...This page intentionally left blank SEVENTH EDITION Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer THEODORE L. BERGMAN Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Connecticut ADRIENNE S. LAVINE Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department University of California, Los Angeles FRANK P. INCROPERA College of Engineering University of Notre Dame DAVID P. DEWITT School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University JOHN WILEY & SONS VICE PRESIDENT & PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR EDITORIAL ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER PRODUCTION MANAGER PRODUCTION EDITOR DESIGNER EXECUTIVE MEDIA EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES Don Fowley Linda Ratts Renata Marchione Christopher Ruel Dorothy Sinclair Sandra Dumas Wendy Lai Thomas Kulesa MPS Ltd. This book was typeset in 10.5/12 Times Roman by MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company and printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). The cover was printed by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing...
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...currency bitcoin to increase the speed, and slash the price, of international money transfers, raising the prospect of a revolution in the $600bn annual global remittance market. Soaring rates of mobile phone use in developing countries are helping the entrepreneurs compete with more usual forms of money transfer in countries where remittance rates and fees are highest. Many of the world’s poorest people depend on money sent to them from friends and family abroad. According to World Bank figures for 2011, nearly half of Tajikistan’s GDP is derived from remittances, while in Liberia, Lesotho, Nepal and Haiti they account for more than a fifth of GDP. Entrepreneurs claim they are using bitcoin to give some of the world’s poorest people a better deal on the money they receive from abroad. The World Bank calculates the average fee on remittances at 8%, yet charges can be three times as high. A report from the Overseas Development Institute (published in April 2014 , said the benefits of remittance transfers “are lost in intermediation as a result of high charges. Africa’s diaspora pays 12% to send $200 – almost double the global average.” Bitcoin could also cut the time it takes to send remittances. BitPesa, a Kenyan mobile money transfer firm that launched in May, says its remittance transactions are “twice as fast and 75% cheaper” than competitors, because it uses bitcoin to transfer funds. Elizabeth Rossiello, BitPesa’s founder and CEO, said: “We’re looking to bring...
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... 2. Lab equipment will be introduced. B. Micropipetter Use and Calibration Background: Before you start any type of lab work, it is a good idea to check the accuracy and precision of the micropipetters that you plan to use. A very simple way to do this is by weighing the volume of water actually transferred by a micropipetter at a given setting. Water has a density of 0.9986 g/mL at room temperature, so you can use the mass of the water transferred to determine the accuracy of your pipetter (as long as your balance is reliable of course....), and by repeating the test several times, you can determine the precision of the micropetter as well. Procedure: 1. Using a balance capable of reading in milligrams or lower, tare a plastic weighing boat on the pan of the balance. 2. Set the micropipetter to its maximum capacity and carefully transfer that volume of distilled water to the weighing boat. 3. Repeat the operation at least four times, each time recording the weight of distilled water transferred. 4. Set the micropipetter to transfer 20 - 50% of its maximum volume and repeat step 3. 5. Calculate the average (x -bar) and the standard deviation (igma) for each set of measurements, using the equation below (or the appropriate button on your calculator). igma = standard deviation; n = total number of measurements; xi= value of the ith measurement of x; x-bar = average value of x over n measurements. 6....
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...daily physics has improved all sorts of aspects of life. The greatest area to reflect an understanding of specific conceptual ideas would be within a professional, occupational setting. The food industry is always and will always have high demand for individuals who can apply said physical concepts within the work force. In other words, in order to be a proficient employee as well as maintain a job, one must have a true understanding of physics. Efficiency is necessary to be an effective restaurant employee. Maintaining a low center of gravity is the foundation of almost all physical motion. Bussing tables, carrying dishes, as well as the delivering of guest’s food all exhibit a low center of gravity. Also referred to as a low center of mass, can also be referred to as second nature from the perspective of a FOH, or front of house, employee. Easier said than done, once learned, individuals can prefect the art of moving efficiently about the dining room floor. Hot food is important to the guest. In order to deliver food effectively, an employee must know how to hold two or three...
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...What is the kinetic energy of a 200-kg satellite as it follows a circular orbit of radius 8.0 ´ 106 m around the Earth? (Mass of Earth = 6.0 ´ 1024 kg.) 1) 5.0 ´ 109 J A 50-kg satellite circles the Earth in an orbit with a period of 120 min. What minimum energy is required to change the orbit to another circular orbit with a period of 180 min? (Earth: radius = 6.4 ´ 106 m, mass = 6.0 ´ 1024 kg) 1) 2.9 ´ 108 J A satellite is in a circular orbit about the Earth at an altitude at which air resistance is negligible. Which of the following statements is true? 1) There is only one force acting on the satellite. What is the escape speed from a planet of mass M and radius R if M = 3.2 ´ 1023 kg and R = 2.4 ´ 106 m? 2) 4.2 km/s Planet Zero has a mass of 5.0 ´ 1023 kg and a radius of 2.0 ´ 106 m. A space probe is launched vertically from the surface of Zero with an initial speed of 4.0 km/s. What is the speed of the probe when it is 3.0 ´ 106 m from Zero's center? 2) 2.2 km/s Which of the following quantities is conserved for a planet orbiting a star in a circular orbit? Only the planet itself is to be taken as the system; the star is not included. 2) Energy and angular momentum. What is the magnitude of the free-fall acceleration at a point that is a distance 2R above the surface of the Earth, where R is the radius of the Earth? 2) 1.1 m/s2 A satellite circles planet Roton every 2.8 h in an orbit having a radius of 1.2 ´ 107 m. If the radius...
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...INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE BACCALAURÉAT INTERNATIONAL BACHILLERATO INTERNACIONAL N00/430/H(1) PHYSICS HIGHER LEVEL PAPER 1 Friday 10 November 2000 (afternoon) 1 hour INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES ! ! ! Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. Answer all the questions. For each question, choose the answer you consider to be the best and indicate your choice on the answer sheet provided. 880-226 24 pages –2– 1. N00/430/H(1) When an ideal gas in a thermally insulated chamber is compressed the volume V and pressure P are related by the equation PV γ = constant where γ is a constant. Which one of the following plots would produce a straight-line graph? 1 V A. B. log P against log V C. P against log V D. 2. P against log P against V The power P dissipated in a resistor of resistance R in which there is a current I is given by P = I2 R The uncertainty in the value of resistance of a particular resistor is !10% and the uncertainty in the value of the current in the resistor is !3%. The best estimate for the uncertainty of the power dissipated is A. B. !9%. C. !16%. D. 3. !6%. ±19%. When a car is moving at a speed v in a straight line the total force opposing its motion is F. The product Fv is a measure of the A. power developed by the car. B. rate of change of momentum of the car. C. work done by the car against the frictional forces. D. ...
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...Creativity and Business Innovation Prof. Stefan Meisiek Case Analysis of Critical Mass : The IT Creativity Challenge Piyush Choudhary 2013962348 Executive Summary Critical Mass is a highly successful digital marketing service firm with a its major clientele part of the Fortune 500 group. The Internet industry of which Critical Mass is a part is changing a lot. The social media tools have created a generation that has access to a lot more information. Consumers are becoming highly demanding in making creativity and innovation a must for the success of Critical Mass Inc. The company had invested a lot of resources to achieve a so called creativity inducing environment and organized a plethora of activities to ensure that the creative juices kept flowing. At this juncture the company is at the crossroads to take its next step towards a significant expansion in its client base. As a result Brian Kramer (Tech Director) and Gordon Bunk (Senior VP and MD) have decided to inspect and revaluate the current practices followed in the firm to determine whether they were having the required effect make necessary changes to make them more meaningful and result oriented. 1 |Page Creativity and Business Innovation Prof. Stefan Meisiek Introduction Critical Mass was setup in 1995 by Ted Hellard and Michael Clairo with the intention of being a interactive golf CD-ROM development company. As a part of the plan Hellard went to pitch his interactive golf CD-ROM to Mercedes Benz ,however...
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...velocity of the child is zero. Hence same as stationary. 4. A. In a region where both destructive and constructive interference occur, energy is not conserved. Because Interference does not reduce the total amount of energy.. 5. D. 5 and 6 6. E. Sphere. Because of higher rotation inertia. 7. A. speed. Because the gravity is constant for both balls where as the mass is different 8. A. impulse. Because it took more time to stop. Section 3: 1. lightly iced Caramel Macchiato will reached the car first. Because its mainly liquid. So low friction coefficient and high velocity. On the other hand frozen Caramel Frappuccino is solid. So higher friction coefficient. 2. Both will have same change in momentum. The momentum of the system is conserved, both experience same force and same change in time. So same impulse. 3. Crumple zone are designed to absorb kinetic energy of impact by deformation in the accident. If two cars collide and crumple up then the damage to the passengers would be minimized. How ever if they collide and bounce off each other then the impact force will transfer to the passengers and the internal body of the car and do more damage. 4. According to Kepler’s 2nd law the area swept by a planet should be constant. So at closer point the area covered by larger arc would be same as the area covered by small arc when it is at the farther distance. So to cover the larger arc the speed increased at the close point to the...
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...Physics is a large subject that can be observed almost everywhere, even in a theme park, in a theme park physics principles such as ‘weightlessness’ and ‘acceleration/deceleration’ play a large part in ensuring that the rides are as thrilling as they are safe. In this essay I am going to show how two certain physics principles are being used in a ride to ensure that the ride is safe but at the same time delivers a lot of thrill to the rider. I am going to explore the sense of ‘weightlessness’ during freefall, and how ‘forces’ are used to ensure that the ride is not dangerous, I will also mention how gravitational potential energy converts to kinetic energy as the ride drops. Physics principles ================== Weightlessness Freefall is a term used to describe how an object is moving through the air when there are practically no forces other than gravity acting on them. During freefall, object experience a sense of ‘weightlessness’, but weightlessness does not mean that an object loses all its weight. Since in Physics ‘weight’ does not mean how heavy an object is, (that is known as the ‘mass’) ‘weight’ is a term used to describe how much force and object is exerting due to gravity, weight can only be felt if there is another force opposing the direction of the weight, as stated by Newton’s laws of motion that ‘all forces have a resistant force that is equal to and in the opposite direction of the force’...
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...To all the things that we do not perceive but are there for us to see are call Environmental Stimulus and we call Attended Stimulus to those things in our environment that catch our attention, the things to which we pay attention. One’s a perception happens we recognize the object or situation another proses began to transform this information into action according to our knowledge. This one is always influence by our knowledge, colors and interest. This information brought to a situation can be something learned time ago or knowledge gained by events previews to the present event. In this subject there are some tools that help us perceive they are call fundamental quintiles. They work thru our knowledge and help us recognize position, mass, or displacement. Example on a play perception of the audience is different than what goes on behind the séance. Behind the séance there are so many thinks going on that we are not aware of. On the other hand for someone when is on the audience and has work as on a play would have a different perception then everyone else, he might see the nerviest from the actors, or would see details that no one else can see. This is because our knowledge changes the perception of what we see or hear. In this example we see that the Environment stimulus is all thinks that we can potentially perceive like the trees or flowers. Aon the other hand the attended stimuli would be the bear. The process is constantly repeated all the time, our body gas sensors...
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...Project 1 Write an essay of 1500 words, giving credible references on the use of physics in your daily activities. You need to mention 5 or more activities where physics is used. Remember to follow the APA style and give references. Physics is used in so many ways that most people do not even realize that they are using it. Even a stay at home mom uses physics more than one would think. Daily activities that many people do include physics without thinking about it, such as driving a car, using a headrest in a car, walking and running, flushing the toilet, and washing and drying clothes. Driving a car has many different aspects of physics involved, but today only acceleration, speed, and velocity will be discussed. People talk in terms of physics everyday without even knowing that is what they are discussing. For example, “speed” limit, how quickly a car can “accelerate,” and when they add a direction, they are actually talking about the velocity of a vehicle because velocity has a magnitude and direction, not just magnitude. According to Barry Parker in Issac Newton School of Driving, “you are accelerating and decelerating most of the time when you take a trip through the busy streets of a city, either by stepping on the gas, braking, or turning the steering wheel.” Basically, if someone gets in the driver seat of a car and drives, that person is changing the acceleration, speed, and velocity of the car that is being driven. A speed is just the scalar, magnitude with no...
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...1: momentum and energy 1. An ice-skater is twirling with her arms extended a. If she were to close her hands the momentum to her twirling will increase with less resistant from hands being extended picking up wind resistant’s. b. Then energy that was resistant with the hands extended transfers to the body momentum its twirl conserving its energy as she spins. Page 100-101 14. A woman stuck in the middle of a friction-less ice pond can thrust her arms causing a momentum energy towards the direction she thrust towards. No friction below to stop the energy thrust direction to the shore. 36. The ke is at max at the start of its momentum left side. As PE will be at its equilibrium position which is it’s at its max, and reaches half at the end of its swing. Ke/pe 46. if the ball falls and there is air resistant the energy is then changed by other factors of energy. Now if the air wind was to be pushing the same direction then it would have a increase of KE. In which case if it is just there to resist then the ke is decreased depending if the ball doesn’t already have wings. 54. if two object have the same KE then the momentum is the same. Not applying the mass of the item nor having to include the environment. It both was to move with no other KE to resist then both would be going at same momentum whether is big or small. Pg.103 12. 150km skids 135m deceleration be a m/h^2. S2 / S1 = [V2/V1] ^2. S2 = 15 *{150/ 50}^2 = 135 m v = 150, S = v^2/ 2a = 150^2...
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...Physical Science Final Exam Name: _______Helen Carr______________________ Student Number: ____________________ Short Answer/Fill in the Blank: Type your answer in the blank, or in the space below the question. Do not use the internet, please use ONLY the textbook to create your solutions. Do not use outside sources.When you are ready to submit your exam for grading, attach the document to the Final Exam link in the left hand column. | Completion Complete each statement. | | 1. | A car that increases its speed from 20 km/h to 100 km/h undergoes ____positive________________ acceleration. | | 2. | It usually takes more force to start an object sliding than it does to keep an object sliding because static friction is usually ___________greater_________ than sliding friction. | | 3. | In a closed system, the loss of momentum of one object ______is equal to______________ the gain in momentum of another object. | | 4. | Using a hammer to drive a nail, it is the reaction force that brings the motion of the hammer to a stop but the _____action force__________ that drives the nail into the wood. | | 5. | As an object’s temperature increases, the ______rate______________ at which it radiates energy increases. | | 6. | When a person plucks a guitar string, the number of half wavelengths that fit into the length of the string determines the ___________pitch_________ of the sound produced. | | 7. | The law of reflection states that...
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...Nemours & Co. Electric Power Research Institute Ford Motor Company Frigidaire Company General Electric Company Harrison Division of GM ICI Americas, Inc. Modine Manufacturing Co. Peerless of America, Inc. Environmental Protection Agency U. S. Army CERL Whirlpool Corporation For additional iriformation: Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Center Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Dept. University of Illinois 1206 West Green Street Urbana IL 61801 2173333115 INITIAL EVAPORATIVE COMPARISON OF R·22 WITH ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS R·l34a AND R·32/R·125 J.P. Wattelet, J.C. ehato, A.L. Souza, and B.R. Christoffersen ABSTRACT Initial R-22 alternatives were examined for conditions found in stationary air conditioning system evaporators. Heat transfer coefficients for both R-134a and a 60%/40% azeotropic mixture of...
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...momentum and energy and how they are related in the event of a collision. This experiment played around with that and different mass on carts was projected to elastic and inelastic collisions. One cart would be stationary while another was plunged towards it or they were both moving. As a result the elastics final kinetic energy was pretty much equal to the initial kinetic energy. In the inelastic case the final kinetic energy is normally less than the initial kinetic energy. Introduction: There were two main goals when performing this experiment. This first goal being to accurately demonstrate linear momentum conservation for collisions and classify whether they are elastic or inelastic. The second goal was to measure the energy loss in inelastic collisions. During this experiment we measured initial and final velocities, momentum, change in momentum, initial and final kinetic energies, and change in kinetic energies. The change in kinetic energies was what distinguished whether it was an inelastic or elastic collision. Theory and Derivations: The velocities of two carts were measured as a function of time. Two carts were attached to rotary motion sensors...
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