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Marco Legal

In: Social Issues

Submitted By 1167992
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Trabajo Final
Capítulo 1

Unidad 8
Títulos de Crédito a) Definición:
Es un documento cuyo contenido expresa un derecho literal y autónomo. Con sólo poseer dicho documento puede ejecutarse la acción expresada en él, sin probar los hechos que determinaron su emisión. Éste documento se encuentra ligado permanentemente al título por lo que se dice que el derecho está incorporado al título.

b) Clasificación y Características:
Según su objeto * Títulos personales: Su objeto principal es atribuir a su dueño una calidad personal de miembro de una sociedad. * Títulos obligacionales: Su objeto principal es atribuir a su titular el derecho de exigir el pago de las obligaciones a cargo de sus suscriptores. * Títulos reales: Su objeto principal es otorgar un derecho real sobre la mercancía amparada por el título.
Según la manera en la que son creado * Títulos singulares: Se crea uno sólo cada vez que se necesita de su uso. * Títulos seriales: Se crean en serie, como las acciones y las obligaciones de las sociedades anónimas.
Por su circulación * Nominativos: Tienen un circulación restringida porque designan a una sóla persona como titular y para ser transmitidos necesitan el endoso del titular. * Al portador: La persona que se ve beneficiada por ellos es la que porta el documento.
Por su eficacia procesal * Eficacia procesal plena: No necesitan hacer referencia a otro documento o a ningún acto externo para tener eficacia procesal plena. * Sin eficacia procesal plena: Necesitan ser complementados con elementos ajenos al documento para tener eficacia procesal plena.
Características:
* Incorporación: Su ejercicio se ha condicionado a la exhibición del documento, lleva incorporado un derecho. * Legitimación: Para ejercer el derecho es necesario exhibir el título de crédito. * Literalidad: La ley dice que el derecho que conlleva el documento es “literal”, lo que quiere decir que tal derecho se consignará en su extensión y demás circunstancias por lo que literalmente éste exprese. * Autonomía: Significa que el derecho del titular es un derecho independiente, diverso del derecho * Circulación: Movimiento de los productos, monedas y signos de crédito.

c) Capacidad y representación para emitir título de crédito d) Las acciones cambiarias e) Concepto de protesto y endoso * Protesto: Establece en forma auténtica que una letra fue presentada en tiempo y que el obligado dejó total o parcialmente de aceptarla o pagarla. Salvo disposición legal expresa, ningún otro acto puede suplir al protesto. * Endoso: Es la declaración unilateral de voluntad de carácter formal, total e incondicional, consiste en una constancia puesta al reverso del título o en una hoja adherida a él, con efecto de operar como título para la transmisión de ciertos títulos valores. f) Tipos de protesto y endoso
Protesto
* Bancario: También son llamados, equivocadamente, “cuotas morosas”, es importante establecer que su nombre correcto es “protesto bancario”. No necesitan de un Notario Público para ser realizados, son hechos por los bancos, en definitiva son de más fácil eliminación que una deuda de casa comercial. * Notarial: Son realizados por un Notario Público, los requisitos específicos que debe contener para ser válido son que la deuda no debe tener más de un año y que por dicha deuda debe haberse realizado un acción judicial. También es importante que para efectuar dicho protesto debe mandarse un aviso al afectado citándole a cancelar su deuda, si esto no ocurre, el Notario Público puede protestar el documento correspondiente.
Endoso
* En propiedad: Es aquel por medio del cual la propiedad del título se transmite del endosante al endosatario, ésta clase de endoso no se encuentra definido por el código de comercio. Esta clase de endoso convierte al endosatario en dueño legítimo del título valor y también provoca que quede facultado para ejercer todas las acciones pertinentes para hacer uso del derecho incorporado en el título. * En procuración: Se encuentra establecido en el artículo 658 del código de comercio, éste endoso no transmite la propiedad del título, es decir que el endosante del título sigue manteniendo el dominio de éste; por lo tanto el endosatario solo tiene la facultad de presentar el título para su apreciación o cobro. Es indispensable que éste tipo de endoso tenga la cláusula “en procuración”, “al cobro” o cualquier otra semejante para que el endosatario tenga los derechos y obligaciones de un representante. * En garantía: Se da cuando el título se transfiere como garantía del cumplimiento de una obligación, debe contar con la leyenda “en garantía”, “en prenda” u otra equivalente. Éste tipo de endoso no transmite la propiedad del título sino que constituye sobre él un derecho prendario, lo cual significa conferir al endosatario los derechos del acreedor. g) El pagaré
g.1 Elementos personales
g.2 Caso práctico de pagaré h) Reflexiones personales respecto a la importancia del conocimiento, dominio teórico práctico de las cuentas de crédito dentro del marco legal de los negocios. i) El cheque
i.1 La exclusividad de las instituciones bancarias
Significa que sólo las instituciones bancarias pueden expedirlos.
i.2 Su pago a la vista
Sólo pueden ser cobrados cuando el responsable, que pertenezca a la institución bancaria, vea el documento de título de crédito (cheque) y verifique su autenticidad.
i.3 Principales clases de cheques con pros y contras i.3.1 Al portador: Es el tipo de cheque que puede ser cobrado por cualquier persona, el único requisito es que dicha persona lo muestre físicamente. Un pro es que su cobro es muy rápido y no hay necesidad de lidiar con preguntas en los bancos o de proporcionar documentos extras, un contra es que si el portador extravía el cheque y alguien ajeno a él lo encuentra lo puede cobrar sin problemas aunque no sea el destinatario legítimo del crédito. i.3.2 Nominativos: Sólo puede ser cobrado por la persona designada para ello y por nadie más. Dicha persona tiene que comprobar que es quién dice ser (con una identificación oficial) para poder cobrar el título determinado. El pro es que es mucho más seguro que los otros y el contra es que si hay errores en el nombre de la persona que lo cobrará habrá problemas en el banco. i.3.3 De viajero: El beneficiario puede cobrarlo estando en otro país, la ventaja es que puedes cobrarlo en otro país y que si lo extravías te pueden dar una reposición (obviamente por un importe extra) y el contra es que se cobra una comisión extra por la expedición de éste tipo de cheques. i.3.4 Certificados: El titular pide al banco que certifique la existencia de fondos para pagar el documento. Las ventajas son que el beneficiario podrá estar seguro que el cheque tiene fondos y que es nominativo, o sea que sólo una determinada persona puede cobrarlo. Y una desventaja es que de nuevo se requiere de otro documento extra para su cobro. i.3.5 Cruzados: Son especialmente para abono en una cuenta. La desventaja es precisamente ésa, que con éste tipo de cheques el dinero no puede ser cobrado, sólo abonado a una cuenta y la ventaja es que si se extravía el dinero no se pierde. i.3.6 Posfechado: La ventaja es que el titular cuenta con la seguridad de que el beneficiario cobrará el cheque en una fecha determinada por él (titular) y la desventaja es que el beneficiario no puede obtener el efectivo en seguida de haber recibido el documento (cheque) físicamente.
i.4 Su responsabilidad
i.5 Caso práctico de aplicación con un cheque

Unidad 9
Actos del comercio y sociedades mercantiles a) Concepto de acto de comercio b) Citar a tu libre elección 15 diferentes actos de comercio (Art. 75 del código de comercio) c) Concepto de comerciante
Se consideran comerciantes 1. Quienes hacen del comercio su ocupación habitual. 2. Las sociedades constituidas de acuerdo a las leyes mercantiles del país. 3. Las sociedades extranjeras que dentro del territorio nacional ofrezcan actos del comercio. d) Las personas que no podrán legalmente ejercer el comercio 1. Los notarios públicos (no puede ser juez y parte) 2. Los corredores públicos 3. Los comerciantes quebrados 4. Personas condenadas por delitos de falsedad y fraude e) Diferentes tipos de sociedades mercantiles con sus posibles variantes 1. Sociedad Anónima (S.A.) 2. Sociedad de responsabilidad limitada (S. de RL) 3. Sociedad Cooperativa (S. en Coop.) f) Las principales características de soc. mercantiles 1. Tienen personalidad jurídica distinta a la de sus socios 2. Se deberán de inscribir en el registro público de comercio 3. Sociedades que tengan objeto ilícitos serán nulas 4. Se constituirán forzosamente ante notario público 5. Su ejercicio social coincidirá con el año calendario (el 1° de enero al 31 de diciembre con excepción de su primer año de funcionamiento que podrá ser un ejercicio irregular) 6. Soc. podrán aumentar o disminuir su capital 7. La representación de la sociedad corresponderá a un consejo de administración 8. Socios podrán ser capitalistas o industriales 9. De las utilidades netas toda la sociedad cada año deberá separar el 5% para destinarlo al fondo de reserva g) Características, requisitos o reglas par la constitución de una sociedad anónima 1. Que haya 2 socios como mínimo 2. Que el cap. Social no sea menor a $50,000
Cap 2
El fracaso financiero de una empresa. a) Antecedentes b) Definición y características generales.
Se define como la interrupción de las actividades de la empresa para evitar futuras pérdidas, también es definido por Cochran como “la pérdida del capital propio”.
Sus características generales: * Falta de experiencia: Se define como la falta de conocimiento y capacidad de los operadores de la empresa para manejarla y conseguir que ésta genere utilidades. * Falta de capital: Cuando no se cuenta con los fondos suficientes para desarrollar las operaciones básicas que la actividad requiere. * Falta de enfoque * Mal manejo de inventarios: Se relaciona con la carencia de información oportuna y relevante, lleva a la empresa a conservar y acumular insumos y productos en proporción superior a la necesaria. Éste punto también se relaciona estrechamente con los altos niveles de desperdicios y despilfarros. * Excesivas inversiones en activos fijos: Hacer inversiones por encima de las necesidades y capacidades de la empresa. * Fallas en materia de créditos y cobranzas: No hay buena atención hacia los clientes y por lo tanto las cobranzas no se gestionan correctamente. * No contar con buenos sistemas de información: La información que se usa para el manjo de las finanzas de la empresa es errónea, inexacta y poco confiable. Por lo que las actividades que se realizan a partir de ella resultan procesos equivocados que provocan errores y pérdidas en la empresa. * Errores en la fijación de estrategias * Falta o ausencia de planes alternativos: Limitarse a un solo plan, no tomando la precaución de relatar planes alternativos y prevenir riesgos. * Problemas de comercialización: Los precios, publicidad y canales de distribución no son gestionados correctamente. c) Sujetos que participan en el consenso mercantil d) Demanda de concurso mercantil e) Procedimiento para las declaraciones f) Efectos de la sentencia de consenso mercantil g) Etapas de conciliación h) Posible utilización, como ejemplo el caso de Aeroméxico i) Reflexiones personales respecto a la importancia de conocer toda esta temática ante un posible fracaso financiero de una empresa

http://definicionlegal.blogspot.mx/2013/02/clasificacion-de-los-titulos-de-credito.html http://www.borrodicom.cl/e-book_dicom/4.htm http://www.gerencie.com/endoso-en-propiedad.html http://www.gerencie.com/caracteristicas-del-endoso-en-procuracion.html http://www.gerencie.com/caracteristicas-del-endoso-en-garantia.html
http://www.derechocomercial.edu.uy/ClaseTVEnd01.htm

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Literature

...Violations of Marcos Regime There were numerous cases of human rights violations against civilians during the Martial Law period. The hardest hit were the critics of his dictatorial government such as the progressive writers, commentators, organizers, professors, students and artists. They were arrested and detained along with some delegates of the Constitutional Convention (ConCon) who belonged to the political opposition. While in detention, they experienced various forms of tortures, harassment, intimidation, inhumane treatment and summary execution. The human rights violations during the Marcos regime were believed to be committed by the Armed Forces of the Philippine (AFP), Philippines Constabulary (now Philippines National Police or PNP) and the Civilian Home Defense Force (CHDF). According to the Task Force Detainees of the Philippines (TFDP), there were an estimated 22,287 detained civilians and 2,491 victims of salvaging. According to Amnesty International (AI), an international organization which promotes human rights, there were about 759 document cases desaparecidos. They were believed to be salvaged but their bodies were never recovered. The suspension of the writ of habeas corpus gave President Marcos undue power to arrest and detains suspected rebels and political opposition. Without the political opposition, President Marcos was able to easily maneuver the rewriting of the Philippine Constitution. The Marcos-sponsored Constitution served as a legal foundation...

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