...Probe (WMAP), scientists discovered that the universe (for the first a few hundred thousand years) was an expanding gas composed primarily of protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and the mysterious dark matter. In the present, scientists are still bombard about dark matter and what it really is. Although, scientists do not know what dark matter is, they are certain of what it is not. Dark matter is not in the form of stars and planets that we see and it is known to make up about 25% of the entire Universe. By using the effect of gravitational lensing, astronomers are able to determine that dark matter is not affected by most of the other baryonic matters. They also found that dark matter is the responsible substance that makes up most of the masses in the universe (found in galaxies, dwarf galaxies, and cluster galaxies). Dark matter is also the primary influence of gravitational pulls. The mysterious and magnificent space that seems almost empty to the naked eye has fascinated mankind for as long as history can remember. The universe seems empty because it is made up of gas which is primarily composed of particles such as protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter. Dark matter is known to make up about 25% of the entire Universe but scientists have yet to understand completely about this mysterious subatomic particle. What is dark matter and where did it come from? What is really the natural function of dark matter? Where and how can dark matter be found? These...
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...Approximately 14 billion years ago, the universe that stands today was born. There are various explanations for how it was created. Research shows that they are essential scientific questions and it stimulate scientists to debate their research. Many scientists from all over the world and different time periods work to find the reason behind its creation. The different theories on the origin of the universe have a great impact on the way humans view how the universe was created. The most known is the Big Bang theory and smaller theories include the String theory, the Incredible Bulk theory, the Times Arrow theory and the Steady State theory. (Tate) The universe is almost 14 billion years old. There are two common ways scientists use to calculate how old the universe is. The first method involves measuring the speeds and distances of the galaxies. Scientists interpret that the galaxies were closer together before in the past because all of them are slowly moving further from each other every second. Identifying the current speeds and distances of the galaxies, included with the rate at which the universe is accelerating, permits scientists to calculate how long it took...
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...Skeptic’s View of Global Warming Is global warming really happening? Is it something that we should truly fear, and if so, why? Scientists and other climate experts have been trying to answer these important questions and many others concerning global climate change for decades. Before one can truly delve into the details of global warming, it is important to define the concept. The entire study of climate change is difficult to explain, and is not yet fully understood by scientists. However, global warming can be simply described as the process of the earth’s atmosphere increasing in temperature due to the presence of greenhouse gases, which include carbon dioxide and are produced through the burning of fossil fuels and various other means. These gasses are actually part of Earth’s natural processes, for they trap heat that allows Earth’s temperature to sustain life. The effects of this process can be seen as a blessing and a curse. Just the right amount of them helps the earth maintain a somewhat constant temperature; too much may cause temperatures to rise to frightening heights. Since 1880, when instruments used to precisely measure atmospheric temperatures were invented, the Earth’s surface temperature has risen about 0.36° F for each decade up to the twenty first century (Voiland). This information presents a clear warning about the matter: that global warming is present and cannot be ignored. Most extremists feel that global warming will lead to dire consequences...
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...particles that make up atoms, and weighs them down so that they do not simply whizz around space at the speed of light. But in the half-century following the theory, produced independently by the six scientists within a few months of each other, nobody has been able to prove that the Higgs Field really exists. Prof Higgs predicted that the field would have a signature particle, a massive boson. What would the world be like without the Higgs boson? According to the Standard Model theory, it would not be recognisable. Without something to give mass to the basic building blocks of matter, everything would behave as light does, floating freely and not combining with other particles. Ordinary matter, as we know it, would not exist. How long has the search gone on? Scientists have been looking for the Higgs since the 1960s, but the search began in earnest more than 20 years ago with early experiments at Cern in Europe and Fermilab in the US. Does finding the Higgs boson mark the end of the search? It's just the end of the beginning. Confirming the existence of the Higgs would only be the start of a new era of particle physics as scientists focus on understanding how it works and look for unexpected phenomena. How do you find a Higgs boson? To find the particle and characterise it, scientists must first try to create it by smashing beams of protons together inside the Large Hadron Collider at close to the speed of light and analysing the debris. By doing so they will essentially be...
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...Antimatter=Real? Antimatter! Real? True fact! Antimatter is not fictional. It’s one of those things that we’re really unsure about what it can do. Antimatter may lead mankind to new inventions ranging from teleportation, a new power source or maybe even the cure to cancer. Scientists have just scratched the surface of the abilities of antimatter. First of all, Antimatter is not fake (NASA 1). “Paul Dirac predicted the existence of antimatter in 1931” (Hooper 8). So what is antimatter? “Antimatter is matter with its electrical charge reversed”(NASA 5). An electrical charge is a property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interactions. Electrically charged matter produces and also is influenced by electromagnetic fields. Antimatter is made of essentially of antiprotons, which is a normal proton with the electrical and magnetic charge reversed. Antimatter is affected by gravity. (NASA 2). Additionally when “antimatter and normal matter collide they release energy” (NASA 5). To make antimatter, scientists must get a high velocity electron , at the speed of 96% of the speed of light, and then throw it at something, preferably with a high atomic number. After a complicated reaction, scientists either get a pion (subatomic particle) or antimatter! This cost 25 billion kWh (kilowatt-hour ) to make just one single gram. Even though the cost is massive, there is a possibility that antimatter can be used to exam or cure patients in the hospitals (NASA 3). Antimatter...
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...Space Space is a big place , some scientists believe that it is neverending. There are many things that make up space from tiny specs of dust, to huge gigantic galaxies and solar systems. Solar systems is what makes up most of space, there are so many structures to the solar system. These structures consist of planets, gasses, and energy. THe one thing that holds all of this matter is a star in the middle of the solar system. These stars have a very large gravitational pull that holds everything in place, planets also have a gravitational pull but it's not as powerful as the sun's gravitational pull, which makes it so that the planets do not float away but also do not come crashing into the sun. Stars are immense balls of gas that produce...
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...on the phenomenon. The dark flow is an astrophysical term to describe a force which can not be explained by any of the known gravitational forces in the observable universe and is responsible for moving whole clusters of galaxies in convoy towards a single point in space between constellations Centaurus and Vela. In 2008 NASA scientists came across the dark flow while studying some of the largest structures in the cosmos. According to standard cosmological models the motion of galaxy clusters should be randomly distributed in all directions. When scientists analysed WMAP data they discovered that clusters were moving 3.2 km per hour towards a single region in space. This motion is separate from the expansion of the universe and does not change as distance increases. Scientists came to the conclusion that whatever is driving the movement of matter must lie beyond the observable universe....
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...Politics is seeking to acquire powers and position of authority with the purpose of commanding obedience and influencing others, and it is the people’s interaction with one another with the view of affecting others opinions. 2. Do you agree that there is science of politics? Yes! I agree! Although, political science is not an exact science as physics or chemistry which are pure or natural sciences but it is a social science as Economics and Sociology. Why I agree that there is science of politics is because politics deals with man and employs scientific approach in the study of man. But the approach employed by political scientists is quite different from that of the scientists in the pure or natural science world. There is distinctiveness in the materials utilized and the conclusion during investigation. For instance, the subject matter...
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...Sigmund 1 Trent Sigmund Joy Corwin Comp & Rhetoric I 30 September 2015 Black Abyss Black holes make up some of the most mysterious objects in space. Black holes go around our way of thinking by generating mindbending illusions and defying physics. They possess different laws that to any ordinary human being would seem impossible. Since their discovery, scientists conduct experiment after experiment trying to unlock their greatest secrets. Bundles of information has been discovered about these dark, massive holes in space, but even the greatest minds in the world can not debunk them. The idea of black holes appeared in the eighteenth century by John Michell and PierreSimon Laplace, but the term black holes did not come until 1969 by an American physicist John Wheeler. John Michell and PierreSimon believed that if an object in space fit the size and density criteria, it would then have a gravity so strong that nothing could escape its pull ( “How Do We Know That Black Holes Exist?”) . For example, if you live on Earth, you would need to travel at least seven miles per second to escape its gravity, but if you dwell on the sun you would need to travel 380 miles per second to escape its gravity. Black holes get so large and dense that an object would need to travel faster than the speed of light to escape it ("Black Hole," UXL Encyclopedia of Science ). As of today nothing can travel faster than the speed of light, so if you get too close to a black hole...
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...The Higgs Boson’s conflict with Theology Klynton Rhodes Georgia Southern University The Higgs Boson’s conflict with Theology A scientific discovery is also a religious discovery. There is no conflict between science and religion. Our knowledge of God is made larger with every discovery we make about the world. –Joseph H. Taylor Jr, God Evidence According to Steve Paulson (2010) “The debate over science and religion is like catnip for anyone wanting to spout off about the improbability of God or the arrogance of scientists”(p.1). Since I was young I remember being told that no matter what I learned in science class about evolution, or the big bang, that God was real. According to Dr. Agustin Fuentes of Psychology today “There are some factions of Christianity whose leaders (and thus their followers) express adamant opposition to “evolution” and this is often used as the key example in the science vs. religion conflict.” Examples of controversial scientific discoveries such as cloning, and genetic manipulation, are considered to be inhumane. In my opinion God created science for humans to better understand the world he created, and according to Steve Paulson (2010) Albert Einstein shared my belief demonstrated when he stated “ Science without religion is lame; religion without science is blind” (p.3). It is well known that some people believe that the universe was started with the big bang as well as the subsequent reactions that followed. This brings into the discussion...
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...testing. In the context of the debate, the position being disputed is that animal testing is beneficial for humans, despite being unethical, because it can help conduct different types of tests, and translate onto human lives. In order to present a justification to this position, following arguments have been posed by considering both sides of the picture: Animals are notably the best way to test medications as prior studies and empirical results have shown. With the aid of different animals including chimpanzees, baboons, ants, rats and other species of the animal kingdom, it has become possible for the scientists to find cures. These cures are not just limited to the transmissible diseases but also for influenzas and infections. It is of great interest that the heart of a baboon and other species of monkeys are rather similar to that of humans. This has allowed the scientists to conduct open-heart surgeries among humans as they discovered the correct way of treating human patients with cardiovascular diseases. In addition to the consideration of animals as the best way to test animals, results have shown that the experimentation that is done on animals is accurate. There are a number of other methods, which can also be used to...
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...the Existence of God Whether one is religious or a non-believer, theist or atheist, there are certain things in nature that even scientists can’t seem to definitively explain. In Dr. Bert Thompson’s study, he gives three very arguable cases of proof for the existence of God. The author delves into the three main arguments for the existence of God, which scientists have not been able to completely explain away with logic or reasoning, being able to present the views of both sides without necessarily becoming hostile towards the one or the other. The three cases that are presented for argument are the Cosmological Argument, the Teleological Argument, and the Anthropological Argument. In this paper, I will examine the cases and explain the benefits each gives towards the belief of a Supreme Being. The first case presented was the Cosmological Argument. It is explained that the Cosmological Argument addresses the fact that the Universe is here and therefore must be explained. In the book, Dr. Thompson explains that the Universe is a contingent entity, one that is dependent upon something outside of itself to explain its existence. For scientists, and atheists alike, there is the belief of cause and effect, or rather the Law of Casualty. This law states that every material effect must have an adequate antecedent cause. For scientists, and philosophers alike, this is the foundation of their core beliefs. There can be no effects without an adequate cause, this is simply...
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...Q) Discuss the revolution in Cosmology from Copernicus to Newton. In your essay, address the steps resulting in the breakdown of long held beliefs from Aristotle’s days, and Ptolemaic theories. * Prior to Aristotle. There were several other models of the universe, with the Phytogrean universe the most popular. In this model there existed a central fire in the middle of the universe, from which all light descended. * In Aristotle’s model of the universe the world outside the Earth existed, finitely, with nothing ever moving. With the universe in the same position as it ever was. This model of the universe was widely accepted and considered to be a scientific fact for many generations to come. According to Aristotle the universe was filled with a substance called aether to compensate for its dynamic nature. * One of the most important reason for the wide acceptance of Aristotle’s model of the universe was that it correlated with religious views of the time. * Aristotle’s model was further adopted by Ptolemy, to create Ptolemaic view of the universe. This led to the birth of the Aristotle-Ptolemy universe. In this model the Earth was the centre of the universe with the universe revolving around it. * The view persisted for more than and allowed the astronomers to predict the movement of the galaxy and the stars around the Earth. Star charts were developed first in this era. By the sixteenth century this view was intertwined into all of the world’s cutltures. * In the sixteenth...
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... The way the DNA is composed is a very complex matter. This journal was published in The Journal Of Clinical Physics on July 29, 2010. The authors were Margret C. Linak and Kevin D. Dorfman. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. Deoxyribonucleic acid is a material in humans and other organisms. Almost every cell in a persons body has the same DNA. A persons DNA defines who they are and what traits they have. This journal I choose experiments with the simulation that is used to describe the model of DNA through different experiments and tests. The tests that were done in this experiment were trying to show the correct melting temperature of the model. How will these experiments turn out in the end? To begin, the scientists in this experiment want to show how they tried to simulate DNA. The methods that were done were to try and show the nucleotide sequences and figuring out the values of the X and Y chromosomes. Also, the scientists tried to conserve the identity of the stem of the cytosine bases in the loop. The cytosine bases were replaced with guanines of different lengths. Cytosine bases are involved with the pairing of the DNA and the chromosomes. The experiment used DNA hairpins. DNA hairpins are the structure of the DNA. The scientists made an hypothesis to try and test what they thought would happen during the experiment. The hypothesis that was made during this experiment was that by the different tests that were done, one of those tests would have...
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...and the Levant (ISIS) used to have a different name: al Qaeda in Iraq. US troops and allied Sunni militias defeated al Qaeda in Iraq during the post-2006 "surge" — but it didn't destroy them. The US commander in Iraq, General Ray Odierno, described the group in 2010 as down but "fundamentally the same." In 2011, the group rebooted. ISIS successfully freed a number of prisoners held by the Iraqi government and, slowly but surely, began rebuilding their strength. ISIS and al-Qaeda divorced in February 2014. "Over the years, there have been many signs that the relationship between al Qaeda Central (AQC) and the group's strongest, most unruly franchise was strained," Barack Mendelsohn, a political scientist at Haverford College, writes. Their relationship "had always been more a matter of mutual interests than of shared ideology." According to Mendelsohn, Syria pushed that relationship to the breaking point. ISIS claimed that it controlled Jabhat al-Nusra, the official al-Qaeda splinter in Syria, and defied orders from al-Qaeda's leader, Ayman al-Zawahiri, to back off. "This was the first time a leader of an al-Qaeda franchise had publicly disobeyed" a movement leader, he says. ISIS also defied repeated orders to kill fewer civilians in Syria, and the tensions led to al-Qaeda disavowing any connection with ISIS in a February communiqué. Today, ISIS and al-Qaeda compete for influence over Islamist extremist groups around the world. Some experts believe ISIS may overtake al-Qaeda...
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