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Managerial Statistics.

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SCIENCE – is an orderly arrangement of knowledge and fact based on careful observation and experimentation.
MATHEMATICS - a branch of science dealing with finding plausible solution to certain irregular condition known as problem with the use of some quantitative techniques.
STATISTICS – branch of science dealing with the collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data with the use of some mathematical tools to arrive at a valid and reliable conclusion and/or generalization. System: methods Procedures Processes Steps

STATISTICS

SAMPLE AND SAMPLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Samples are preferred and/or recommended to be used in a research understanding for 3 essential reasons: Money, effort and time (MET)

Slovin’s Formula - a practical statistical method used to determine the so called “ideal” sample size (n) ____N____ N = 1 + N(e)2

Two Most Commonly Used e’s

1. 0.01 = medical health related fields
2. 0.05 = allied fields
This applies that the researcher is 95% confident or sure that whatever data generated from the sample(s) are true and are applicable to the population from where the sample(s) was drawn

A sample can be a population; a population can be a sample, depending on the point of reference!

Exercise: N = 1000 e = .05

____N____ N = 1 + N(e)2

= 1000 1+1000(0.05)2

= 1000 1+1000(0.0025)

= 1000 1+2.5

= 1000 3.5

= 285.71

= 286

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
A) Probability or Random Sampling - each member of the population is given equal chance to become part of the sample group

Techniques:
1. Simple Random Sampling - direct assignment
2. Table of Random Numbers
3. Fishbowl of Lottery

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