...Topic: complexities and realities of Global Health Implementing effective global health programs is a difficult task as there are complex issues involved. These issues arise from the distinctive barriers that exist in poor communities as well as from the fundamental complexity of the health care field. Despite efforts made to improve the global health, there are some barriers faced majorly in developing countries which can be grouped into two broad categories: infrastructural barriers and patients behavior. According to Dr. Manchanda’s book titled “the upstream doctors”, effective care for most illness requires understanding the social conditions of one’s patients, and this is true because patients are faced with various limitations that deter them from accessing good medical services. Fear, finance, cultural belief, distance to Health Centre or Hospitals, lack of awareness about treatment availability and benefits, and poor health outcome after treatment, are some of the major contributory factors that deter patients from accessing good medical services, thus, causing a decline in health status globally. Poverty is also a contributory factor especially in developing countries. This can be explained in patient’s inability to purchase drugs or hesitancy to seek proper medical attention due to lack of funds. These barriers can be tackled using the holistic response that includes both social and cultural approach. The means to achieve success is to involve local health care professionals...
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...Wildeman (2014) explored the relationship between paternal and maternal incarceration and the prevalence of child homelessness. He found that paternal incarceration, not maternal incarceration, leads to child homelessness. The reason for this is because children whose mother are incarcerated are more likely to be put into foster care system, thus they are less likely to be homeless. On the other hand, paternal incarceration leads to a decline in governmental support, an increase in maternal stress and mental health issues, and an increase in financial instability in the family. Families lose one source of income when fathers are incarcerated, and African American men often have difficulties finding jobs after being released, thus increase the...
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...Maternal Child James Evans Orangeburg-Calhoun Technical College NUR 211: Care of the Childbearing Family Mrs. Varn April 24, 2014 Maternal Child Introduction MB is a 27-year-old African American female admitted to Her Place on 4/14/2014. When first entering the patient’s roomalong with another student nurse, the student found the patient in a low Fowler’s position in the hospital bed. MB was wearing an hospital gown, was partially covered with a flat sheet and a blanket, wore here prescription eyeglasses and had on a wrap tp cpntain her braided hair. Her nonverbal behavior at this time included some repositioning in bed indicating discomfort, but her verbal conscious behavior was very pleasant. She called both student nurses by name and thanked them for being with her today. He clear immediate acceptance of them into her room helped the students feel more at ease and established the beginnings of a positive relationship. The patient and her significant other, the father of the baby were both very pleasant from the very beginning, far more so than was expected. At this point the student nurses asked if there was anything we could do for them. They said there was nothing at this time, so w let them know that we would be returning periodically to check on the progress and that they should let us know if there was anything we could do for them. Socio-Economic History MB is a 2004 high school graduate who has a job working as a clerk with the Orangeburg Country procurement...
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...Maternal Behaviors and their Effect on the Unborn Child By Jennifer Livengood Pregnancy can be one of the most magical times in a woman’s life. There is nothing quite like taking care of the little person that is growing in the womb, and knowing that everything you do is going to have some kind of effect on that little person. For a vast majority of women, pregnancy is a magical time, one filled with awe and wonder. Pregnant women tend to take better care of themselves, making sure that they are providing the best environment for their growing child. Some women, however, do just the opposite and do not take care of themselves and thus harm the unborn child in their womb. There are several things that can have an adverse effect on the growing child. One of them is the mother’s nutrition. This is an easily adjustable factor, but one that some women don’t actually think about. When a woman becomes pregnant, according to www.americanpregnancy.org, she needs to consume roughly 300 more calories than normal in order to have a healthy pregnancy (http://www.americanpregnancy.org/pregnancyhealth/pregnancynutrition.html). This will provide the extra nutrition that the fetus needs. If a mother does not consume enough calories, she is putting her child at risk of being malnourished. A poorly nourished infant is more likely to get sick, as they do not have the ability to fight off illness as well as a properly nourished child. There is...
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...difficult childhood could possibly be a cause for a mid-life crisis later in life. Three cases are examined to support the thesis of this study that an emotional deprived childhood is a contributing factor in a male mid-life crisis. In an emotional deprived childhood the child would develop a poor sense of self. This poor sense of self might be hidden down deep until a certain age like our early 40’s where we begin to reflect back on our life. Missing a maternal love as a child has repercussions in adulthood that can result in no success being good enough to satisfy the adults need to compensate for the missing maternal love. A mid-life crisis is a topic that has always interested me. Some men and women use the term mid-life crisis as an excuse for any bad behavior or mistakes they make in their early to mid-40’s. The cause behind a mid-life crisis has always interested me, knowing that someone did not wake up one day and decide to spend an obscene amount of money on a little sports car or commit adultery after a very loving marriage. In a male child’s life, a mother plays a very large role in creating a healthy sense of self and belonging. It only makes sense that for any male that is lacking a loving maternal relationship will suffer social-development setbacks at some point in their life. When reaching a certain point in our life we are all guilty of looking back over our life at our accomplishments and failures, however most of us are well equipped to be proud of our...
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...according to DOH "The ENC Protocol is a step-by-step guide for health workers and medical practitioners issued by the Department of Health for implementation under Administrative Order 2009-0025. What are these step-by-step interventions? Immediate drying Using a clean, dry cloth, thoroughly dry the baby, wiping the face, eyes, head, front and back, arms and legs. Uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact Aside from the warmth and immediate bonding between mother and child, it has been found that early skin-to-skin contact contributes to a host of medical benefits such as the overall success of breastfeeding/colostrum feeding, stimulation of the mucosa—associated lymphoid tissue system, and colonization with maternal skin flora that can protect the newborn from sepsis and other infectious disease and hypoglycemia. Proper cord clamping and cutting Waiting for up three minutes or until the pulsations stop is found to reduce to chances of anemia in full term and pre-term babies. Evidence also shows that delaying cord clamping has no significant impact on the mother. Non-separation of the newborn from the mother for early breastfeeding initiation and rooming-in The earlier the baby breastfeeds, the lesser the risk of death. Keeping the baby latched on to the mother will not only benefit the baby (see skin-to-skin contact) but will also prevent doing unnecessary procedures like putting the newborn on a cold surface for examination (thereby exposing the baby...
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...John Bowlby John Bowlby (1907) was a British psychoanalyst, notable for his research on child development and his concept of attachment. Bowlby’s studies began at the Trinity College in Cambridge studying psychology. Bowlby furthered his education- graduating in medicine in 1933 then going on to qualify as a psychoanalyst in 1937. During this period Bowlby spent time working with delinquent children. It was this early work which allowed him to develop a strong interest in the development of children- in particular the impact of separation between caregivers and children. This was to have a profound effect and major influence on his future work. In 1949, the World Health Organization accredited Bowlby to write a report on the mental health of homeless children in postwar Europe. Following the publication of his report, Bowlby persisted in the development of his attachment theory. In 1969 he published his first book on attachment theory: Attachment and Loss Volume 1. (1) Bowlby devoted much of his research on the theory of attachment, describing it as a "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings" (Bowlby, 1969, p.194). (2) His theory ‘emphasised the importance of the bond established between infants and their primary carer-usually their mother’ (Scott etal). Once the bond is first established, an...
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...Maternal deprivation Bowlby was a psychoanalyst; he came up with a theory for maternal deprivation. He used this theory to explain how a child would be effected if the emotional bond between the care giver and the infant was broken. He also showed that if the attachment was damaged on a regular basis, the child could suffer with social, intellectual and emotional damage due to maternal deprivation. This view is supported by Bowlby’s research, 44 Juvenile Thieves. Bowlby conducted a piece of research in which to find out if children were deprived of their mother during the critical period of attachment of the first few years of their lives, could this lead to a serious range of permanent consequences happen for later development. He took 88 clients from the child guidance clinic. Forty-four children had been referred to the clinic because of stealing. Bowlby interviewed children and their parents building up a record of their early life experiences. Bowlby found that 32% of the ‘thieves’ showed affectionless psychopathy as they had spent a considerable amount of time in hospital of a foster home as infants. In contrast only a small amount on the non-affectionless thieves had the same experiences. He concluded that disruption during the attachment stages was responsible for this. However this research was argued by Michael Rutter, he suggested that Bowlby did not consider the differences between deprivation and privation and their different consequences. He also stated...
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...Impact of ICTs on MDGs: Improve the Maternal Health Workgroup C|IE MiM – S2 Technology & Innovation Management Dr. Israr Qureshi Contents Introduction: 3 Maternal Health and ICT Usage in India 5 Maternal Health Initiatives with Mobile Components 5 Commonalities and Improvements of Current ICT Solutions 6 How to Leverage ICTs in Accomplishing the MDG 9 Proposed Feasible ICT-Based Solution 10 Conclusion 15 References 18 Introduction: Since the United Nations Millennium Declaration in September 2000, the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of improving maternal health has unfortunately not made the progress it set out to (The United Nations, 2015, a). Many information & communications technology (ICT) improvements towards this initiative have been made since 2000, however there is still a large amount of maternal mortality before, during, and after pregnancy around the world. The maternal health MDG was divided into 2 targets. The first target was to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by 75% between 1990 and 2015, however only 43% has been achieved so far (The United Nations, 2015:40-43). This maternal mortality statistic also reflects the eight million babies that die every year between the prenatal stage and the first week of life. Moreover, there is a large yearly amount of children left motherless that are statistically more prone to die during the first years after their mother has died (Unicef.org, 2015). The second target was to reach universal access...
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...disabling injuries (Such as Obstetric fistula). Maternal death and disability rates mirror the huge discrepancies that exist between the haves and the have-nots both within and between countries. Safe Motherhood begins before conception with proper nutrition and a healthy life style and continues with appropriate prenatal care, the prevention of complications when possible, and the early and effective treatment of complications. The ideal result is a pregnancy at term, without unnecessary interventions, the delivery of a healthy infant, and a healthy post partum period in a positive environment that supports the physical and emotional needs of the woman, infant and family. Working for the survival of mothers is a human rights imperative. It also has enormous socio-economic ramifications-and is a crucial international priority. Both the international conference on Population and Development and Millennium Development Goals call for a 75 percent reduction in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015. This three prolonged strategy is key to the accomplishment of the goal: -All women have access to contraception to avoid unintended pregnancies. -All pregnant women have access to skilled care at the time of birth. -All those with complications have timely access to quality emergency obstetric care. In countries such as China, Cuba, Egypt, Honduras, Jamaica, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Tunisia, significantly declines in maternal mortality have occurred as more women have...
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...10 November 2015 Freedom of Choice: A Woman’s Right In 2011, approximately 1.06 million abortions took place in the United States. 85.5% of those abortions were performed on unmarried women. The reasons vary on why a women chooses abortion over birth. From having unprotected sex, failure of birth control and even rape are to name but a few. Either way, the birth of a child comes with lifelong responsibilities and affects both mother and child (Abort 73.com, 2009). Regardless of the reasons for choosing abortion, it comes down to having the freedom to choose what happens to our bodies. It is our bodies that will be subjected to the changes pregnancy brings as well as the risks. It is our finances that will support that child throughout its life. It is our maternal skills that will raise that child to be a caring, valuable member of society. Members of congress or pro-life advocates are not going to come to our homes and do these things for us so therefore, it has to be our choice to control whether we proceed with or terminate a pregnancy. If termination is our choice then we should have access to that option in a clean, safe environment. With over one million women choosing abortion over giving birth, lends to the supporting evidence in favor of right to choose arguments. Women should not be dictated to by laws of government or religious ideology in regards to their own bodies. They should retain control and be free to exercise their freedom of choice. Pregnancy can be a wonderful...
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...activation to own infant cry, and maternal sensitivity,” the psychologists are addressing the chemical response from the mother's brain when she hears her infant crying compared to her hearing another infant crying. They investigated the associations between breastfeeding, how the mother automatically responds to their own infant crying, and how bonded they are to their infant after giving birth. For this study they had seventeen biological mothers with full-term, healthy infants from postpartum hospital rooms at the Yale-New Haven Hospital. The mothers had brain scans data done between two and four weeks after giving birth. Then, data done on the relationship between mother and child was done between three and four months after birth during a home visit. Psychologists videotaped a mother and infant for five minutes and asked the mother to interact with her infant in a natural way. The results of this study showed that at two to four weeks after birth, neither group of mothers rated the two types of cries differently. However, the brain responses to own baby cry at two to four weeks postpartum revealed that breastfeeding mothers showed a greater hormonal response in several brain regions compared to formula- feeding mothers. In contrast, no brain areas were found to show greater hormonal activation among the formula-feeding mothers in response to own baby cry. At three to four months after birth, breastfeeding mothers have a stronger mother-child bond than formula-feeding mothers...
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...In The Silver Star by Jeannette Walls, Liz is an exceptionally intelligent and independent child for someone her age, of only fifteen years old. Because of her extreme responsibility and compassion for those around her, she is a great role model for Bean, her little sister. Other than being a role model, Liz's main purpose is to serve as the maternal figure for Bean since their birth mother leaves for weeks at a time, and is not around to support them. Liz shows her role by always taking care of Bean when their mom decides to leave. To begin, Liz achieved her maternal role to Bean, by getting a job of her own, "Liz had been doing some babysitting, but after Mom had been gone a week, she decided to take on extra work, and I got a job delivering Grit, a newspaper with useful stories..." (Walls 15). Liz knows that if she is not independent and got a job then there was no way that her and Bean could survive without their mother. Also it was her idea to leave for Byler so that the bandersnatchers, which is the girls word for the police, would not be able to take them away to Child Protective Services. Liz always knew what to do in these kind of situations, as we are told by Bean, which makes Liz very dependable. Also, Liz is remarkably intelligent, which we know because she is always complimented by teachers, parents and other adults about how outstanding she is. But not only is Liz considered to be smart in school, or "book smart", she also knows how to deal with the...
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...Maternal deprivation Bowlby was a psychoanalyst; he came up with a theory for maternal deprivation. He used this theory to explain how a child would be effected if the emotional bond between the care giver and the infant was broken. He also showed that if the attachment was damaged on a regular basis, the child could suffer with social, intellectual and emotional damage due to maternal deprivation. This view is supported by Bowlby’s research, 44 Juvenile Thieves. Bowlby conducted a piece of research in which to find out if children were deprived of their mother during the critical period of attachment of the first few years of their lives, could this lead to a serious range of permanent consequences happen for later development. He took 88 clients from the child guidance clinic. Forty-four children had been referred to the clinic because of stealing. Bowlby interviewed children and their parents building up a record of their early life experiences. Bowlby found that 32% of the ‘thieves’ showed affectionless psychopathy as they had spent a considerable amount of time in hospital of a foster home as infants. In contrast only a small amount on the non-affectionless thieves had the same experiences. He concluded that disruption during the attachment stages was responsible for this. However this research was argued by Michael Rutter, he suggested that Bowlby did not consider the differences between deprivation and privation and their different consequences. He also stated...
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...of surviving and a 50% risk of not | | |making it. | | |Problems may arise during or after birth that can threaten the life of both mother and child. The worst| | |result of this is maternal mortality. Mortality statistics paint a bleak picture about maternal and | | |child health globally. Each year, more than 500,000 women worldwide die from complications related to | | |pregnancy. Yet, most of these deaths that tend to occur among low and middle-income countries are | | |preventable. Unfortunately, cost-effective health care that could save the lives of millions of mothers| | |is not always available to those who need it most (Yin, 2006). | | |Even developed countries are not spared from this situation. The maternal mortality rate in...
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