...Why is valuation required? It helps us to take investment decisions. • If Estimated Value > Market Price, Buy • If Estimated Value < Market Price, Don’t Buy How can equity be valued? • DDM • Relative Valuation • CAPM In discounted cash flow valuation, the objective is to find the value of an asset, given its cash flow, growth and risk characteristics. In relative valuation, we value an asset based upon how similar assets are currently priced in the market. A prospective house buyer decides how much to pay for a house by looking at the prices paid for similar houses in the neighborhood. In the same vein, a potential investor in a stock tries to estimate its value by looking at the market pricing of “similar” stocks. Consequently, there are two components to relative valuation. The first is that to value assets on a relative basis, prices have to be standardized, usually by converting prices into multiples of some common variable. The second is to find similar assets, which is difficult to do since no two assets are exactly identical. With real assets like antiques and baseball cards, the differences may be small and easily controlled for when pricing the assets. In the context of valuing equity in firms, the problems are compounded since firms in the same business can still differ on risk, growth potential and cash flows. Relative valuation is pervasive…Most valuations on Wall Street are relative valuations. • Almost 85% of equity...
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...10. Solve the problem A business owner makes 1,000 items a day. Each day he or she contributes eight hours to produce those items. If hired, elsewhere he or she could have earned $250 an hour. The item sells for $15 each. Production does not stop during weekends. If the explicit costs total $150,000 for 30 days. a. Calculate the firm’s accounting profit for the month; Revenue equals 1000 items per day * $15/item*30days = $450,000.Explicit costs are given as $150,000. Therefore, accounting profit = $450,000-$150,000 =$300,000 b. Explain the reason why it is greater than economic profit. A company's total earnings, calculated according to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), and includes the explicit costs of doing business, such as depreciation, interest and taxes. Accounting profits tend to be higher than economic profits as they omit certain implicit costs, such as opportunity costs. Economic profit = revenue - implicit (opportunity) and explicit (monetary) costs; Accounting profit = revenue - explicit costs. 2. Solve the problem Suppose that you estimated the following demand curve. Q = 90.5 − 3.36P + 0.002I Q Represents quantity demanded, P represents price and I represents average income. You know that the current market price is $20 and average income is $20,000 a) Calculate current demand. Q = 90.5 − 3.36( ) $20 + .002($20,000) = 63.3 b) Calculate the price elasticity of demand. E = 3.36*(20/63.3) = 1.06 c) Calculate...
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...Nash equilibrium = a pair of strategies (strategy is a best response against the other) When players act rationally, optimally, and in their own self-interest, it’s possible to compute the likely outcomes (equilibria) of G. By studying G, we learn: Strategies are likely to take us and how to modify the rules of the game to our own advantage. SEQUENTIAL G (players take turns moving) are influenced by who moves first (a potential first-mover advantage, or disadvantage), and who can commit to a future course of action. Credible commitments (threats) are difficult to make because they require players to commit to a course of action against their self-interest. Thus, the best threat is one you never have to use. SIMULTANEOUS-move G, players move at the same time. In the prisoners’ dilemma, convict and cooperation are in tension—self-interest leads to outcomes that reduce both players’ payoffs. Cooperation can improve both players’ payoffs. Rules of thumb: • Be nice: No rest strikes. • Be easily provoked: Respond immediately to rivals. • Be forgiving: Don’t try to punish competitors too much. • Don’t be envious: Focus on your own slice of the port pie, not on your competitor’s. • Be clear: Make sure your competitors can easily interpret your actions. Strategic: model as either a simultaneous-move or sequential-move game. Focusing on how the outcome of bargaining games depends on who moves first and who can commit to a bargaining position, as well as whether...
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...Research or Interview Paper Instructions You can choose 1 of the following two options for your Research or Interview Paper. Your paper will be 7 double-spaced pages for the main content (not including the cover page and reference page). Your choices include: 1. A research paper Steps for writing the research paper: a) Choose a topic in Managerial Economics. b) Submit the topic and the outline of the paper to the instructor anytime for approval. c) A minimum of 3 references besides the textbook are required. Liberty University library has excellent resources for your search for journals. http://www.liberty.edu/index.cfm?PID=178 OR 2. An interview paper Steps for writing the interview paper: a) Choose a topic in Managerial Economics. b) Design at least 5 questions according to the topic. c) Submit your questions to the instructor for approval. d) Contact a local or non-local company for an interview. e) Conduct the interview for answers to your questions. f) The paper must have 3 parts: • The description of the company; • Interview questions and answers; and • Your comments. *The research paper is to be done individually, not as a group. **Do not wait until the last module/week to work on the paper. Do it as early as possible. ***A paper that was written for other classes would not be accepted for...
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...Case Study: Chapter 8 Aaron Lambert Saint Leo MBA 540 Managerial Economics Analyzing Managerial Decisions: Leaving New York for the Farmlands of Illinois While the co-workers may be rightly supportive of the individual’s aspirations, they are likely not qualified to advise him on this matter. The individual claims to have $800,000.00 saved from bonuses at his current place of employment. Based on that information alone, it appears that he is considering walking away from what seems like a fairly secure and profitable situation at his current job and committing to a new and less certain endeavor. With reports implying that demand for corn will soar the farming proposition may seem like a good idea; however, our potential farmer needs to consider other factors. The costs associated with acquiring the land are known and estimated to be $800,000.00, but there are other costs involved that are considerable and quite fixed. He will need to purchase farming equipment and machinery, which will require much more cash upfront in addition to the land. These fixed costs definitely need to be factored into the decision but are omitted in the text. If he has a lot more of that bonus money remaining, he could purchase the machinery outright. If paying cash is not possible he will need to take up a loan, lease, or rent; either option resulting in additional expenses incurred each period. Based on an article published by the University of Illinois in 2014, corn farmers in Illinois...
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...MID-TERM EXAM - 1st Semester, 2012 |Date |Time |Course Title & Code |Room No. | |29 June, 2012 |11.00 am ~ 12.30 pm |501: Accounting System & Auditing |502 | |(Friday) | | | | |30 June, 2012 |7.00 pm ~ 8.30 pm |502: Managerial Economics |402 | |(Saturday) | | | | |06 July, 2012 |3.00 pm ~ 4.30 pm |503: Business Communication |502 | |(Friday) | | | | |07 July, 2012 |7.00 pm ~ 8.30 pm |504: Advanced Management |502 | |(Saturday) | | | | |13 July, 2012 |3.00 pm ~ 4.30 pm |503: Business Communication...
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...Coach Mike Krzyzewski (Coach K.) and Coach Robert Knight (Coach Knight) were two of the most winning and successful coaches to ever coach basketball. These men are not just known for their record wins, but for their unique leadership. They each had a unique way of leading their teams. Coach Knight was Indiana University’s head basketball coach and became a legend there. Coach K. was the head coach at Duke University since 1980. A fact of interest, both of these two men knew each other in an earlier time. Coach Knight had been Mike Krzyzewski’s basketball coach when he played for the United States Military Academy at West Point. It was there they began to build a relationship of trust and respect that would follow and remain with them throughout both of their careers and beyond, as they were also friends. Each of these men have differing ways in which they lead their teams, but there are leadership styles which they shared when it came to coaching. When taking the model which Robert Katz developed we can see there are skills that did account for their success. Coach Knight held two of the leadership traits that were professed by Katz. Those were technical skills and conceptual skills. He had the ability to know exactly was needed and how to make changes based on each individual situation. According to Katz’s model, Coach Knight did not have human skills. He was known for his roughness (e.g; using high levels of profanity and throwing objects onto the court). He did not have human...
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...tEXECUTIVE SUMMARY The paper identifies different source and causes of different types of conflict in the work place. Analysis of the conflict was done with the aid of Blake and Mouton’s model of conflict management. The paper reflects on a real life observation using brightlands care home. Conflicts observed in the home were analysed and discussed. Manager positions in handling the conflict were also analysed using Blake and Mouton’s conflict management style model. Five conflict management style (competitor, collaborator, compromiser, accommodator and avoider) were used to analysed the conflict were based on the research of Blake and Mouton (1964). Using the conflict scenario, the paper critically discussed various approach towards conflict resolution within and between groups. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Conflict is a normal and natural aspect of life and the working environment hardly do without one form of conflict or the other. Conflict in the workplace is a well known daily phenomenon and it is on the increase. It is worth saying that a conflict free company never existed and will never exist. Tension, cultural differences, aggressions, antagonisms, negative attitude and frustration will usually exists especially wherever men are forced to live and work together. . Burton (1972) said in his book that Conflict, like sex is an essential creative element in human relationships. It is the means to change, the means by which our social values of welfare, security, justice and...
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...Running head: Leadership Styles Leadership Styles Kellie Napper Grand Canyon University LDR 600 Leadership Styles and Development September 18, 2012 Leadership Styles Leaders have many different styles and approaches they take when evolving to becoming a great leader. It takes many years of practice to perfect a craft within certain individuals. Some crafts are more defined than others; never the less these skills are done to win over individuals in work environments and major league football teams. According to Katz (1955) there are three basic administrative needs that should be present for managers to be effective which are conceptual, human, and technical. Coach K’s approach contained both conceptual and human skills. Coach K was able to come up with an approach that was comfortable for both him and the team. He did not want to come with a lot of rules that no one would follow. Growing up Coach K spent a lot of time with his family. As he became an adult his wife and children were very important to him. This is the typed of approach he took with his team. Coach K lacked in my opinion in the technical area. He was not all about a lot of drills and long practices. Coach Knight’s approach contained conceptual and technical skills. Coach Knight had very little room for error. He drilled step by step plays into his players. He believed in practicing long hours and if you could not follow the rules you would be kicked out of practice. Coach Knight taught...
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...Importance of Human Resource Investment for Organizations and Economy: A Critical Analysis Jan Mohammed∗, Mitho Khan Bhatti∗∗, Ghulam Ali Jariko∗∗∗ & Abdul Wahid Zehri∗∗∗∗ Abstract Human resource is the most crucial asset of an organization. The successful performance of an organization, by and large depend upon the quality of its human resources. The quality of organization’s human resources depends upon the extent of knowledge through training and education they have received and their motivational level. Organizations want to utilize their manpower through human resources management. Human resource development (HRD) is one of the most important functions of human resource management. The aim of human resource development in an organization is to maximize the productivity and increase the return on investment of all the organizational stakeholders. HRD is a combination of organizational endeavors including education, training, development, career planning and development that ensure continual improvement and growth of both the individuals and organizations. The foray of workers entering into public and private sector organizations in Baluchistan from various disciplines has necessitated the need for appraising the Human Resource Development situations in Baluchistan. Therefore this article is an attempt to investigate the human resource situations in the province. Keywords: Human Resource Development, Human Resource Management, Training and Development...
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...statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), which generated the frequency distributions, means, standard deviations, chi-square statistics, analyses of variance, etc of the responses. The hypotheses of this research which were tested at 0.05 level of significance using chi-square statistics hinged on identifying the greatest problem which SMEs face in Nigeria, the identification and ranking of the top ten problems or challenges of SMEs in Nigeria and the relationship between the form and nature of the business enterprise and its sources of funding for its operations. The major findings of this study include the following: SMEs have played and continue to play significant roles in the growth, development and industrialization of many economies the world over. In the case of Nigeria, SMEs have performed below expectation due to a combination of problems which ranges from attitude and habits of SMEs themselves through environmental...
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....what is meant by managerial economics? Managerial economics is a study of application of managerial skills in economics,more over it help to find problems or obstacles in the business and provide solution for those problems.problems may be relating to costs, prices, forecasting the future market ,human resource management, profits etc. Managerial economics is a study of application of managerial skills in economics, more over it help to find problems or obstacles in the business and provide solution for those problems. Managerial economics (also called business economics), is a branch of economics that applies microeconomic analysis to specific business decisions. As such, it bridges economic theory and economics in practice. it's fields and it's Components? Fields are: Risk analysis, production analysis , price analysis and capital budgeted Components: Consumers * Microeconomics studies the actions of two major components: individual consumers and businesses. As a part of the economy, consumers sell their labor to business firms, in exchange for which they receive wages. Consumers then spend their earnings on goods and services they purchase from businesses, and pay taxes to the government for the services governments provide. Consumer spending is an important component of the economy, because consumers' activity represents such a large part of a nation's gross domestic product (GDP), the sum total of national economic activity. In the U.S., consumer spending accounts...
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...engaged in industry. Unemployment is estimated at around 18.5 percent. In terms of age structure, it is more youthful than in the western countries. Heavy pressure of population on scarce land has no doubt created an extremely unfavorable land-man ratio. The GDP of Bangladesh is total $258.608 billion, Per Capital $1,572 (estimate 2010). Due to rapid growth of the population in the last few decades the Bangladeshi labor force has grown rapidly, as there were a large proportion of young people born in the 1960s and 1970s. According to the EIU Country Profile the Bangladeshi labor force almost doubled in a matter of a decade, growing from 30.9 million people in 1985-86 to 56.0 million people in 1995-96. Although all sectors of the national economy experienced significant growth, they were far below the speed of the labor force growth. According to Bangladeshi national statistics, in 1995-96 only 12.4 percent of the labor force had formal employment, while 40 percent were considered "employed in family-based" businesses, 29.6 percent were considered "self-employed," and 17.9 percent had their jobs on a "daily basis." In general, the competition for working positions in the country is intense, and the working conditions are very harsh, especially in rural areas, where 63 percent of the labor force is employed. Automation factory is doing well in many country of the world. Automation poses certain peculiar problems for developing countries .These countries are...
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...ECONOMICS OF SCALE Name Institution Economics of scale Introduction Economies of scale is the cost advantages by enterprises due to size, input, or scale of operation with cost per unit decreasing with increasing scale as fixed costs are spread out more to units of output (Thatcher, 2009). The reason why some regions are more developed than other regions economically is because they produce their goods more efficiently and hence bringing more profit than competitor's regions. Since economies of scale lay it main focus on having an efficient production this shapes the economic development of regions. This paper is about economies of scale it describes how economies of scale shape the economic development of regions through description of different types of economies of scale and examples of countries and regions around the global (Stamp, 2009). Structure Definition Economies of scale is the cost advantages by enterprises due to size, input, or scale of operation, with cost per unit decreasing with increasing scale as fixed costs are spread out more to units of output. Economies of scale are known to improve with growing firms, therefore; it can be said that the economies of scale are directly proportional to the size of the firm (Stamp, 2009). From a simple firm which produces exercise books, the firm uses £200 to produce 10 exercise books meaning the average cost is £20 if the firm produces 40 exercise books the average cost is £12.The difference here is brought by...
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...International Business Chapter 1 What is international Business Key Concepts In International Business * International Trade - describes the exchange of products and services across national borders * Exchanges can be made through exporting or can also take the form of: * Importing or Global Sourcing - the procurement of products or services from suppliers located abroad for consumption in the home country or a third country. * International Investment - refers to the transfer of assets to another country or the acquisition of assets in that country. Economists refer to such assets as factors of production and they include capital, technology, managerial talent and manufacturing infrastructure. * Foreign Direct Investment - is an internationalisation strategy in which the firm establishes a physical presence abroad through acquisition of productive assets such as land, plant, equipment, capital and technology. It is a foreign-market entry strategy that gives investors partial or full ownership of a productive enterprise. * International portfolio investment - refers to the passive ownership of foreign securities such as stocks and bonds for the purpose of generating financial returns. International portfolio investment and foreign direct investment are the two essential types of cross-border investment. The Nature of International Investment Foreign direct investment (FDI) is the ultimate stage in internationalisation and encompasses the...
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