...Christine Burrill November 19, 2012 AA Flow Dynamics, Mauna Loa 1984 by Peter W. Lipman & Norman G. Banks I. Introduction The paper on ‘a’a flow dynamics written by Lipman and Banks is one of the first comprehensive studies regarding detailed observations of a long and complex ‘a’a lava flow. This paper was also one of the first to establish connections between lava flow morphology and changes in lava properties, specifically gas and crystal content. The flow that was studied was generated by the 1984 eruption along the northeast rift zone of Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii (fig. 1). The major flow reached 27 km from the source vent after four days from the start of the eruption (Lipman and Banks, 1987). A decrease in the eruption rate, related to an increase in microphenocrysts and decrease in gas content of erupted lava, generated lava boats that blocked the flow. Blockages led to lava overflowing channel levees, redirecting the lava supply and leading to a stagnation of the major flow. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the key points from the study of the 1984 eruption, investigate some of the impacts this study has had on subsequent research and give a critical evaluation of the study. II. Major Points of Paper Flow Types Lipman and Banks (1987) observed distinctive types of ‘a’a that developed at certain distances from the vent, with certain changes in slope of the terrain and the way the flow advanced. The four types...
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...Xx J. B. English 101 March 20, 2010 “Is Air Pollution a Belief?” Winter-Koger’s essay “What on Earth Are We Doing?” discusses many environmental problems, e.g.: ozone depletion, global warming, overpopulation, deforestation, air and water pollution, topsoil loss, and coral reef destruction. While it is difficult to isolate one problem to discuss, as they are all equally, important environmental problems; I have decided to research the effects of outdoor air pollution. I am interested particularly in whether the United States has made any positive changes for cleaner air, or added to the negative impacts on two of six different types of air pollution-ozone(smog) and particle pollution (particulate matter) since Winter-Koger’s essay (2004). Air pollution is one of the many environmental problems faced each day around the world. Man has always been a solid contributor to environmental pollution, a problem passed on from generation to generation. Air pollution is not a belief that one has; but a real problem that absolutely does exist. Many people have dedicated their lives to finding a solution to the detrimental effects of air pollution. And many people, unknowingly, and some ignorantly, have dedicated their lives to contributing to air pollution. To better understand the effects of air pollution, one must first understand the definition of air pollution and how it is caused. You may disagree and feel you know the definition of air pollution; but ask the person next...
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...Week 5 Global Warming C02 and You Bonita Jones-Bey 1. Is your emission higher than average US emission? By how much. See report 2. What steps will you be taking to reduce your emission? We currently use one vehicle more than the other one. The one with the better ass mileage of 38 mpg. 3. What needs to be done to increase sinks and reduce sources? Change in Uses of Land Increasing carbon storage by using land differently or maintaining carbon storage by avoiding land degradation. • Encouraging the transformation of cropland to forest. • Avoiding the conversion of forest land to settlements. Changes in Land Management Practices Improving management practices on existing land-use types. • Reducing soil erosion to minimize losses in soil carbon storage. • Planting after natural or human-induced forest disturbances to accelerate vegetation growth and minimize soil carbon losses. 4. How much has the amount of C02 in the atmosphere changed in the past? Ice cores have been collected from Antarctica and Greenland which contain information stored in the ice that can be used to reconstruct climates thousands of years ago. As snow accumulates on ice caps and ice sheets where temperatures usually remain below freezing year round, it lays down a record of the environmental conditions at the time of its formation. Over time the snow, buried under further accumulations, is compacted to ice, preserving the climatic information. Air bubbles trapped in the ice can be analyzed to reconstruct...
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...FACTS Contacts: Mark K. Pogharian Vice President, Investor Relations Tele: (717) 534-7556 Fax: (717) 534-6550 E-mail: mpogharian@hersheys.com Matthew F. Miller Investor Relations Manager Tele: (717) 534-7554 Fax: (717) 534-6550 E-mail: mfmiller@hersheys.com Prepared by: The Hershey Company Investor Relations Department 100 Crystal A Drive, P.O. Box 810 Hershey, PA 17033-0810 Internet: www.hersheys.com The Hershey Company Fact Book Table of Contents Page(S) 3 4 5-24 Mission Statement Acquisition/Divestiture Summary Key Corporate Events Financial Data Summary of Statements of Income - GAAP: 2010 & 2009 Summary of Statements of Income - Pro Forma: 2010 & 2009 Six-Year Consolidated Financial Summary Quarterly Performance (2010, 2009 & 2008) 2002 – 2010 GAAP & Non-GAAP Annual EPS Capitalization Financing Arrangements Long Term Financial Objectives Capital Expenditures Depreciation Cash Flow Analysis Share Repurchases Economic-ROIC HSY Stock Statistics Key Management Hershey Executive Team Operations U.S. Confectionery Industry U.S. Market Share U.S. Classes of Trade U.S. Snack Market Hershey Products Hershey Canada Hershey Mexico Hershey International Commodities Cocoa Sugar Hershey Manufacturing and Distribution 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 33 34 35-36 37 38-39 40 41-42 43-44 45 45 46-47 48-50 51 52-53 54-55 56 57 The Hershey Company What it means to stakeholders Consumers Delivering quality consumer-driven confectionery experiences for all occasions ...
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...FACTS Contacts: Mark K. Pogharian Vice President, Investor Relations Tele: (717) 534-7556 Fax: (717) 534-6550 E-mail: mpogharian@hersheys.com Matthew F. Miller Investor Relations Manager Tele: (717) 534-7554 Fax: (717) 534-6550 E-mail: mfmiller@hersheys.com Prepared by: The Hershey Company Investor Relations Department 100 Crystal A Drive, P.O. Box 810 Hershey, PA 17033-0810 Internet: www.hersheys.com The Hershey Company Fact Book Table of Contents Page(s) 3 4 5-24 Mission Statement Acquisition/Divestiture Summary Key Corporate Events Financial Data Summary of Statements of Income - GAAP: 2011 & 2010 Summary of Statements of Income - Pro Forma: 2011 & 2010 Six-Year Consolidated Financial Summary Quarterly Performance (2010, 2009 & 2008) 2002 – 2010 GAAP & Non-GAAP Annual EPS Capitalization Financing Arrangements Long Term Financial Objectives Capital Expenditures Depreciation Cash Flow Analysis Share Repurchases Economic-ROIC HSY Stock Statistics Key Management Hershey Executive Team Operations U.S. Confectionery Industry U.S. Market Share U.S. Classes of Trade U.S. Snack Market Hershey Products Hershey Canada Hershey International Commodities Cocoa Sugar Hershey Manufacturing and Distribution 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 33 34 35-36 37 38-39 40 41-42 43-44 45 45 46-47 48-50 51-52 53-54 55 56 The Hershey Company What it means to stakeholders Consumers Delivering quality consumer-driven confectionery experiences for all occasions Employees ...
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...The effects of global warming on the environment and human life are numerous and varied. Scenarios studied by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global warming will continue and get worse much faster than was expected even in their last report. Research by NOAA indicate that the effects of global warming are already irreversible. The IPCC reports attribute many specific natural phenomena to human causes. The expected long range effects of recent climate change may already be observed. Rising sea levels, glacier retreat, Arctic shrinkage, and altered patterns of agriculture are cited as direct consequences of human activities. Predictions for secondary and regional effects include extreme weather events, an expansion of tropical diseases, changes in the timing of seasonal patterns in ecosystems, and drastic economic impact. Concerns have led to political activism advocating proposals to mitigate, or adapt to it. Geoengineering is a further potential response, which could potentially reverse some effects that may otherwise be irreversible. It is notable that many of the effects of global warming are non-linear in nature, with potential for dramatic positive feedback effects. This means that the climate may enter a critical state where small changes can trigger runaway or abrupt climate change. Geoengineering has been suggested as a means of interrupting or reversing these effects. A notable example of a 'runaway' effect is the release of methane...
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...Developing Cafe Alfresco into a Green Restaurant A proposed study by Chrysoberyl H. Morales Masters of Science in Culinary Arts Philippine Women’s University September 2012 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION “Green Restaurants” are restaurants that practice their food businesses operations without contributing to the harming of our environment. Basically, these restaurants must not support the use of harmful chemicals for their supplies, does not use equipment that use excessive energy, and must be waste efficient. The history of “Green Restaurants” started in New York, in the 1990’s era. When the scientific facts that indicate that the world needs new “Green” ways, some restaurateurs in New York started building their restaurants patterned with eco-friendly procedures. Some restaurants nowadays follow this trend, like Sonya’s Garden in Tagaytay and some restaurants in Manila. Global Warming changes the Earth’s chemical atmosphere. It creates a chemical imbalance that threatens the average temperature of the world. It may not sound too serious but a slight change in the temperature may create an ecosystem imbalance. A slight change in the temperature may cause rise in our sea levels because of the melting of the ice caps in Antarctica. With the progressing support to the new environmentalism and sustainability, the hospitality and tourism sector has joined the campaign. There is a trend in the Tourism industry called, Eco-Tourism which is getting economically stronger...
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...Ontario Submitted by: Steve C. Wyndham A.Sc.T. OACETT Membership #: 0856807 Submitted to: OACETT 10 Four Seasons Place, Suite 404 Toronto, ON M9B 6H7 Discipline: Environmental Date Submitted: August 15, 2014 Declaration of Sole Authorship I, Steve Wyndham, confirm that this work submitted for assessment is my own and is expressed in my own words. Any uses made within it of the works of any other author, in any form (ideas, equations, figures, texts, tables, programs), are properly acknowledged at the point of use. A list of the references used is included. Signature: Date: August 18, 2014 Acknowledgments The author would like to acknowledge the use of the Queen’s University On-line Library for access to Research Journals. Abstract Global warming is one of the most potentially disastrous issues facing mankind in the early 21st century, considered to be caused by man-made greenhouse gas emissions. Approximately 30% of the man-made carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions causing global warming is created by the burning of fossil fuels to produce electricity or used as a direct energy source. The use of solar energy to pre-heat water for industrial, commercial and institutional and residential purposes can reduce electricity usage by up to 2% to 6% in southern Ontario. Adding the emissions from using natural gas directly to heat water a figure of 5% to 17% reduction in CO2 emissions can be derived by the use of solar energy to pre-heat water. This report...
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...Answers to Conceptual Integrated Science End-of-Chapter Questions Chapter 1: About Science Answers to Chapter 1 Review Questions 1 The era of modern science in the 16th century was launched when Galileo Galilei revived the Copernican view of the heliocentric universe, using experiments to study nature’s behavior. 2 In Conceptual Integrated Science, we believe that focusing on math too early is a poor substitute forconcepts. 3 We mean that it must be capable of being proved wrong. 4 Nonscientific hypotheses may be perfectly reasonable; they are nonscientific only because they are not falsifiable—there is no test for possible wrongness. 5 Galileo showed the falseness of Aristotle’s claim with a single experiment—dropping heavy and lightobjects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. 6 A scientific fact is something that competent observers can observe and agree to be true; a hypothesis is an explanation or answer that is capable of being proved wrong; a law is a hypothesis that has been tested over and over and not contradicted; a theory is a synthesis of facts and well-tested hypotheses. 7 In everyday speech, a theory is the same as a hypothesis—a statement that hasn’t been tested. 8 Theories grow stronger and more precise as they evolve to include new information. 9 The term supernatural literally means “above nature.” Science works within nature, not above it. 10 They rely on subjective personal experience and do not lead to testable hypotheses. They lie outside...
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...10000 quiz questions and answers www.cartiaz.ro 10000 general knowledge questions and answers 10000 general knowledge questions and answers www.cartiaz.ro No Questions Quiz 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Carl and the Passions changed band name to what How many rings on the Olympic flag What colour is vermilion a shade of King Zog ruled which country What colour is Spock's blood Where in your body is your patella Where can you find London bridge today What spirit is mixed with ginger beer in a Moscow mule Who was the first man in space What would you do with a Yashmak Who betrayed Jesus to the Romans Which animal lays eggs On television what was Flipper Who's band was The Quarrymen Which was the most successful Grand National horse Who starred as the Six Million Dollar Man In the song Waltzing Matilda - What is a Jumbuck Who was Dan Dare's greatest enemy in the Eagle What is Dick Grayson better known as What was given on the fourth day of Christmas What was Skippy ( on TV ) What does a funambulist do What is the name of Dennis the Menace's dog What are bactrians and dromedaries Who played The Fugitive Who was the King of Swing Who was the first man to fly across the channel Who starred as Rocky Balboa In which war was the charge of the Light Brigade Who invented the television Who would use a mashie niblick In the song who killed Cock Robin What do deciduous...
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...500 extraordinary islands G R E E N L A N D Beaufort Sea Baffin Bay vi Da i tra sS t a nm De it Stra rk Hudson Bay Gulf of Alaska Vancouver Portland C A N A D A Calgary Winnipeg Newfoundland Quebec Minneapolis UNITED STATES San Francisco Los Angeles San Diego Phoenix Dallas Ottawa Montreal ChicagoDetroitToronto Boston New York OF AMERICA Philadelphia Washington DC St. Louis Atlanta New Orleans Houston Monterrey NORTH AT L A N T I C OCEAN MEXICO Guadalajara Mexico City Gulf of Mexico Miami Havana CUBA GUATEMALA HONDURAS b e a n Sea EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA Managua BAHAMAS DOMINICAN REPUBLIC JAMAICA San Juan HAITI BELIZE C a r PUERTO RICO ib TRINIDAD & Caracas N TOBAGO A COSTA RICA IA M PANAMA VENEZUELA UYANRINA H GU C U G Medellín A PAC I F I C OCEAN Galapagos Islands COLOMBIA ECUADOR Bogotá Cali S FR EN Belém Recife Lima BR A Z I L PERU La Paz Brasélia Salvador Belo Horizonte Rio de Janeiro ~ Sao Paulo BOLIVIA PARAGUAY CHILE Cordoba Santiago Pôrto Alegre URUGUAY Montevideo Buenos Aires ARGENTINA FALKLAND/MALVINAS ISLANDS South Georgia extraordinary islands 1st Edition 500 By Julie Duchaine, Holly Hughes, Alexis Lipsitz Flippin, and Sylvie Murphy Contents Chapter 1 Beachcomber Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Aquatic Playgrounds 2 Island Hopping the Turks & Caicos: Barefoot Luxury 12 Life’s a Beach 14 Unvarnished & Unspoiled 21 Sailing...
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