...Proposal: Male Coaches in Female Sports Research Methods in Exercise and Sport Science 5315 April 28, 2011 Chapter I Introduction Ever since women became involved in sports, they have been in a constant battle to gain recognition in a sports world mainly revolving around men’s sports. Events such as Billy Jean King defeating Bobby Riggs on the tennis court and the U.S. women’s soccer team winning the World Cup in 1999; women’s sports have slowly gained interest from others. For many years, only women coached women’s sports, but since Title IX was passed there has been a gradual increase in male coaches in women’s sports. Studies have shown that approximately 71% of female athletes prefer a male coach (Lirgg, Dibrezzo, & Smith, 1994). In the studies discussed in the review of literature, researchers chose to focus on determining female athletes’ opinions and experiences when being coached by a male coach. However, there is limited research on this topic. Therefore, this study will further analyze the different reasons why female athletes prefer to be coached by a male coach. Purpose of Study The purpose of this study is to research why female athletes prefer male coaches. The study will analyze the different reasons for female athletes preferring male coaches. This study will contain only college female athletes. Significance of Study The significance of this study is to show why 71% of female athletes prefer a male coach (Lirgg, Dibrezzo, &...
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...THE EFFECTS OF EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN WOMEN SPORTS March, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i Table of Contents …..……………………………………………………………………2 Section I. Introduction 3 Section II. Review of Literature 4 Equal Employment Opportunity Laws 4 Affirmative Action 6 Effects of EEO and AA on Women Sports 7 Effects on EEO and AA on women playing sports 7 Effects of EEO and AA on women coaching sports 9 Effects of EEO and AA on women in administration………………...11 Section III. Summary and Conclusions 14 References ............... 17 INTRODUCTION Women in sports have indeed come a long way. Years ago it was socially unacceptable for women to do anything other than cook and clean. Men dominated the work place and the sports industry. But eventually women got fed up with being treated less significant than their male counterparts and began protesting. Not until the mid-1950s and early 1960s did nondiscriminatory employment become a strong social concern (Bohlander & Snell, 2004). While women were just beginning to make a name for themselves, the government began regulating Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) by passing a series of laws, in an attempt to correct social problems of interest to particular groups of workers, including women. EEO laws have made a major impact on women in all industries, but especially on women in sports. While EEO laws focused on non-discrimination, affirmative action went beyond...
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...men coaching women’s sports while there are no women coaching male sports such as football. Another issue may be whether or not men are really better coaches then women and what the reason for that would be. The third issue that results because of gender inequalities seen in coaching such as how far is too far for male coaches coaching females in sports. The first thing I would like to talk about is whether it is right for men to coach women’s teams even if there are no women coaching male teams. In my opinion there is nothing wrong with this and I feel like the statistics back this up. To my knowledge there has never been a female athlete at a big time college that has complained that she wants a female coach. And to back this up, Geno Auriemma is one of the greatest coaches in women’s college basketball ever and he continues to get great recruits because girls want to play for him. However if females where to coach a men’s basketball team I doubt there would be many guys at UF that would be happy if some women came in and took Billy Donovan’s place because quite honestly it would be tough for her to do a good job simply because it’s a tougher much faster game then women’s basketball and its a lot easier to coach when you know how to play it. The second reason I think that this is ok is because generally men are better coaches then women and the bottom line is that professional and college sports teams make money if they win so you want to find coaches who win. In no way am...
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...in their collegiate careers; that it is improbable they will be contending at the professional level. Because of this, beseeching athletes to immerse themselves in academics is one of the essential aspects of the head coaches’ role. Numerous studies exist with information on the differences between leadership styles of males and females. A study by Growe & Montgomery, states that the use of power is dissimilar between men and women. Women use power to empower others, noting that power is not finite, but rather expands by sharing it with others. Men, in comparison, attempt to have all of the answers and do not tend to want to share the power they have obtained in a position (Growe & Montgomery, 1999). This study will examine if the different leadership styles generally attributed to men and women have a significant impact on the academic performance of the members of their teams. The research regarding the use of power between men and women directly relates to people in positions of authority, especially in high profile positions such as NCAA coaches. Empowering others is an important aspect in any sport, especially a team sport such as basketball. Through this study, there may be a correlation found between the different leadership aspects of men and women coaches and the academic performances of their teams. This literature review will serve as a summarization of the works related to leadership styles of men and women, and the effects these styles have on their players academically...
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...sportswriter calls to talk about minority hiring in college basketball, folks of all races seem to get nervous. As I sought feedback following last week's release of the "2012 Racial and Gender Report Card: College Sport" by Central Florida's Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport -- the report excludes historically black colleges and universities -- which states that the current pool of Division I African-American head coaches (18.6 percent through the 2011-12 season) is at its lowest mark since the 1995-96 season, people weren't sure what, if anything, they should say. Multiple administrators passed on the opportunity. The NCAA wanted to see my questions, and then it wanted a pre-interview phone conversation before it ultimately emailed its responses. The coaches who talked on the record always ended our chats with the same concern: "I didn't say anything that will make me look bad, right?" Shaka Smart Andy Lyons/Getty Images To reach Shaka Smart's level, black coaches often have to overcome certain labels. I don't blame them. It's an incendiary issue, because we're uncomfortable with race as dialogue. It's still a subject that makes athletic directors -- 89 percent of whom are white at the Division I level, per the report -- squirm. Minority coaches speak cautiously, because they don't want to be labeled as rebels or militants. That hesitancy is a significant component in a perennial problem that's often managed but rarely attacked. An inherent defensiveness...
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...Gender Inequality in Soccer In American society, sports are an important part of our lives. For centuries, males have dominated a wide range of sports. This wide range of sports doesn't only include what type of sport, but also includes professional sports teams, college, high school and even elementary age teams. In modern day, women are still fighting for equality in sports. Even though Women sports have increased in popularity, gender inequality still exists today. Now and days, women are receiving more opportunities, but people still mainly prefer men's sports. Women are still not accepted as equal participants in the activity of sports or in sharing sports knowledge. Women are seen as weaker and not as capable as men when it comes...
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...The purpose of the study was to determine possible differences in leadership behaviors, using the Revised Leadership for Sport Scale (RLSS), between male and female coaches and among different coaching levels. The researchers submitted two hypotheses. The first hypothesis was that male and female coaches would respond differently to the RLSS in overall leadership behaviors. The second hypothesis was that differences on the RLSS would occur among coaching levels: junior high, high school, and college. The sample was nonrandom, including 162 coaches that were chosen on a volunteer basis. Within the sample, 118 (0.73) of the coaches were male, while 44 (0.27) were female. With regard to coaching level, 25 (0.15) were junior high coaches, 99 (0.61) high school, and 38 (0.24) at the college level. While this is a good sample size, the problem lies with the distribution of the sample. The sample number for junior high coaches, in particular, is rather low. A larger sample with regard to all categories would have aided in the data analysis, particularly when looking for possible interactions between gender and coaching level. The instrument utilized was the Revised Leadership for Sport Scale (RLSS) developed by Zhang, Jensen, and Mann in 1996. This scale is used to measure six leadership behaviors: training and instruction, democratic, autocratic, social support, positive feedback, ...
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...Social Inequalities of Sports The world of sports has so many different levels to it. In each separate sport, there are different levels that range from recreational and neighborhood teams all the way up to professional leagues. Getting all the way up to this professional or even the collegiate level is a very impressive feat that not many people can say they have accomplished. However, athleticism and talent are not the only thing that gets you to these levels. There are many other factors that have to do with how far you can take your sport and how far your sport will allow you to go. There are many different inequalities such as race, ethnicity, class, and gender that shape each athlete’s experience in their respective sports. The first is race and ethnicity. The conversation about racial inequality is currently a hot topic in the United States. However, over the last fifty years, the world of sports has made some of the best progress of any institutions. In the National Football League, two thirds of the league players are racial minorities, most of them being African American. Close to 25% of the league management positions are occupied by people of color. There were six African American general managers in 2012, and eight of the last 12 Super Bowl participants have either had a black coach or General Manager. The National Basketball Association also has a very good diverse athlete population. More than three quarters of all NBA players are African-American and people...
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...The Path to Victory of Pat Summitt Brittany Quay PXS 308 001 15 November 2012 In almost every aspect of the world there is some sort of gender inequality. In most sports the men have many more resources available to them compared to the women. There have been many great coaches and athletes who have overcome the obstacles that the fewer resources have brought on. These athletes or coaches have been successful regardless of the situation. One of these coaches is Patricia Head Summitt. Despite the gender inequalities that are evident in the sport of basketball she has become the greatest coach in the sport. Pat Summitt was born to Richard and Hazel Head on June 14, 1952. She was born in Ashland City, Tennessee. She married R.B. Summitt who she later divorced and together they had one son named Tyler. Pat attended the University of Tennessee at Martin. She majored in physical education and was a member on the women’s basketball team there. Along with playing for her school she was a member of the United States World University team. Summitt graduated in 1974. Immediately after graduating she was offered the job of head women’s basketball coach at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville. She accepted the job offer and worked in this position from 1974 until 2012. As a child Pat grew up in Clarksville, Tennessee but later moved across the county line to Henrietta, Tennessee so that Pat would be able to participate on a women’s high school team. She played...
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...Beneficial Sport Activities There are numerous benefits that you can obtained as a child or adult through the involvement of sport activities. These benefits are a significant characteristic and representation of our choices, responsibilities, and actions. Every skill you learned while in sports can be used to build positive structure and character. Sport activities involve physical benefits, personal benefits, and social benefits. These featured benefits apply to both sexes and people of all ages. Although an assistant professor of sociology, at Wittenburg University in Ohio, states, “Participating in athletics helps students perform well in academically during high school more than any other extracurricular activity.” According to an article on the America.gov Webitse, she explains, “They benefit developmentally in terms of building self-confidence and self- esteem and the ability to problem-solve; they develop socially in that they build relationships with students and teachers and parents that can act as resources for them in terms of their academics.” Being involved in sports as a young child can help build a foundation for cooperative play, teamwork, and good sportsmanship. It is extremely beneficial to participate with sports in your childhood. The article, “The Amazing Benefits of Sports For Kids,” simply expresses that researches indicate that sports help children develop physical skill, get exercise, make friends, have fun, learn to play as a member of a team...
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...trained--causing a boring existence with no time for recreation, athletics, or freelance time. There was no time for the Handmaids to be physically active other than the forced labor exercises on the floor and breathing drills that were supposed to prepare them if they ever underwent childbirth (Atwood 70). In the modern age of America, women have long been limited as well in exercise and sports. In the beginning of the twentieth century, sports for females were limited to private clubs for white women to play sports like golf. Additionally at this time, some black females at segregated colleges and schools were enabled to participate in sports in their educational institutions, and some girls’ basketball teams were formed in some rural schools (Lumpkin). Jumping to the present day, while there has been improvement in the opportunities open for women, men still seem to dominate the sports world. Concerning the ratio of male to female coaches, for example, in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) institutions, “78.7% of directors in athletics...are males…57.2% of the coaches of women’s teams are males” (Lumpkin)....
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...Sports broadcast journalism is a profession desired by many. It appears to be more competitive than ever before, especially as a profession for women. It looks like a glamorous career for women because they are traveling from one sporting event to another, meeting athletes, and reporting on the sideline during games. So, as we see an increase in women striving to become sports broadcast journalist, as well as the number of women seen and heard reporting sports, it is a challenge today as it was over a decade ago. The issue is whether or not women in sports media are afforded the same opportunities that include prominent positions, reporting male games as well as female games, benefits and salary based on their qualifications and credibility...
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...playing a sport? When do they decide that making a hefty paycheck outweighs their actual desire to compete in the game they have grown to love? When reaching a certain skill level like that of college, athletes crave a greater reward than just success. I’m currently a collegiate athlete and I’ve often wondered why athletes like me don’t get paid. Collegiate athletes give all of their time in school and on sports and suggest that they deserve something in return other than just scholarship funds. College is very expensive and without some type of financial aid, most students would drown in debt acquired from student loans. Scholarships available to go to certain universities aid student-athletes during each semester, but do not cover most external costs. Players are presented with a choice when participating in a college sport. The decision to attend a school of preference and partake in a sport, all comes down to the individual. Paying college athletes is a difficulty because paying male athletes and female athletes equally would be a huge challenge. Though it may be a choice to play sports in college, I want to know the meaning behind athletes not getting paid. Being a college athlete can be directly translated as an occupation. When a player wakes up in the morning, they either have 8 A.M. classes or a workout session with the team. In between attending practices, classes, and study halls, it is hard to find time for anything else. Every day of the week, major sports like basketball...
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...Equity in Sports Colleen Iardella American Military University Gender equity in sports describes an environment in which fair and equitable distribution of overall athletic opportunities, benefits, and resources is available to women and men and in which student athletes, coaches, and athletics administrators are not subject to gender-based discrimination. Title IX, passed in 1972 at the pinnacle of the women’s rights movement, banned sex discrimination in any federally financed education program. It threw into quick relief the imbalanced treatment of male and female athletes on college campuses. Ever since Congress passed the federal gender-equity law, universities have opened their gyms and athletic fields to millions of women who previously did not have chances to play. But as women have surged into a greater part on campus in recent years, many institutions have resorted to deception to make it look as if they are offering more sports to women. Throughout this paper I will discuss the issues of gender equity in sports. I will mention what equal opportunities women have to play sports and how they can develop the psychological, physiological and sociological impact from sports participation. Females are playing team sports more now than they were a decade ago and far more women will play team sports in the next decade. In the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association's (SGMA) study, the authors analyzed many team sports and the role that females played...
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...than punished. The current international landscape is quite diverse. Different peoples, roles and opportunities exist in different places worldwide. By contrast, a practice like racism negatively affects society by excluding individuals based on their ethnicity. It will be to our advantage to stop evaluating people based on things they cannot change and instead evaluate them based on their future and current capabilities. Diversity is the equal treatment, compensation, and inclusion of people from all groups. Equality of treatment Primarily, in a diverse society people from all groups are treated equally. When a female qualifies for a traditionally male position they are treated the same as their male counterparts. For example, some roles in the United States are typically segregated by gender. In the instance of home construction it is rare to see a female installer of roof shingles. In our past it was common in our country to assign certain people to tasks based only on their gender. In...
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