...The male and female reproductive systems become active after puberty. The male system starts with the creation of sperm in the testicles. Sperm carries the chromosomes that make up half of the genetics of the embryo created. The male body creates an endless supply of sperm that will travel from the testicles through the vas deferens to the penis where it is then ejaculated into the female reproductive system. This is the end of the male involvement with reproduction. The female body starts the reproductive cycle at puberty. This is at different ages but usually falls between 10-13 years of age. Females are born with a limited number of eggs to use for reproduction. These eggs are released from the ovaries on 28 day cycles called the menstration cycle. At the beginning of this cycle ovulation occurs and the egg goes through the fallopian tubes. This is the best time for the egg and sperm to meet to create an embryo. When an egg is released and meets up with the sperm the embryo attached to the inside lining of the uterus where it stays until birth. Pregnancy is determined based on the amount of progesterone hormone in the female body. This hormone continues throughout pregnancy. During pregnancy, the baby receives nutrition through the umbilical cord and placenta. The female body stretches and adjusts to make room for the growing baby. The first 3 months is when the baby develops a heartbeat, brain and spinal cord. Then in the next 3 months it develops more details like...
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...TAQ 1 Male The scrotum is a sac of skin that holds the testicles, which are 2 oval glands containing seminiferous tubules that produce sperm. Sperm is stored in coiled tubes called epididymis which push sperm into the vas deferens. From there sperm passes into seminal vesicles, which produce seminal fluid. The sperm and seminal fluid combine to form semen. Ejaculatory ducts formed by the fusion of vas deferens and seminal vesicles empty into the urethra, contained in the penis. Together the urethra and penis form the passageway for ejaculation of semen. Muscle contraction of the prostate glands contributes to semen expulsion. The penis becomes engorged with blood causing the enlargement and stiffening of the penis required for intercourse....
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...fulfill his purpose in life with Egette. Before Spermeo is mature enough to leave home, he has a process he must go through to be able to penetrate Eggette when they meet, as they have only one opportunity to do so successfully. His creation starts in Testes which is actually a production plant that houses machines called interstitial cells, testosterone/other hormones, and seminiferous tubules. These machines all work together to produce the best Spermeos possible. Going through the testosterone machine is one of the most important processes for Spermeos because it determines if there will be a male or female child after it intercepts Egette. Once Spermeo has gone through the three machines, which takes about 72 days, he is filled with 46 chromosomes. The 46 chromosomes are a little too much for one Spermeo, so it splits in half and each half get 23, which are both female and male (X and Y). Prior to this stage, Spermeo is actually called Spermacyte. Spermeo is now ready to...
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...Male Internal Genital Organs The internal genitalia or genital organs comprise the deferent ducts, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts. The external genital organs comprise the penis, testis, and scrotum. The Ductus Deferens This is a thick-walled muscular tube (also known as vas deferens) that is the continuation of the duct of the epididymis. The ductus deferens (L. defero, to carry down) begins in the tail of the epididymis and ends by joining the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct. It is about 45 cm long and ascends in the spermatic cord. It passes through the inguinal canal and then crosses over the external iliac vessels to enter the pelvis minor. It passes along the lateral wall of the pelvis where it lies external but adherent to the parietal peritoneum and medial to the vessels and nerves. During its course no other structure intervenes between it and the peritoneum. The ductus deferens crosses the ureter near the posterolateral angle of the bladder. At first it lies superior to the seminal vesicle and then it descends medial to the ureter and this vesicle. The ductus deferens enlarges to form the ampulla of the ductus deferens as it passes posterior to the bladder. It then joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct. Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage of the Ductus Deferens The artery of the ductus deferens is closely applied...
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...The prostate is a gland of the male reproductive system. The main function is to secrete seminal fluid that is alkaline in nature to neutralize the acidic vagina, allowing adequate pH for conception. It composes nearly 70% of seminal volume. It allows for nutrition and lubrication for the sperm produced in the testes. The prostatic urethra is a passageway for semen and prevents semen from being forced backward into the bladder. This occurs by closing off the bladder neck during climax by means of coordinated muscle contractions of the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, ischiocavernosus and bulbocavernosus muscles (emed). Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is an enlarged prostate. Proliferation of the cellular elements of the prostate lead to chronic bladder outlet obstruction. This causes urinary retention, renal insufficiency, recurrent urinary tract infections, and gross hematuria. The prostate doubles in size during puberty, and after age 25, the prostate continues to grow. The exact cause of BPH is not known but it...
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...Discuss the relationship between sexual selection and human reproductive behaviour (24 marks) In this essay I will be discussing the two theories of sexual selection within humans and their reproductive behaviour. The evolutionary explanation of relationships says humans have an innate drive to reproduce and pass on our genes. Sexual selection is a process within natural selection where characteristics are selected because they’re attractive to the opposite sex, and so this increases reproductive success and passes on these traits to their offspring. Sex differences in sexual selection comes from our evolutionary past and so males and females have different reproductive behaviour; these differences are shown from their mate choice (inter sexual selection), mate competition (intra sexual selection) and differences within their short term and long term mating strategies. Males and females differ in mate selection as the different sexes have different needs which are stemmed from our genetic code which has evolved over millions of years. According to the inter sexual selection theory males and females look for different characteristics in a mate and behave differently to attract these mates. It is important to men that women prioritise physical attractiveness and so men are responsive to those who are young and attractive as it connotes that these women are more likely to be fertile and so the man can reproduce and pass on his genes. Therefore, men are attractive to women who...
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...the sources you use. What is gender? What is sex in biological terms? Are gender and sex the same thing? Explain why or why not? Gender is basically the state of being either male or female, masculine or feminine. Sex biologically means the categorization of whether an organism is male or female, of having parts of the male reproductive system or female reproductive system. Although gender and sex have very similar meaning, generally they usually differ where majority relate reproductive traits to sex than gender. How do gender and sex contribute to the concepts and constructions of masculinity and femininity? Gender and sex contributes to the concepts of masculinity and femininity on a basis to where contemporary America believes that male is to masculinity as female is to femininity and the truth of the matter is that you can’t judge a person to be a male or female based on whether they are feminine or masculine because both males and females carry traits that are masculine and traits that are feminine. Do our concepts of gender and sex contribute to the ways we embrace gender and sex in diversity? Yes, I believe that our concepts on gender and sex contributes to the way that we embrace them in diversity because we tend to categorize certain aspects to what we feel a male/female should look like, sounds like, smell like, and act like and when someone doesn’t fit that we question their gender/sex instead of accepting them for who they are. Do our concepts...
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...For centuries the human race has divided themselves into two categories, male and female. This concept has gone unquestioned until now, but society now understands there are more than male and female, but also intersex. Although people are intersex, hormones in their bodies show a preference to either testosterone or estrogen, which society uses to classify them to either male or female. There should still remain a distinction between the sexes, however, intersex people should be free to decide whether to identify with one sex or stay intersex. They should be permitted to decide because no one should be forced to conform to what society deems right and wrong, also their bodies contain both parts male and females identify with, and… From fashion...
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...Human Reproductive System The reproductive system or genital system is a system of organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of reproduction. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system. Unlike most organ systems, the sexes of differentiated species often have significant differences. These differences allow for a combination of genetic material between two individuals, which allows for the possibility of greater genetic fitness of the offspring. The major organs of the reproductive system includes, the external genitalia as well as a number of internal organs including the gamete producing gonads . Diseases of the human reproductive system are very common and widespread, particularly communicable sexually transmitted diseases. Most other vertebrate animals have generally similar reproductive systems consisting of gonads, ducts, and openings. However, there is a great diversity of physical adaptations as well as reproductive strategies in every group of vertebrates. Human reproductive system Human reproduction takes place as internal fertilization by sexual intercourse. During this process, the erect penis of the male is inserted into the female's vagina until the male ejaculates semen, which contains sperm, into the female's vagina. The sperm then travels through the vagina and cervix into the uterus or fallopian tubes for fertilization of the ovum. Upon successful...
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...The Evolution of Menopause and the Grandmother Hypothesis Throughout the natural world trade-offs between reproductive success and longevity have been noted by scientists for many years. Most wild animals remain fertile until death, as do human males, and although human males do become less fertile with age, they in general experience no complete shutdown of fertility. Men as old as the age of 94 have been noted to father children (Diamond, 1996). The situation for human women is strikingly different. They undergo menopause, the permanent cessation of menstruation, by the time they are in their mid fifties (Lahdenpera et al., 2004). In fact, natural conception after the age of 50 is extremely rare. Menopause has become quite the evolutionary puzzle for modern scientists because natural selection favors increased reproduction, therefore increasing one’s own fitness. The essence of natural selection is that it promotes genes for traits that increase an animal’s number of descendents bearing those genes. Thus, the great question is: How could natural selection result in every female member of a species carrying genes that destroy her ability to leave more descendents? Many theories on the evolution of menopause have arisen in the past 50 years in an attempt to answer this question but they all also have key assumptions and limitations. Proponents of the Grandmother Hypothesis believe that their theory holds the greatest promise to answer this question. The Grandmother Hypothesis...
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...Discuss the effect of evolution on sex differences in parental investment (24 marks) Psychologists suggest that the sex difference in human reproductive behaviour plays a large role into the success of reproduction which can be explained through the theory of parental investment. Parental investment is anything that increases the chance that the offspring will survive but at the same time inhibits the adult to invest in any other offspring alive or yet to be born. Human females make a greater biological investment than males because they produce far fewer egg cells than males produces sperm, and egg cells are far more costly to produce. Traditionally, men are viewed as they have interest to invest whereas women should, but they should be choosy about who they go with. Another reason why females have a greater initial investment is that females can only have a limited number of offspring, whereas a male can potentially have a much larger number of children. As a result of this inequity, females are choosier in who they mate with. As well as making a larger prenatal investment, human mothers must also make a larger postnatal investment. Human females are burdened by the extended period of childcare that results from this period of prolonged immaturity, which includes a longer period of breastfeeding. This is another reason why the investment of human females is particularly high. The greater investment of females may also be explained in terms of parental certainty. Because...
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...with an advertising male [3]–[10]. Sexual signals may indicate mating benefits because (1) preferred signals are often costly to produce; (2) only males good at acquiring nutrients or using them efficiently may be able to support the costs of signal production; and (3) males with more nutrients may be of higher fitness or may be able to invest more in providing benefits to females. Males that are able to obtain more nutrients may have greater energy stores, and several studies have found a positive relationship between dietary nutrient availability and sexual signalling [11]–[16]. Given these points, females may benefit from selecting mates that exhibit condition-dependent signals. Here condition is defined as variation in resource acquisition ability [17], which may result from differences in resource availability in the environment and/or individual physiological differences in the ability to assimilate and utilize resources. The cost of producing sexual signals is often dependent on available nutrients, which in turn is subject to life-history trade-offs. Allocating nutrients to sexual signalling must, therefore, be balanced against the nutrients required for growth and survival [8], [18], [19]. High condition males with an abundance of nutrients may be better able to afford the costs of allocating resources to sexual signalling than poor condition males (i.e. honest signalling [20]). Alternatively, poor condition males with reduced future reproductive potential may allocate...
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...The life that an individual lives and the destiny that they come to could be determined by the sex of the person. Two perspectives that can show this are essentialism and social constructionism. The essentialism view looks male and females brains and how the structure of the brain are slightly different from one another. Along with that, the way the brains are ‘wired’ are different, male’s brains are better with “logic and visual spatial manipulation” which allows them to find jobs as “scientists, mechanics and pilots.” Whereas female brains are more adapt to having “empathy, intuition and language skills” which leads them to service jobs. Looking at brain studies of different sexes is not the only thing that the essentialists look at. Sociobiologist...
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...down the middle and six to seven dark patches to the side of this stripe. There is some sexual dimorphism. The subordinate males, females, and adolescents possess an olive green head. A blue body and yellow tail and head characterize the dominant male. A. agama has a large head separated from the body, a long tail, well-developed external ear openings and eyelids. This lizard also has acrodont, heterodont teeth. The lizard possesses both caniniform incisors for grasping and molariform cheekteeth for crushing. The maximum size for male lizards is twenty-five centimeters and female lizards is twenty centimeters (Harris 1964). Reproduction Females reach sexual maturity at age fourteen to eighteen months, males at two years. A. agama reproduces during the wet season although they are capable of reproducing nearly year round in areas of consistant rainfall(Porter et al. 1983). The male will approach the female from behind and head bob to her. If she accepts then she will arch her back with her tail and head raised. The male walks to her side and grasps her neck and puts his leg on the female's back, the pair swivel 90 degrees in order to bring their cloacas together and thrusts his tail onto her cloaca inserting his right or left hemipenes (depending on side location). This mating ritual usually lasts one to two minutes when the female will scurry away and the male also after several minutes (Harris 1964). The female lays her...
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...dimorphic species of spider. The males have two white stripes on the edges of the cephalothorax; whereas the female has white stripes at the ends of the legs (Lin, Zhang, Liao, Hebets and Tso, 2015). These sexually dimorphic traits can be used in reproduction by attracting mates through the visual components found on each spider and may be used in the mating of the spiders (Lin, et.al. 2015). When females select a male, the attractiveness is correlated with the diet of the male (Lin, et.al. 2015). Possessing a distinct colour can also function in some organisms, as a mean of luring prey, especially in nocturnal arthropods (Lin, et.al. 2015). Lin, et.al. (2015) hypothesized that the white area found on the...
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