prevented the microbes to invade through the wound thus the protection of wound occurs against the infection of the various organisms. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22118031 Hepatoprotective and Cytotoxic Activity of Ixora Coccinea Linn
In a report “Ixorapeptide I and ixorapeptide II, bioactive peptides isolated from Ixora coccinea.” published in “Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2010”, has showed that there are two novel derivative peptides isolated from Ixora Coccinea Linn extract. These compounds exhibited selective potency against Hep3b liver cancer cell line. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21106454 Anti inflammatory and Anti Asthma effect of Ixora coccinea
In a study titled “Evaluation of Anti-asthmatic Activities of Ixora coccinea Linn (Rubiaceae)” as published in “ Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2011”, the
Ixora coccinea L. (Rubiaceae) hydro alcoholic leaf extract is studied in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic rat model. Ixora coccinea Linn suppressed eosinophilia and significantly inhibited AHR in rat with OVA-induced asthma. I. coccinea reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and repaired epithelial cells damaged. This experiment provides evidence that I. coccinea has anti-asthmatic properties and then can support its use in folk medicine to treat asthma. http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=jpt.2011.559.570&org=10 Chemo protective effect of Ixora coccinea L
In a study entitled “Chemo protective effect of Ixora coccinea L. flowers on cisplatin induced toxicity in mice” as published in “Phytotherapy Research : 2001” has reported that the active fraction from Ixora coccinea flowers prevented a decrease in body weight, hemoglobin levels and leucocytes counts of mice treated with cisplatin. It also significantly prolonged the life span of cisplatin treated mice and maintained their blood urea nitrogen levels in the near normal range, indicating its chemo protective effects. http://ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/MED/11406864/reload=0;jsessionid=aeStvt9rCqsQM8kxwqty.0 Cytotoxic and Antitumor effects of Ixora coccinea L
In a report “Cytotoxic and antitumor principles from Ixora coccinea flowers.” published inn “Cancer Letters, 1998”, the antitumor activity of Ixora coccinea L. (Rubiaceae) flowers was studied in comparison to intraperitoneally transplanted Dalton's lymphoma (ascitic and solid tumors) and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma tumors in mice. The same active fraction showed 50% cytotoxicity to Dalton’s lymphoma, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and Sarcoma-180 (S-180) cells in vitro. It was not toxic to normal lymphocytes, whereas it was toxic to transformed lymphocytes from leukemic patients, acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia and K-562 suspension cell cultures. The active fraction inhibited tritiated thymidine incorporation in cellular DNA. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9751274
(http://www.medicalhealthguide.com/herb/ixora.htm)
Gen info
There are about 500 species in the genus Ixora. A few are in cultivation. There are numerous cultivars differing in flower color (yellow, pink, orange) and plant size. Several cultivars are dwarfs, under 3 feet.Other noteworthy ornamental santans: santan puti (Ixora finlaysoniana Wall), a shrub 2-4 m high, with white fragrant flowers; and Philippine santan (Ixora philippinensis Merr), a shrub or small tree, with white to pink flowers.
Botany
Santan is an erect and smooth ornamental shrub, growing to a height of 2 to 3 meters. Leaves are stalkless or on very short stalks, oblong, 5 to 9 centimeters long, heart-shaped or rounded at the base and blunt-tipped. Flowers are many, pink or red, and borne in terminal, stalkless or shortly stalked, hairy cymes. Calyx teeth are short and pointed. Corolla-tube is slender, 2.5 centimeters long; lobes are spreading and oblong, about half the length of the tube. Fruit is reddish, almost round, about 5 millimeters in diameter.
Distribution
- Cultivated for ornamental purposes.
- Nowhere established in the Philippines.
- Native of India.
- Now pantropic.
Constituents
- Root contains an aromatic acrid oil, tannin, fatty acids, and a white crystalline substance.
- Leaves yield flavonols kaemferol and quercetin, proanthocyanidins and phenolic acids and ferulic acids.
- Flowers contain cyanidin and flavonoids, and a coloring material related to quercitin.
- Flowers yielded tannins, lupeol, fatty acids, ß-sitosterols, cycloartenol esters and flavonoids.
Properties
- Considered internally sedative, stomachic, tonic, antiseptic, cholagogue; externally, astringent and antiseptic.
- Hepatoprotective, chemoprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory.
- Stimulates gastric secretions.
- Flowers considered cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial.
Parts utilized
Leaves, roots, stems and flowers
Uses
Folkloric
- In the Philippines, root decoction used as sedative in the treatment of nausea, hiccups, and loss of appetite.
- Used for dysenteric diarrhea and associated colic pains.
- Flowers used for dysentery and leucorrhea.
- Poulticed fresh leaves and stems for sprains, eczema, boils and contusions.
- Diluted tincture of roots for mouthwash and gargles for sore throat.
- Flower decoction used for hypertension, amenorrhea and irregular menstruation, hemoptysis, catarrhal bronchitis.
- Decoction of leaves for wounds and skin ulcers.
- In Bengal, roots are used for dysentery.
- In Bombay, flowers used for dysentery.
- Flowers and bark used for blood-shot eyes.
- Root, ground into pulp, mixed with water and pepper, or as tincture, used for diarrhea and dysentery.
- Externally, powdered roots moistened with a little water on a piece of lint is applied to sores and chronic ulcers.
- In Indo-China, root decoction used to clarify the urine.
- In India and Sri Lanka, the fruits are eaten and the flowers used as flavoring.
Studies
•Wound healing / Flowers: Alcoholic extract of IC showed increase in granuloma tissue weight, tensile strength and glycosaminoglycan content. The prohealing activity was attributed to increased collagen deposition, alignment and maturation. (1)
• Antimicrobial: Extract studies of EC for antimicrobial activity showed the ethyl fraction to be more active than the methanol fraction. (2)
• Antioxidant: Phytochemical screening showed the flower extract to possess flavonoids, steroids, tannin. IC showed strong reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. (3)
• Pharmacologic evaluation / Electroconvulsive Protective:Evaluation showed that IC has protective property against electroconvulsions, antiinflammatory and hemostatic properties. (4)
• Hepatoprotective / Flowers:Extract of IC flowers showed significant hepatoprotective effect against paracetamol overdose-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. (5)
• Chemoprotective / Modulatory / Flowers: Ixora chinensis flower fraction showed chemoprotective effects on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice. (6)
• Chemoprotective / Cisplatin-Induced Toxicity: Active fraction from Ixora coccinea flowers prevented a decrease in body weight, hemoglobin levels and WBC counts of mice treated with cisplastin with significant prolongation of life span of cisplatin-treated mice. (14)
• Antinociceptive : Study showed the aqueous leaf extract of IC possesses considerable antinociceptive activity mediated centrally via a dopaminergic mechanism. In addition, the antioxidant activity may play a role in inducing antinociception. The dopaminergic and antioxidative activities may arise from alkaloid and flavonoid constituents, respectively. (7)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Anti-mitotic / Leaves: Lupeol, isolated from the leaves of IC, was shown to have anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. Anti-mitotic activity was also noted in a preliminary cytotoxic study. (8)
• Cytotoxic / Antitumor / Flowers: Study of the active fraction of Ixora coccinea flowers showed greater activity on ascitic tumors than solid tumors. It had no toxicity to normal lymphocytes but was toxic to lymphocytes from leukemic patients. (9)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Leaves: Study of the aqueous leaf extract of Ixora coccinea showed strong antihistamine and antioxidant activity that can account for its anti-inflammatory potential. In addition, the inhibition of prostaglandins and bradykinins may play a role in its antiinflammatory effect. (10)
• Anti-Ulcer / Leaves: Study of the fresh leaf extract of Ixora coccinea was found to possess potent anti-ulcerogenic property and could be a potential therapeutic agent against ulcer disease. (11)
• Antidiarrheal / Leaves: Study of aqueous extract of leaves of Ixora coccinea showed significant inhibitory activity against castor-oil induced enteropooling in rats. There was significant reduction in gastrointestinal motility by the charcoal meal test. (12)
• Bioactive Peptides / Anticancer / Platelet-Aggregation Inhibition: Study of methanol extract of Ixora coccinea yielded ixorapeptide I and ixorapeptide II, in addition to 28 other known compounds. Compound 1 exhibited selective potency against Hep3B liver cancer cell line. Compound 2 showed superoxide anion generation and elastase release. Kaempferol and luteolin from the plant showed inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation. (13)
• Anthelmintic: Study evaluated the anthelmintic activity of different extracts of Ixora coccinea roots on earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Results showed good anthelmintic activity with the chloroform extract showing better activity than petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Albendazole was used as standard. (15)
• Anti-asthmatic: Study of an hydroalcoholic leaf extract in ovalalbumin-induced asthmatic rat model showed anti-asthmatic activity suppressing airway inflammation and airway hyperactivity. It also showed inhibitory effect on immediate allergic reactions probably mediated by reducing the release of mediators such as histamine from mast cells. (17)
• Cardioprotective / Doxorubicin-Induced Toxicity: Study of a methanolic extract of leaves showed dose-dependent cardioprotection against doxorubicin-induced toxicity. The cardioprotection was attributed to to antioxidant properties. (19)
• Anti-Inflammatory: Study of a methanolic leaf extract showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity probably mediated via inhibition of NO production, phagocytic cell infiltration, anti-histamine effect, scavenging of free radicals, membrane stabilizing activity and lipid peroxidation. (20)
• Wound Healing / Antibacterial: Study of an root extracts showed pronounced wound healing and antibacterial activity. It is proposed the external application of the extract prevented microbes from invading the wound. An aqueous extract showed moderate inhibition against all bacterial strains tested. (21)
• Anti-Tyrosinase / Antioxidant / Cosmetic Applications: Study evaluated different parts of Ixora coccinea in various solvents for antityrosinase and antioxidant activities. A methanolic extract of bark exhibited the highest inhibition of DPPH whe compared to flowers and leaves. The antioxidant potential of leaves and flowers were comparable to the bark. Results suggest Ixora coccinea is a potential source of ingredients for cosmetic products. (22)
• Anxiolytic: Study evaluated the anxiolytic activity of Ixora coccinea extract using an Elevated plus maze model and Hole board test. The ethanolic extract showed significant (P <0.01) anxiolytic effect in a dose-dependent manner when compared with standard dose of diazepam. (23)
• Analgesic / Anti-Inflammatory / Flowers: Study showed all flower extracts tested with significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Results suggest the plant can be developed as a good hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent. (24)
• Wound Healing / Anti-Inflammatory / Flowers: Study showed an Ixora coccinea methanol extract to have potent antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, with significant fibroblast proliferation. The ME stimulated the fibroblast growth factor and Smad mediated collagen production in wound tissue. (25)
• Analgesic / Anti-Inflammatory / Antipyretic / Leaves: Study showed an ethanolic extract of leaves with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities. Phytochemical screening yielded flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenes. (26)
• Anti-Leishmanial / Leaves: Study evaluated the in vitro antileishmanial activity of leaves from Ixora coccinea. Both ethyl acetate and methanol extracts markedly inhibited growth of L. donovanipromastigotes in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. (27)
• Anti-Diabetic / Hypolipdemic: Study evaluated the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extracts of leaves in alloxan induced diabetic albino rats. Results showed significant reduction (p<0.01) in blood glucose levels and serum lipid profile levels. (28)
(http://www.stuartxchange.org/Santan.html)

The Native Santans
The other week, Reynold Sioson, who owns Cocomangas Farm in San Miguel, Bulacan, gave me freshly germinated seedlings of a native Ixora, I. philippinensis. It reminded me that Mike Asinas pledged to donate a specimen of it to the Wildlife demo plot. Mike has been reminding me about it for quite sometime now and I keep on forgetting to arrange for its pick up. Finally, I did last Saturday.
Ixora is the genus of a very popular plant which is commonly called santan. Santan is widespread cultivated as a landscape and garden plant. Flower colors would range from crimson red, yellow, orange to cream and pure white. Though we have our native varieties, none of these garden-popular santans are proudly Philippine native. The white variety is I. finlaysoniana, a Thai species. The red are either I. coccinea or I. javanica, respectively from China and Indonesia. Which makes you wonder why we have to look outside of our backyard just to find flowers for our gardens.
I was told that we have quite a number of Ixora species in our own Philippine forests. Some of them are quite attractive and worthy as garden specimens. We have just not discovered the potentials of these plants and harness them as our Asian neighbors did. So far I have seen 2 native species, Ixoras philippinensis and palawanensis.
Ixora philippinensis or kamingi is found in the remaining wooded areas of central and southern Luzon. It is a relatively bushy plant with the familiar santan flower umbels. The flower color is white which may not exactly be the most striking. But a flowering specimen is still very much worth a gardener's effort. The more attractive species is the Palawan santan, or Ixora palawanensis. It is endemic to a few islands of Palawan. The plant has remarkably delicate leaves and an unusual santan flower color, peach.
The peach colored Palawan santan picture is courtesy of Macy Anonuevo.
When I met you
There I was an empty piece of a shell
Just mindin' my own world
Without even knowin'
What love and life were all about
Then you came...
You brought me out of the shell
You gave the world to me
And before I knew
There I was so in love with you
You gave me a reason for my being
And I love what I'm feelin'
You gave me a meaning to my life
Yes, I've gone beyond existing
And it all began when I met you
I love the touch of your hair
And when I look in your eyes
I just know, I know I'm on to something good
And I'm sure my love for you will endure
Your love will light up my world
And take all my cares away
With the aching part of me
You gave me a reason for my being
And I love what I'm feelin'
You gave me a meaning to my life
Yes, I've gone beyond existing
And it all began when I met you
You taught me how to love
You showed me how tomorrow and today
My life is diff'rent from the yesterday
And you, you taught me how to love
And darling I will always cherish you
Today, tomorrow and forever...
And I'm sure when evening comes around
I know we'll be making love like never before
My love, who could ask for more?
You gave me a reason for my being
And I love what I'm feelin'
You gave me a meaning to my life
Yes, I've gone beyond existing
And it all began when I met you
When I met you
You gave me a reason for my being
And I love what I'm feelin'
You gave me a meaning to my life
Yes, I've gone beyond existing
And it all began when I met you
When I met you...
When I met you..

4evermore
There are times
When I just want to look at your face
With the stars in the night
There are times
When I just want to feel your embrace
In the cold of the night
I just can't believe that you are mine now

[Chorus]
You were just a dream that I once knew
I never thought I would be right for you
I just can't compare you with
Anything in this world
You're all I need to be with forevermore

All those years I've longed to hold you in my arms
I've been dreaming of you
Every night,
I've been watching all the stars that fall down
Wishing you would be mine
I just can't believe that you were mine now

[Chorus]
You were just a dream that I once knew
I never thought I would be right for you
I just can't compare you with
Anything in this world
You're all I need to be with forevermore

Time and again
There are these changes that we cannot end
As sure as time keeps going on and on
My love for you will be forevermore

Wishing you would be mine
I just can't believe that you were mine now

You were just a dream that I once knew
I never thought I would be right for you
I just can't compare you with
Anything in this world
As endless as forever
Our love will stay together
You're all I need to be with forever more
(As endless as forever
Our love will stay together)
You're all I need
To be with forevermore...

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