...about how much influence television has on a person’s mind, so in a recent research article titled “Constructing Gender Stereotypes Through Social Roles in Prime-Time Television,” written by Martha M. Lauzen, David M. Dozier, and Nora Horan, the three authors explore male and female roles on popular television shows on major broadcasting networks for the purpose of determining statistically whether or not normal male and female stereotypes are conveyed in prime-time television. Throughout this article, the authors make an argument they think is important, but in all reality, most readers would not find this information important enough to hold their full attention due to the complicated wording, biased examples, and the very repetitive information. The authors begin the article with a brief abstract which summarizes what it is the readers can expect from their article. The article is broken down into sections which separate the different topics that the authors are discussing. On the top of page 203 in the article, the authors clearly state, “Building on this previous research, the current study examines whether female and male characters continue to inhabit traditionally sex-typed roles. Such analysis is important in light of the fact that popular press accounts regularly boast about the rapid evolution of the portrayals of gender in prime-time” (Lauzen, Dozier, Horan p.203). When constructing their research, the authors used a variety of different sources to attempt to make their...
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...Introduction Nowadays, there are more and more female leaders in organization. Besides that, there is some difference between male and female in leadership style and it is interesting. Not only the physiological, there is also have some difference in mentally. Therefore, I would like to discuss about the difference between male and female in leadership style. Gender differences and different leadership styles Stereotypes Personalities, behavior and need of men and women are different. We can distinguish the different skills which are related to the gender of an individual. On the one hand, independent, objective and competitive can be described as male’s typical stereotype. On the other hand, sensitive, gentle, and passive can be described as female’s typical stereotype. In fact, from male and female leadership style and behavior we can find those characteristics. We can see that male leadership style is the achievement of organizational while the female leadership style is emphasizes people and relationship. Below, we will see that these classical stereotypes can make women to adapt certain masculine characteristics in order to fulfill the male leadership role model. Before talking about leadership, there are two central expressions exist need a distinction: leadership style and leadership behavior. Leadership style can be defined as “the underlying need structure of the leader which motivates his behavior in various leadership situations and infers the consistency...
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...Studies 3000 Section 2 November 30, 2011 Abstract: This research paper covers the history of teachers in the classroom based on the factor of gender. The paper then discusses the effect that gender roles have on students, teachers and classrooms. Gender Roles in Teaching Try to think back to childhood, and ask the question how many male teachers did I have? The response to this is predominately low according to the National Education Association, who state that males only make up twenty-five percent of teachers today. It’s important for children to have teachers who are positive role models. Children benefit from having access to both male and female mentors throughout their early childhood education and school years. (Martin 2005). Currently, men make up only twenty-five percent of the elementary teaching workforce and the number of men teaching in early childhood services is even smaller. The NEA also states that at the secondary level, forty-five percent of teachers are male. It is apparent that these sectors of education need more male teachers to address this imbalance and give children the opportunity to learn from quality teachers of both genders. Children at all levels – early childhood, elementary and secondary, need positive role models so that they can become successful adults. Some of the factors that disinterest males from entering the teaching profession are: stereotyping, low pay, and low status. The general...
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...for Gender Identity Paper Outline I. Introduction II. What is gender Identity? III. Gender Discrimination A. Male B. Female IV. Appearance V. Gender and Interpersonal VI. Development a. Sex role stereotypes VII. Environmental factors VIII. Conclusion Introduction Throughout this paper I will be talking about gender identity which I have done a research. I will be using different several articles that researched on gender identity and will share the information I got out of the articles. Gender identity is something that most of the time goes unnoticed and lot of people are afraid to be who they are. What is gender identity? Gender Identity (1988) Social Psychology Quarterly, Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stables/2786925 This article talks about gender identity, self-esteem, physical and sexual abuse in dating relationships. The article gives important information about gender identity. The researchers had examined the roles of gender identity and self-esteem in both physical and sexual abuse in dating relationships. Gender Discrimination Race and Gender Discrimination, (2009). Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118176 This article focuses on gender discrimination and race on buying cars. The information presented in the article goes depth into highlighting how sellers sometimes can use race or gender to sell cars to their buyers. Example could be male via female, males may have the advantage...
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...the purpose of this paper, I have focused on the gay and lesbian community and how they have been discriminated for decades. I will also take a look at some common stereotypes and myths that have impacted this group and what actions they, and others, have taken to deal with such discrimination. I believe it is important to note that a lot of this research was gathered quite some time ago, even though the articles were published within the last ten years. The research shows that although there is still a significant amount of...
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...erian novelJournal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol 2, No 4, 2011 www.iiste.org A Study on Gender Consciousness in Nigerian Autobiographical Narratives and Power of the Interview Ogunyemi, Christopher Babatunde Department of English, College of Humanities, Joseph Ayo Babalola University PMB 5006 Ilesa 233001 Osun State, Nigeria. bbcoguns2@yahoo.se Akindutire, Isaac Olusola Department of Physical and Health Education, Faculty of Education University of Ado Ekiti Ado Ekiti. Ekiti State, Nigeria ioakindutire@yahoo.com Adelakun, Ojo Johnson Department of Economics, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, PMB 5006 Ilesa 233001, Osun State, Nigeria joadelakun@yahoo.co.uk Abstract The study explores some self-created metaphors in male autobiographical writings in Nigeria. It visualizes the negation of female gender in art. The paper investigates the dichotomy of language, the use of irony and situational metaphors to displace conventional ones; it blends theories with critical evaluation of discourse. The research uses empirical methods in solving hypothetical questions with the use of extensive and relatively unstructured interviews. It examines the interviews of twenty five people independently, these people include: University lecturers, students, administrative and technical staff. The work analyzes concurrently their interview testimonies to search for congruence. Data analysis begins with a detailed microanalysis in which emergent concepts...
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...1939 to 1979 white women made less than 60 % as much as white men. The 40% gape difference decreased these days, but there is still a wage gap between men and women. There are many claims behind the reason of wage discrimination. George F. Will (2000)” Lies, Damned lies and …..” claims that the main cause of wage gap is omen’s decision to establish a family, so that force them to make comprise for raising their children and that leads them to work in flexible jobs with flexible ours that permit them to enter the fast track.. Another article by Allen Goodman (1999) “A New Campaign for Pay Equity” argues that the main reason behind low wages for women is sex discrimination. She supports her point of view by saying that the gender gap between male and female accountants is 201$ a week and bartenders is 48$. Finally, Lester C. Thurow “1981” claims that the system of promotion is the main reason behind the wage discrimination. Thurow says if men discriminate against women they are lowering their own income so there is no sex discrimination. Thurow conclude that the decade between 25 and 35 is when the person succeed in his/her life is the same decade when women think of establishing a family and leave the labor force or become a part – time worker. The system of promotion and skill acquisition extaract an enormous life time price during the decade of 25 to 35. The lack of experience of women and the system of promotion in my view are the reason behind the age gap between women and...
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...(Barrett, Robin, Pietromonaco, & Eyssell, 1998). However an assumption could be formed about how men express emotional behaviors just like women. This research was done using the one topic that segregates men from women that is their choices. When it comes to choosing novels it is assumed in most cases that women prefer thrillers and romantic genre while men prefer more mystery genre but through my research I have come to conclusions with the fact that the novel choices of men are less emotional when compared to women but there are a few cases of exceptions. The purpose of this research paper was to find out whether females still read more emotional centered novels than males using survey techniques. Key Terms: Emotions, Gender, Novels This research was conducted for the purpose of understanding human behaviors and gender stereotypes within those behaviors. Emotions are an important aspect for humans to make judgments and choices (Huebner, Dwyer, & Hauser, 2009) hence my research will be based on the choices we make and whether gender plays a role in it or not. Objectives Primary Objective: * To find out whether there are male students who choose emotional novels as compared to females in Manipal University, Dubai. Also, whether females do not choose to read emotional novels regardless of the general stereotype of their emotional behavior. Secondary Objective: * To find out what genres of novels the students of Manipal University prefer * To find out their...
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...STEREOTYPING OF SEX ROLES IN THREE MODERN ART FORMS In this paper, I will argue that the arts and the media as a whole project demeaning sex roles for women through the process of stereotyping, in which traditionally feminine characteristics are exaggerated and categorized in order to simplify the interpretation of female characters. These stereotypes fall into three broad categories, those of the Good Housewife, the Scarlet Woman, and the Career Woman, none of which represent a fully mature, fully human form of personality development. In describing these basic categories of women found in the media, researchers have found them to be based on a classic opposition of types. For example, the housewife is characterized as being conservative, loyal, and cooperative, if somewhat out of place in the real world: In addition to the traditionally found housewife stereotype, there exists a strong and quite distinctive stereotype of woman as bunny. Bunny is described as glamorous, good-looking, pleasure-loving, romantic, excitable, passionate, frivolous and sensual... a third stereotype is reserved for women who choose activities which carry them beyond the traditional roles which serve men. These women lose their femininity... (Clifton, McGrath, Wick, l976: 144) In this study, we will compare the treatment of these demeaning stereotypes in several of the media that are not usually considered in sex role studies: contemporary works of art, contemporary popular music, and situation-based...
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...Angel Pelaez Mrs. Larsen AP Language, Period 3 21 November 2014 Disney Research Paper In society, gender roles (a set of social and behavioral norms that are widely considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex) are everywhere. For a long time men and women had to do certain things throughout their lives. It was expect that men would be the ones that had to work, while their wives had to stay home to take care of the house, the kids, bills, etc. Over time, these gender roles have changed. Females now take on tasks that only men were supposed to do. Gender roles appear in places that one wouldn’t expect: Disney movies. Disney movies do a great job at showing how gender roles were portrayed at the time the movie came out. Most notably, in these movies, males fulfill a certain appearance stereotype (tall, muscular, handsome, etc.). The same stereotype applies to females as well (makeup, being slim, posture, etc.). In Disney movies, the male protagonist is almost always good-looking, muscular, tall, etc. An example of this is Prince Eric from the Little Mermaid movie. In the movie, he’s tall, light-skinned, muscular, and handsome. He’s almost “perfect”. In the essay ....Happily Ever After (Or What Fairy Tales teach Girls about being Women) Alice Neikirk states “the hero, often a prince, is generally described as brave and handsome.” Over time, the appearance of the male protagonists have changed. For example, Flynn Rider from Tangled is just a slim, not...
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...Massive Incarceration: A Racial Perspective Sociology 350N Abstract In 2010 there was a significant imbalance in the incarceration rate of males within the U.S.; these differences were among the ethnic groups of Caucasian (white), Hispanic and African American (black). In reference to the number of people incarcerated per 100,000 in their individual group, black males had the highest number of inmates, followed by Hispanic males; however, white males had the lowest number of prisoners (Wagner, 2012). We must ask the question “why”. Why and how is this occurring? The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world; so, is the system that was designed to protect and serve abusing its power. Some factors that can possibly be contributing to this disproportion is socioeconomic status, prejudices within the criminal justice system and power investments. Massive Incarceration: A Racial Perspective Introduction Today the US makes up for about 5% of the world’s population and carries 25% of the world’s prisoners, this 20% difference shows that the US imprisons more people then actually living in the country (NAACP, 2015). This is the highest prison population when compared to other countries. Records show from 1980 to 2008, the number of individuals that have been incarcerated has quadrupled from 500,000 to 2.3 million (NAACP, 2015). During that time frame crime & poverty rates have also increased dramatically, while unemployment & educational...
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...HR Policies & Practices: Gender Diversity, Equality, & Leadership Abstract The number of women obtaining higher levels of education and positions in their careers has increased, but the number of women obtaining management and executive positions has remained stagnant. Human resource policies and practices’ follow ethical guidelines, but in practicality are more difficult to apply in the workforce. Human resource practices and policies may be influenced by the overall mindset of a company. The barriers that prevent women from achieving management and executive positions are the same barriers that prevent human resource policies and practices’ from being applied. The gaps in gender equality and wages, created by the barriers, can be discouraging to women from achieving high-level positions. Overcoming the barriers is a task in undoing the mindset that has been instilled deeply within society. Introduction Studies have shown that companies who promote female gender equality surpass their competitors on every measure of profitability, yet women are failing to attain high-level positions. Possible reasons for the persistent wage and gender gap between men and women in senior leadership positions can be found by reviewing current data on women in the workplace, studies on the correlation between gender diversity in senior management and company performance, and literature on gender behavioral differences in the workplace. Women play an increasingly significant role...
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...Framed by role congruity and ambivalent sexism, the current study is designed to investigate perceptions of male and female nurses. Specifically, 167 Canadian undergraduates from Southern Ontario viewed a potential nursing recruitment advertisement (female nurse, male nurse, or masculinity emphasized male nurse), reported their perceptions of the nurse in the advertisement, and rated the appropriateness of nursing as a career for men and women. MANOVAs revealed that participants viewed the male nurses more negatively (less competent and more deviant) in the masculinity emphasized condition than the male nurse condition, which is consistent with role congruity theory. Correlations further revealed that men in the male nurse condition and women in the masculinity emphasized condition who were higher in hostile sexism were more likely to rate the depicted male nurse as deviant than their lower scoring peers. Female participants rated nursing as a more appropriate career for men than did male participants, suggesting that resistance toward male nurses may stem primarily from other men. The ambivalent sexism scores of men and women related differently in each condition to ratings of the appropriateness of nursing as a career for men and women, suggesting a complex relationship between sexism and acceptance of male nurses. The findings imply that attempts to challenge current stereotypes by emphasizing the masculinity of men in female K. A. Clow (*) Faculty of Social Science & Humanities...
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...John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard University Faculty Research Working Papers Series When Does Gender Matter in Negotiation? Hannah Riley and Kathleen L. McGinn September 2002 RWP02-036 The views expressed in the KSG Faculty Research Working Paper Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the John F. Kennedy School of Government or Harvard University. All works posted here are owned and copyrighted by the author(s). Papers may be downloaded for personal use only. 1 When Does Gender Matter in Negotiation? Hannah Riley John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University 79 JFK Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (617) 496-4717 Kathleen L. McGinn Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University Soldiers Field, Boston, MA 02163 (617) 495-6901 The authors thank Linda Babcock, Max Bazerman, Jim Sebenius and the reviewers of the 2002 Academy of Management meeting for their helpful comments on this paper. 2 3 Abstract We propose that two situational dimensions moderate gender effects in negotiation. Structural ambiguity refers to potential variation in a party’s perception of the bargaining range and appropriate standards for agreement. Gender triggers are situational factors that make gender salient and relevant to behavior or expectations. Based on a review of field and experimental data and social psychological theory on individual difference, we explain how structural ambiguity and gender triggers...
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...positions were held by women, compared to 2.9 percent in 1986. One widely accepted explanation for this small number of female executives is the persistence of negative stereotypes about women as managers. Attitudes about the role of women in society may have changed dramatically, but women are still perceived as being less suited than men for managerial positions. Such preconceptions about female managers may cause firms to underutilize a significant part of the work force. By the year 2000 women will represent nearly half of the total labor force, yet discrimination based on sex continues to occur in such areas as performance appraisal, mentoring opportunities, pay, and available career paths. Given the low birth rate in the early and middle 1970s and the current shortage of skilled, motivated workers, organizations simply cannot afford the effects of discrimination based on stereotypes of about 50 percent of their work force. THE STEREOTYPE OF FEMALE MANAGERS The existence of actual differences between male and female managers has been challenged for some time in the research literature, but strongly held stereotypes are resistant to change. Just how are female managers regarded differently than their male counterparts? In a study by Heilman et al. 0989), researchers asked male managers to characterize both male and female managers. The results indicated a tendency to describe female managers as less self-confident, less emotionally stable, less analytical, less consistent,...
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