...birth rate of unmarried women was 14 .1 per thousand. This increased to 43 .8 per thousand in the year 1990. This is a three hundred and ten percent increase. In the year 1950, illegitimate babies were approximately 150, 000 while in the year 1990 they were 1, 150, 000. This was a high rise. Research in United States indicates that between the years 1950 and 1990 there was a tremendous increase in the number of unmarried teenagers aged 15-19 years. This increase was from 12 .6 percent to 42 .5 percent in the year 1990 (Biblarz, 1993 In the last decade there has been a sixty percent increase in number of births out of wedlock. Research shows that divorce rate has also increased tremendously over the last decade. This is greatly attributed to the United States marriage rate. This has steadily grown for the last twenty five years. Today the break ups in the married couples has increased and there are normally no official records to show for this even when children are involved. The divorce rate in United States accelerated during the 1960’s and peaked in the year 1981 In the year 1970, four percent of the entire adult population had gone through a divorce. In the year 1992 this rate had increased to eleven percent. This was a tremendous increase within a span of twenty two years only. This was approximately a 226 percent increase. Today approximately 50 of the marriages in United States end up in divorce With this kind of divorce rate, it is very clear that one million American...
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...Executive Summary Like many commonwealth jurisdictions, Ontario has dependent relief legislation, intended to ensure that a will-maker makes some provision for those dependent upon him or her. The manner in which the courts have applied the Wills Variation Act of Ontario is, however, different from most other jurisdictions. This Report attempts to review all of Ontario’s succession legislation, with the intention of ensuring its integrity and relevance and that, as a whole, the legislation operates as effectively and harmoniously as possible. The Report focuses primarily on Succession Law Reform Act but also includes an examination of relevant provisions of The Estate Act. Succession Law Reform Act Like the wills legislation of many other common law jurisdictions, Ontario’s Succession Law Reform Act is based on the Wills Act 1837, which was an attempt to rationalize and simplify the law as it then stood. Over time, however, it became apparent that the legislation also required simplification and rationalization, and numerous reviews have been undertaken, and recommendations made, in Ontario with respect to the Wills Act 1837 and its progeny. This report makes several recommendations relating to the requirements for execution of a will so as to reduce the likelihood of part or all of a will being ruled invalid on technical grounds. It is also suggested that the age at which a valid will may be executed should be reduced from 18 to 16. It also recommends that the definition...
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...Per capita income http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States | | |1950 |1960 |1970 |1980 |1990 |2000 | | |$2,570 |$4,080 |$6,670 |$12,530 |$20,293 |$28,343 |$30,513 | Marriages and Divorces, 1900–2009 The following table lists the number and rate of marriages and divorces in the United States from 1900 to 2009. | |Marriage |Divorce1 | |Year |Number |Rate2 |Number |Rate2 | |1900 |709,000 |9.3 |55,751 |0.7 | |1910 |948,166 |10.3 |83,045 |0.9 | |1920 |1,274,476 |12.0 |170,505 |1.6 | |1930 |1,126,856 |9.2 |195,961 |1.6 | |1940 |1,595,879 |12.1 |264,000 |2.0 | |1950 |1,667,231 |11.1 |385,144 |2.6 | |1960 |1,523,000 |8.5 |393,000 |2.2 | |1965 |1,800,000 |9.3 |479,000 |2.5 | |1970 |2,158,802 |10.6 |708,000 |3.5 | |1975 |2,152,662 |10.1 |1,036,000 |4.9 | |1980 |2,406,708 |10.6 |1,182,000 |5.2 | |1981 |2,438,000 |10.6 |1,219,000 |5.3 | |1982 |2,495,000 |10.8 |1,180,000 |5.1 | |1983 |2,444,000...
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...Marriage Practices within other Cultures ANT101 Jason Randall Thompson, Ph.D October 14, 2013 Marriage Practices within other Cultures Marriage is a fundamental cornerstone of human economic, social, and kinship networks Murdock (1949). Indeed, marriage as an elementary principle of human kinship systems has long been considered a central aspect of between group alliances Levi-Strauss (1949). The exchange of mates among kin groups and accompanying networks of economic exchange are widespread and arguably create the foundation of human social organization Chapais B (2008; 2010). However, considerable cultural variation around the world opens up the question of whether regulated exchange of mates across kin groups represents the ancestral form of marriage or whether it is a recently derived consequence of more intensive modes of subsistence. This question is important to answer because in some societies marriage is a nonchalant affair with limited regulation in courtship marriages with no prescriptions, while in others marriages are arranged and regulated by complex rules and prescriptions Chapais B (2008); Flinn MV, Low BS (1986). Humans lived as hunter-gatherers for most of our species’ history hence cultural variation amongst recent hunter-gatherers may be useful for reconstructing ancestral human social structure (Lee RB, DeVore I, eds; Hawkes K, O’Connell JF, Blurton-Jones NG (2001); Marlowe F, 2003). When we examine marriage practices of American, Israeli, and Pakistani...
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...Marriage as a Literary Theme in “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty” Amy Barnes ENG125: Introduction to Literature Instructor Victoria Schmidt February 24, 2014 Marriage as a Literary Theme in “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty” “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty” portrays an average man leading a normal, mundane existence, who is married to a controlling, dominating woman who is in charge of her husband Walter’s every move. The literary elements of plot, tone and setting define the reasons why Walter must escape his daily life from his domineeringly aggressive wife, and find a place where he is happier and more content with himself. “Theme [is] associated with an idea that lies behind a literary work. In a story, theme is a representation of the idea behind the story.” (Clugston, 2010) Another viewpoint of theme is derived from K. Griffith (1990) as he implies that theme is the central idea, commenting in some way about the human condition. A theme is what the work says about a topic and must apply not only to the characters in the story but to the "real" world as well. In the short story “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty” by James Thurber (1939), the image of marriage emerges. The author portrays the typical life of two married people, one being passive and the other being dominant. This is not to say that either one is good nor bad, but to show the reasons why Walter fades off into daydream. The characters of Walter and Mrs. Mitty, on the outside are in conflict with each...
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...Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 22:165–182, 2010 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1053-8720 print / 1540-4056 online DOI: 10.1080/10538720903332578 Advocacy Coalitions and Punctuated Equilibrium in the Same-Sex Marriage Debate: Learning from Pro-LGBT Policy Changes in Minneapolis and Minnesota LAKE DZIENGEL St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota Policy change to actualize same-sex marriage requires planning and practices that can be most effective to advance marriage equality. This case study examines how building and maintaining strong coalitions aided in attainment and preservation of civil rights and protections for same-sex couples in Minnesota. As a historical policy analysis, it dissects collaborative strategies and events that led to a municipal domestic partner ordinance and state civil rights protections for sexual minorities in Minnesota during 1983–1995. Viewed through the lens of Advocacy Coalition Framework and Punctuated Equilibrium theory, findings support and highlight the importance of strategic planning of developing capable leaders, building strong coalitions, and capitalizing on events to garner public support and advance public policy toward civil rights protections and legal recognition for same-sex couples. KEYWORDS advocacy coalitions, punctuated equilibrium, policy, lesbian, gay, domestic partner benefits INTRODUCTION The city of Minneapolis, Minnesota, a large urban community, passed a Domestic Partner Ordinance...
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...Should Homosexuals be able To Marry? It is an undeniable fact there are many different views and beliefs that plays into our minds and hearts when it comes to homosexuality in America. The bible states a marriage union should be between one man and one woman. The traditional wedding is holy sacrament of a bride and groom at the altar confessing their love for one another. The new trend of homosexuality and society assuring it is their choice if they choose to be in a relationship with a person of the same sex. My personal opinion on homosexuality the individuals should not be allowed to unite into holy matrimony. The views of how society and the new generation are accepting it as normal and a new way of life for couples is not acceptable, The ultimate question, should a couple of the same sex should be united into holy matrimony is a very delicate topic in the homes of many, Americans in a religious and political view. The beginning of human sexuality and homosexuality in specific has confused individuals for many years. In this generation it is viewed as a normal part of life. Looking back from the old generation same-sex marriage has been looked at as unacceptable or a disgrace to a family. Although many years ago therapist studied homosexuality and determined that it is a mental disorder caused by misguided upbringing. (Hamer, Dean). The second study the therapist perform looked at a gay man‘s genetic information their DNA shows the X chromosome appeared to be the...
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...original articles on the business industry, finance, marketing and investing. Forbes Inc. also provides reports on some other relate subjects such as communications, technology, law and science. Forbes headquarters are in the city of New York. The company faces tough competition in the category of national business magazine from Bloomberg and Fortune hence the performance strategies need to be set in such a way that the output is extremely original, reliable and of high quality (Forbes., 2009). The company depends greatly on young people in conducting surveys and collecting data and news update materials. However, for the recent past the company has experienced great problems with the young female workers who have just attained the marriage time. The young female workers are recording very poor performance in their areas of duty unlike the past when the young workers both male and females, were the key drivers of the company’s growth. Recent research has shown that many young parents especially mothers are currently undergoing through stressful lives as a result of changes in families’ dynamics and structures (Hadden & Borgatta, 2010). Background of the study The 20th century witnessed very remarkable adjustments in the families’ dynamics and structures in America and Western Europe. There are many smaller households in terms of family size which is a further change from the extended families to nuclear families. However, these changes have been accompanied by decrease...
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...in social welfare policy frameworks on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals and families in the United States. It discusses the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), federal definitions of family and household, and stereotypes about LGBT individuals. It argues that poor LGBT individuals and families lack full citizen rights and access to needed social services as a result of these explicit and implicit biases. Key words: Welfare reform; family policy; civil rights; gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender (LGBT); heterosexism Welfare reform is fundamentally about family policy—about promoting and privileging particular kinds of families, and about penalizing and stigmatizing others. (Cahill and Jones 2002: 1). Two pieces of legislation were passed in 1996 that set an important tone for family policy in the United States: The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), an act that expanded welfare-to-work programs throughout the country, restricted people’s access to public assistance, and crystallized the broader restructuring of public-private boundaries; and the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which defines marriage as a legal union between a man and a woman. At first glance, the two initiatives appear unrelated and inconsequential, although the reality is quite different. Combined, they constitute a national policy context within which legal and cultural ...
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...communal living, and “open” pair-bondings, where sexual or sexual-emotional relationships outside of the primary one are tolerated to a greater or lesser degree (cf. Robinson, 1997). Polygyny has been defined as “the marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time” (Moorehead, 1991: 311), or the “practice of plural marriage” (Altman and Ginat, 1996: 3). The term polygamy has also been used synonymously with polygyny, although it could also be used to encompass polyandry (Welch and Glick, 1981). Polyandry refers to the marriage of one woman to two or more husbands, while polygynandry contemplates a situation in which two or more women are simultaneously married to two or more men (Al-Krenawi, Graham, and Slonim-Nevo, 2002). Polygynandry has also been used to refer to group marriage (Anon., 2004). The term informal polygamy has been used to describe relationships characterized by the simultaneous existence of a legal marriage of one man to one woman and an affair with a second woman that has become a stable feature of the family structure (Rivett and Street, 1993). In contrast, polyamory refers to “group marriage” or the existence of one or more sexual 27 28 • Multi-Bonding: Polygamy, Polygyny, Polyamory relationships inside or outside of marriage (Munson and Stelboum, 1999). The incidence of polygamy, used here to refer to bonded relationships between one man and multiple women or one woman and multiple men entered into in a legal or religious context...
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...Arrange a marriage is a natural, human emotion that holds most of man kind captive. It drives the human mind to act upon envious impulses that lead to distress and sometimes disaster. Arrange marriages can cause some more stress on jealousy though most of humankind has a sense of self-control to recognize and overcome this, there are those that do not. This is just the case in Ihara Saikaku the Barrel maker Brimful of Love. That the barrel maker seeks the love of one particular woman only to then completely destroy their relationship over a suspicion of infidelity speaks to the irrationality of a bitter man whose character is a reflection of absolute unhappiness ultimately leads to the destruction of her marriage with her husband. Relationships are the most important things in life. “Olsen sank lower and lower in the social scale she learned the lesson of karma and she thought more about the future” pp592. She knew about being alone and she didn’t want the cooper to be alone if she could help find true love, for a friend even if she had to arrange it her self she would and marriage is one of the most important relationships. Having said that, it becomes even more important who arranges the marriage, whether it’s we or someone else like our parents or friends. The issue has taken the place of an important social problem. Different people have different opinions coming from different age groups from the different parts of the world. Marriage as we can see is a commitment of spending...
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...My intention is to discover whether and how divorce rates change in periods of economic recession, as compared to periods of economic growth. It is important to look into further trends in divorce rates, as its increase over time may not simply be an issue of social and cultural changes, but rather another one of the effects of the economy on the family unit in the United States. My hypothesis is that divorce rates will decrease in periods of economic growth, as a husband's increased income has been identified to have a stabilizing effect on marital relationships. This is due largely to the fact that as income grows, so too does standard of living, relieving some of the potential stresses in a marriage. Furthermore, those with high potential earnings can better compete in the marriage market, therefore they are likely to attract more desirable partners, making divorce less likely. I must acknowledge, however, that the...
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...polyandry, communal living, and “open” pair-bondings, where sexual or sexual-emotional relationships outside of the primary one are tolerated to a greater or lesser degree (cf. Robinson, 1997). Polygyny has been defined as “the marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time” (Moorehead, 1991: 311), or the “practice of plural marriage” (Altman and Ginat, 1996: 3). The term polygamy has also been used synonymously with polygyny, although it could also be used to encompass polyandry (Welch and Glick, 1981). Polyandry refers to the marriage of one woman to two or more husbands, while polygynandry contemplates a situation in which two or more women are simultaneously married to two or more men (Al-Krenawi, Graham, and Slonim-Nevo, 2002). Polygynandry has also been used to refer to group marriage (Anon., 2004). The term informal polygamy has been used to describe relationships characterized by the simultaneous existence of a legal marriage of one man to one woman and an affair with a second woman that has become a stable feature of the family structure (Rivett and Street, 1993). In contrast, polyamory refers to “group marriage” or the existence of one or more sexual 27 28 • Multi-Bonding: Polygamy, Polygyny, Polyamory relationships inside or outside of marriage (Munson and Stelboum, 1999). The incidence of polygamy, used here to refer to bonded relationships between one man and multiple women or one woman and multiple men entered into in a legal or religious context, has been...
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...Family Law Assignment 1. The issue of cohabitation has sparked much debate among commentators as cohabitation has become a ‘strong alternative’ to marriage. This means that there have been calls for the law to recognise cohabitation but critics say this would undermine marriage. Within this answer we will look at the current status of the law especially the law to do with family property, the proposals for reform and look at the different arguments. If we look at the current law when it comes to marriage each party can seek court orders requiring one party to pay maintenance and the court has the power to redistribute any property owned by either party. Also on death the living spouse is the next of kin. However the court has no similar power to ‘adjust’ rights and property, they only can ‘declare’ who owns what. This can be seen where cohabiting couples have family property. Under the Law of Property Act 1925 section 53 express trusts have to made in writing .In this case the court can divide the property according to the written declaration. But this not the case where there is an implied or constructive trusts. Firstly there has to be common intention in which there has to be evidence which shows whether the property was supposed to be jointly owned .Secondly the claimant has to act to their detriment. However this system may not have favourable outcomes. As seen in Burns v Burns where the plaintiff lived with the defendant for nineteen years but never married...
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...Under the criminal law of England, a husband could not be criminally liable for raping his wife until 1991. This exemption was principally based on the proposition of Hale, in his legal commentary: ‘… the husband cannot be guilty of rape committed by himself upon his lawful wife, for by their mutual matrimonial consent and contract the wife hath given herself up in this kind unto her husband which she cannot retract’.[1] This proposition suggests that by marriage a wife gives her irrevocable consent to sexual intercourse with her husband under any circumstance. The same line of thinking was proposed by Hume[2] in the criminal law of Scotland. The propositions of Hale and Hume were appropriate considering the status of women in the 18th century. At that time married women were completely submissive to their husbands. The first case in which marital exemption was applied is that of R v Clarence[3] in 1888. In this case the judge argued that the husband could be liable only for assault. A similar judgment was held in R v Jackson[4], where it was argued that in case a husband has intercourse with his wife against her will, he should not use violence, otherwise he is to face charges on wounding or causing bodily harm. The use of violence during the attempt is the mean of achieving the act of raping, which is the most aggravated form of violence these assaults could lead to, therefore, these decisions are obscure. The ambiguity of these decisions rests in the fact that the judges...
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