...Is Management a Science or Profession To conclude whether management is science, art or profession, we must understand the features and meanings of science or profession and compare them with management meaning and features. Management as a Science: Science can be defined as a systematic and organized body of knowledge based on logically observed findings, facts and events. Science comprises of exact principles which can be verified and it can establish cause and effect relations. Main characteristics/features of science are: 1. Systematic body of knowledge: In science organized and systematic study material is available which is used to acquire the knowledge of science. Like science in management also there is availability of systematic and organized study material. So first feature of science is present in management. 2. Scientific principles are derived on the basis of logical and scientific observations: The scientists perform logical observation before deriving any principle or theory. They are very objective while doing the observations. But when managers are observing they have to observe human beings and observation of human being cannot be purely logical and objective. Some kind of subjectivity enters in the observations so this feature of science is not present in management. All the scientific principles have same effect, wherever we try them whereas effect of management principles varies from one situation to other. 3. Principles are...
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...The Uppsala Model Internationalisation can be described as “the process of increasing involvement in international operations” (Welch & Luostarinen, 1988, p. 36). At any rate, why a company should internationalize, and how? The fundamental reason for exporting, in most firms, is to make money. However, as in most business activities, one factor alone rarely accounts for any given action. Usually a mixture of factors results in firms taking steps in a given direction. The table below provides an overview of the major internationalization motives. They are differentiated into proactive and reactive motives. Proactive motives represent stimuli to attempt strategy change, based on the firm’s interest in exploiting unique competences (e.g. a special technological knowledge) or market possibilities. Reactive motives indicate that the firm reacts to pressures or threats in its home market or in foreign markets and adjusts passively to them by changing its activities over time. Proactive motives | Reactive motives | * Profit and growth goals * Managerial urge * Technology competence/unique product * Foreign market opportunities/market information * Economies of scale * Tax benefits | * Competitive pressures * Domestic market: small and saturated * Overproduction/excess capacity * Unsolicited foreign orders * Extend sales of seasonal products * Proximity to internationalcustomers/psychological distance | (Adapted from Albaum et al., 1994, p. 31)...
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...Running head: MY NURSING PHILOSOPHY My Nursing Philosophy and How Nursing Impacts My Life Liza Guillen Broward College My Nursing Philosophy and How Nursing Impacts My Life In order to fully understand my personal nursing philosophy I had to first begin to research the meaning of the word philosophy. Philosophy: the rational investigation of truths and principals of being, knowledge or conduct (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/philosophy). Nursing can be defined differently by each individual. The word nursing comes from the Latin word nutricius, which means “nourishing.”(Nursing Today). To nourish is to provide any type of care necessary to promote; maintain life and growth. But what does care really mean? Well caring is defined as “feeling and exhibit concern and empathy for other” (the free dictionary). A nurse incorporates all of these meanings into not only patient care but to a way of life in order to truly believe and live by his or her own philosophy of nursing. Dr, Jean Watson’s caring theory incorporates three main elements of caring into her theory which are carative factors, the transpersonal caring relationship, and the caring occasion/caring moment (Watson, 2001). These elements describe the trusting relationship a nurse must create with the patient, the time and space to do so, and the how a nurse extend beyond their own sense of self to understand and care for others as unique beings. I believe these elements guide nurses to serve...
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...Testing A Theory PSY/201 May 12, 2013 A couple of years ago, I decided to test a theory on myself by trying to lose fight while gaining more muscle mass. I have heard so many different theories on how to lose fat while gaining muscle mass, but I could not find a good routine that gave me the best results. Before I began my research, I had to think critical about what was causing me to gain fat, and why my workout routine was not as effective on myself as it was for others. I began to search for credible sources on the Internet, so that I can have a better understanding of the relationship between nutrition and the human body. Once my understanding on nutrition was clear, I then began to do research on fat burning and strength conditioning. After my research was complete, I began to test these theories on myself. I created a chart that kept track of each exercise, the amount of repetitions completed, weight loss or gain, and body fat percentage. I used this chart to compare my before and after results within 90 days, and the end results were stunning. I could lower my body fat percentage, and gain more muscle mass, which was exactly what I wanted. The type of informal research that was used to test this theory was experimental research. According to the textbook, Psychology and Your Life, it tells us about experimental research, which states, “Investigator produces a change in one variable to observe the effects of that change on other variables” (Ch. 1, pg. 33)...
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...Scientific Method August 25, 2013 Alfred Porter SCI/230 In the scientific method that I chose to do was the car experiment. The car experiment explains that I am leaving to go to work and I go to start my car and after turning the key nothing happens. By looking under the hood I have three choices of what could be causing the car not to start. It could be the battery cables could be loose, the car needs fluids, or there could be electrical problems. I looked at all the fluids and the fluid levels were fine. Then I think it is the electrical issues and I look at the fuses and changed them out and tried to start the car. I came to the conclusion that the fuses were bad in the car causing the car to not start. My real-life issue that I could have used the scientific method was trying to plant roses and trying to keep them alive. I would plant the roses and water them and even planted them in the sun. I would not try to figure out why they would keep dying. If I would have went through and tried fertilizer and tried to figure out why they kept dying then I would have at least came to a conclusion. If I would have found out how to take care of roses and then started to water them the way they are supposed to be watered and gave the roses the fuel they need to live they would not have died. I would have first seen how to take care of roses. Then I would have measured out the water and how much sun they needed and applied that then tested my theory I could have seen if they would...
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...A. Introduction Every woman, whether she chooses to acknowledge it or not, has an innate desire to be desired. Even the staunchest of feminists want to be accepted by other feminists. It goes without saying that we people as human beings, don’t enjoy being disliked and people go to any measure to make ourselves more readily acceptable to others. For everyone, one of the easiest ways to improve confidence and self-image is the use of cosmetics. Cosmetics are products you apply to the body to clean it, make it more attractive, or change the way it looks. A powder, lotion, lipstick, rouge, or other preparation of beautifying the face, skin, hair, nails, and other parts of the body. Cosmetics products are today part of our regular culture and fashion, but that was not always the case. The first human made cosmetics appeared in early modern civilizations some six thousand years ago as the way to enhance the appearance and odor of the human body. In the ancient Egyptian time they use to create the world’s first cosmetics to the scientifically advanced products of today that can do everything from hide pores, smooth complexions, and turn pale green of your eyes a vivid shade of emerald. Make up has been an integral part of human kind for thousands of years. Over the centuries, women used burnt matches to darken their eyes, berries to stain their lips and young boy’s urine to fade their freckles. They even swallowed ox blood in some misguided attempt to improve...
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...periodical by searching the Academic Search Premier using the following search terms, Global warming. I chose this periodical article because it argues that even if emissions from earth was reduced, global temperatures would still rise which supports my thesis that global warming is happening because the earth temperature went up by 1.4 degrees. The periodical is current because it was sourced on 9/22/2012. It is authoritative because it the author is a consultant for New Scientist based in London. The purpose of the periodical is to discuss some ideas on stopping global warming and whether any of them could work. For my third source I used an encyclopedia entry written by Bill Freedman and Larry Gilmore from the Gale Encyclopedia of Science. I found this encyclopedia entry by searching the Academic OneFile using the following terms, Global Warming. I chose this encyclopedia entry...
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...Scientific Method Sharon Childers Unit 1 Individual Project May 5, 2013 Biology American Intercontinental University Biology is the study of life. When studying Biology one will study the way organisms live and their lives. How are humans created? How are cell formed? What is DNA made of? All of these questions are some form of Biology. Even the color of certain birds is a part of Biology. When dealing with the Sciences you will come across the Scientific Method. This method consists of: Question, Hypothesis, Research, Experiment, Analysis and Conclusion. Below we will discuss a question and complete the steps of the Scientific Method to come up with an answer to the question. Question Do ruby-throated hummingbirds prefer some colors more than others when visiting flowers? Hypothesis In my opinion I believe hummingbirds prefer bright colors opposed to darker colors. The hummingbird has a red throat so considering that I would think they prefer red or something similar to red when it comes to picking flowers to visit. Research Ruby-throated Hummingbirds are primarily in the United States. These small birds are hard to find in the sky because they are only 2-3 in and can flap their wings 53 times in one second. That’s kind of hard to believe or even imagine. When it comes to the type of feeder a hummingbird feeds on doesn’t really matter. They tend to eat from any kind of feeder. When it comes to flowers they prefer, red and yellow are their preference...
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...------------------------------------------------- The progression of the three stages[edit] (1) The Theological stage refers to explanation by personified deities. During the earlier stages, people believe that all the phenomena of nature are the creation of the divine or supernatural. Men and children failed to discover the natural causes of various phenomena and hence attributed them to supernatural or divine power.[1] Comte broke this stage into 3 sub-stages: 1A. Fetishism - Fetishism was the primary stage of the theological stage of thinking. Throughout this stage, primitive people believe that inanimate objects have living spirit in them, also known as animism. People worship inanimate objects like trees, stones, a piece of wood, volcanic eruptions, etc.[2] 1B. Polytheism - The explanation of things through the use of many Gods. Primitive people believe that all natural forces are controlled by different Gods; a few examples would be God of water, God of rain, God of fire, God of air, God of earth, etc.[3] 1C. Monotheism - Monotheism means believing in one God or God in one; attributing all to a single, supreme deity.[4] (2) The Metaphysical stage is the extension of the theological stage. Metaphysical stage refers to explanation by impersonal abstract explanation. People often tried to believe that God is an abstract being.[5] They believe that an abstract power or force guides and determines events in the world. Metaphysical thinking discards belief in a concrete...
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...treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations. (1) To me this in a nut shell means that is caring for the person as a whole the physical, spiritual and psychological. To care for the person and community. This is essinational to the Metaparadigm of nursing because the first level of the pyramid is the base that is it is the foundation of both nursing and the pyramid. This is the person’s health both mental and physical. This can be accomplished by protection and promotion of the person’s health. The second is very broad but includes a understanding of how the physical and mental components effects a person health. This foundation of learned by a knowledge of physical and social sciences. The third and fourth level of the pyramid is Nursing Theories, this is how the physical and nursing intervention collide. Without strong nursing theories and then we wouldn’t know to for example turn are patients every two hours to prevent bed sores. The fifth and sixth level pf the pyramid is evidence based practice and quality outcomes. The both of this levels are what the definition of nursing is all about. Quality outcomes based on evidence based practice and optimization of health and abilities through protection, promotion of health with the patient (1) FAQ American Nurses Association,...
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...can be linked to the decline of academic performance. This online games has a big impact especially in teenagers; moreover, Dalan (2008) on cyber psychology found out the negative effect of playing online games, these according to him may lead to violence, anger and swearing. Online gaming has emerged as a popular source of entertainment and play for all ages, especially for students. Students and other individuals who are always playing with computer games may find themselves obsessed with these games. They might be using a lot of time that should be otherwise be used for studying, doing school work and engaging in more productive endeavour. It is for these reasons that a group of fourth year student of Bicol State College of Applied Sciences and Technology conducted a research on the effect of computer gaming on the academic performance in mathematics of grade 7 students in the first and second grading period for the school year 2012-2013. Statement of the Problem This study assessed the effect of computer games played by grade 7 high school student of BISCAST on their academic performance in mathematics for the first and second grading period for the school year 2012-2013 Specifically it answers the following questions: 1. What are the kinds of computer games that the respondents are playing with? 2....
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...Life Span Perspective Life Span Perspective People are natural social creatures who progress through life by growth personally and physically. The life span development or science of human development follows the scientific method in order, to prove or disprove development theories. It will be described what life span development is and the purpose of human development. From there an understanding of two development theories will be explained. The theories are to give the reader and understanding of how scientists have tried to partly explain human development. This is also why heredity and environmental influences will also be examined, considering the theories place emphasis on both. The science of human development is “to understand how and why people—all kinds of people, everywhere—change or remain the same over time” (Berger, 2008. p. 3). Further, human development has three fundamentals that help define the study. The first is the science, as stated before the science of human life span development is based on the scientific method. Theories are hypothesized, data is collected on experiments or observation, the data reveals whether the hypothesis is correct or incorrect and form here scientists can determine what the conclusion means (Berger, 2008. p. 4). The second is diversity, in which considering the different kinds of people (Berger, 2008 p. 4). Studying the different people of all ages, race, and around the globe allows further compare and contrast of different...
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...1. Introduction Everything that we use to make our life more comfortable are created and maintained by engineers. Clearly engineers play an important role in our lives. However, there is a shortage of them. I believe that studying engineering should be encouraged and we should make engineering a more attractive career. In this report, I will address the importance of engineers, reasons why we are lacking them and some solutions that can help solve the problem. 2. The importance of Engineers Engineers apply their knowledge in mathematics, sciences, economics and society and use their practical skills to design and build structures, machines, devices, materials, systems, and processes1. Looking around us, everything from vehicles, buildings, facilities to our laptops, mobile phones have been created and are still maintained by engineers. Hence, it is hard to imagine how our lives will be without them. Moreover, engineers are those who has changed and shaped the world today. “Engineers will drive the solutions to today’s most pressing problems” – Quote by Dean of Engineering, UC Berkeley. One of the most significant events in the history of the world’s economy is the Industrial revolution in eighteenth and nineteenth century. Starting in the UK, the manufacturing of products has switched from animal and labour based to machine based. Since then, the UK economy, and later the most of Europe economy have developed dramatically. Engineers continue to solve one of the biggest problems...
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...The Standard Formula of an Article in Applied Ethics Although philosophical articles can vary widely in their structure and writing style, most credible articles in applied ethics follow a predictable formula. In this conception of that formula, applied ethics articles can typically be broken into five distinct components: 1. Introduction to the case the author wishes to analyze The introduction usually features a brief overview of the issue and a quick recap of the relevant literature on the subject. If the article is a response to a different view on the same case, the other view will be presented and explained before the author presents his or her own view. Optionally, the author may raise objections to other views on the subject before presenting his or her own view. 2. Proposal of a theory (or principle) which can be used to analyze the case All case analyses must have some theoretical framework on which they are based. Without a framework that illustrates clear behavior-guiding principles, any case analysis will lack compelling support and risk incoherence. 3. Critical analysis of the theory and explanation of why it is superior to alternative theories or principles If the theory has unacceptable flaws, then any case analysis based on that theory or principle will inherit related flaws. Consequently, the author must defend the theory against opposing viewpoints by offering supporting arguments and responding to objections. Any mysterious or puzzling concepts must also be...
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...nowadays our society has enjoyed the benefits of having modern technology.We are blessed with modern tools, which could perform to what seemed to be an impossible task in the past like retrieving information in a matter of seconds. However, this often comes with unforseen and undesirable consequences defeating the very objective in the first place. To my mind, modern technology is a bane than a boon. It cannot be denied that the technological improvement brings forth to us some advantages. Firstly, it helps man communicate local or oversea by writing email, telephone or mobile. A student , for instance, who is studying abroad can talk to his family by chatting and web cam rather than waiting for a hand - writing letters. Secondly, the modern tools also support man in business and studying. It makes better condition to fulfill tasks faster and more convenient. For example, a student spend less time searching information and documents by clicking mouse on google rather than is stuck with many books in library. A business man can deal with his job by using laptop and internet whereas he can still enjoy holiday with his family. Nevertheless, for every solution technology provides twice as many problems are likely to cause. The modern technology is to some extent underlying causes of negative things in our society. It's Internet that provides an accessible medium for bad elements such as pornography, crimes and so on. the teenagers who are not conscious enough tend to imitate...
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