...Phillip Nelson Journal of Political Economy Vol. 78, No. 2 (Mar. - Apr., 1970), pp. 311-329 The psychoanalytic theories and philosophies of Freud have influenced not only psychology but also literature, social science, and medicine, as well as marketing. Freud stressed the unconscious nature of personality and motivation and said that much , if not all ,behaviour is related to the stresses within the personality’s three interacting sets of forces, the id ,igo and superego, interact to produce behaviour. According to Freudian theory, the id is the source of all driving psychic energy, but its unrestrained impulses cannot be expressed without running afoul of society’s values.The superego is the internal is the internal representative of the traditional values and can be conceptualized as the moral arm of personality.The manner in which the ego guides the libidinal energies of the id and the moralistic demands of the superego accounts for the rich variety Harold H. Kassarjian Journal of Marketing Research Vol. 8, No. 4 (Nov., 1971), pp. 409-418 Personality and Consumer Behavior: A Review Abstract This article reviews the current literature in the fields of consumer behaviour and the marketing of services in order to examine the main issues facing the consumer in purchasing services, as opposed to goods. Five distinguishing characteristics of services are discussed and the implications of these for the consumers are placed within the information processing...
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...Analyse and critically discuss the nature and purpose of the employment relationship for organizations and the relationship between work design, planning, pay and the employment relationship. Explain how expectancy theory; reinforcement theory and equity theory help managers to build an effective pay strategy as part of managing employment relationships Words: 2,695 . Introduction The term ‘employment-relationship’ is interchangeable with others when describing aspects of the overall relationship. According to USQ (2004) this relationship is basically the exchange of work by employees for pay from employers. While the primary relationship is that between the employer-employee, as organisations have evolved, grown in size and number, so too has the diversity of employees, each with their own particular ‘psychological contract’ (Hodgkinson 2003). The purpose of a defined and productive employment relationship is to equitably manage the various relationships, and resolve conflicts (USQ 2004). Breaching this psychological contract potentially will have negative implications for loyalty, motivation, and worker commitment to the organisation (Hislop 2003). This essay will discuss some of the factors in the workplace, which have an effect on the principals at each end of this relationship, and maintaining such diverse relations within a context of equity to each. The objective of business is to increase profits by increasing the effectiveness of production...
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...Leadership Training In Public Administration Mr. Khalid abdulaziz Introduction As leaderships training is one of the significant parts in each organization and it is one of the reasons to enhance the organization, this essay will discuses the two types of leadership and how they affect the organization. In Addition, this essay will take in consideration the organization structure and its culture. The main concern of this essay the relation between the leaders and their followers and how it is improved through leadership training. Background information In the recent years, many nations have seen a paradigm shift in public administration. This shift to a new paradigm is often referred to as new public management (NPM). In essence, NPM is based on two philosophies: economic rationalism and managerialism. In Australia, the implementation of reforms in public services have become more efficient, effective and economical (James 2005). This can be further enhanced when a market-oriented approach will be taken in public policies and with the introduction of business methods and practices in public sector management. Public sector management can be developed because of leadership training for organizational change. The ability to lead is not always acquired naturally. It is not always apparent and is not found in the behavior and personality of the individual. Proper education and training can draw the leadership ability and help it become...
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...Proceedings of MUCEET2009 Malaysian Technical Universities Conference on Engineering and Technology June 20-22, 2009, MS Garden,Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia Automatic Infrared Light Switching System Mohd Norhafiz Norudin, Ranjit Singh, and Wong Yan Chiew Abstract - This paper presents an Automatic Infra Red Light Switching System which combines the electrical and electronics technologies. It is a major task for every household, company and industry to have a safe system and energy saving system installed on their buildings. Furthermore, automatic light switching will lead to energy saving and efficient energy usage which could benefit individuals and the whole country. Along with this, the system is developed to have a some safe enviroment without putting life on danger when switching ‘ON’ or ‘OFF’ the light after occupying the restroom. Basically, this system is design to be installed in the restroom. Apart from the automatic switching, it also comprises manual switching in case user needs to have light during the day. This system comprises two main parts: automatic light control for security purposes and for lighting areas. Keywords: Automatic light switching, Safe system, Energy saving system, Manual switching, Restroom installation I. INTRODUCTION In order to have electricity security and save energy [1], in most cases usually automatic switching is the most practical approach. Electronic sensors and microprocessor-based energy controllers...
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...Problems with employees may arise from time to time in even the best-run business so discipline consideration should be enforced and punishment should be given to those who are perceived to have broken them (Edward, 2000:319).The statutory legislation to perform a rules for employees to maintain the order of the at their workplace, so the employee is bounded to obey the discipline imposed at his workplace, thus being created a specific subordination between the employer and his employees (Vieriu,2009). Every company must establish a discipline procedure because it can produce a controlled performance between employer and employee as a guidance of their own talent and resources (Torrington, Hall, and Taylor, 2002, p.528). ACAS disciplinary procedure is the one rule that help and encourage all workers to achieve and maintain standards of conduct, attendance and job performance to ensure consistent and fair treatment between employer and employees. Extract from (Disciplinary rules and procedures, 2004, para.60), a good disciplinary procedure should: * Be put in writing and tell employees what mistake they do. * Say to whom they apply and note them orally especially those difficult in langue problem. * All the issue will deal without undue delay and promptly. * All relevant information will be kept as confidential. * Explain to employees what disciplinary action might be taken and let them know about the authority disciplinary action decision will be act by...
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...* ABSTRACT The main purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between Organizational Culture and Employee Commitment. The study was conducted in MCB Bank Lahore branches. The data was collected through questionnaires. The sample size used in this study was 100. The concerned variables are ‘organizational culture’ and ‘employees commitment’. The hypothesis was designed that whether there exists a relationship between the variables or not. The results suggested that there exist a relationship between organizational culture and employees’ commitment. The study emphasizes the future prospects in the research field which can be beneficial for the organizations’ culture. The findings , conclusion and recommendations suggest areas for further research. * * * Contents Abstract…………….………………………………………….……………….i List of Tables……………………………………………………………........iv List of Figures………………………………………………………..……….v List of Acronyms……………………………………………………..………vi Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………...vii 1 Chapter No. 1 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Organizational Culture 2 1.2.1 Characteristics. 4 1.2.2 Scope of Organizational Culture. 5 1.3 Problem statement 6 1.4 Rationale for the study 6 1.5 Purpose of Study 7 1.6 Research objectives: 7 1.7 Limitations 7 1.8 Assumptions 8 1.9 Hypothesis 8 1.10 Scope of the study 8 1.11 Outline of the study 9 1.11.1 Chapter1. 9 1.11.2 Chapter 2. 9 1.11.2.1 Literature review I: Organizational...
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...INTRODUCTION – ‘Intrapreneurism is a form of management which, potentially, offers the venture a way of combining the flexibility and responsiveness of the entrepreneurial with the market power and reduced risk of the established organisation’ Gifford Pinchot, in the mid-80s, created the word “intrapreneur” which described employees of large businesses who were hired to behave and think like entrepreneurs. Pinchot defined intrapreneurship as “behaving like an entrepreneur when you’re employed at a large corporation for the benefit of the corporation as a whole” and believed that being appointed as an intrapreneur before giving a shot at entrepreneurship is a great method developing management skills and techniques before stepping into the entrepreneurial world. Apart from just a set of skills and great techniques there are also personality and character qualities that make up a successful intrapreneur or entrepreneur. “The most successful are risk takers who are driven by a vision of something that is better in the world,” Pinchot says. “They are honest and use a balance of intuition and analysis to make their decisions.” Other scholars have defined intrapreneurship in many different of ways. Expressions such as corporate entrepreneurship (Burgelman, 1983, Vesper, 1984; Guth and Ginsberg, 1990; Hornsby et al., 1993, Stopford and Baden-Fuller, 1994), corporate venturing (MacMillan, 1986; Vesper, 1990), and internal corporate entrepreneurship (Schollhammer, 1981, 1982; Jones...
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...Journal of Management and Social Sciences Vol. 5, No. 2, (Fall 2009) 180-194 The Role of Leadership in Human Resource Management a Comparative Study of Specific Public and Private Sectors in Pakistan Akbar Ali * Dean, Multi Disipline, Degree Program NUST, Karachi ABSTRACT The fundamental problem of this study was to examine "The role of leadership in human resource management through comparison of public and private sectors in Pakistan" by evaluating the leadership in ten competencies. The sample was 115 leaders (assesses) which were assessed by 520 respondents (assessors) belonging to Airlines, Hospitals and Banks from both Public and Private Sector. Each of the manager / leader was evaluated by using 360 degree feed back assessment questionnaire. Statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS statistical package. Outcome of this study pointed that there were statistically significant difference among score of leadership between Private and Public Sector organizations. The conclusion of the study indicated; a) Leadership at Private sector is performing better than Public Sector. b) The leadership score of private sector bank was significantly higher to public sector bank. c) The leadership score of private sector hospital was significantly higher as compared to the public sector hospital. d) The leadership score in public sector airline was significantly higher to the private sector airline. The findings also indicated to call upon Pakistani leaders at public...
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...as a descriptive and exploratory approach. As mentioned before, the article explores service quality models, SERVQUAL and Groonroos and the article limits itself to these two service quality models and their individually limited appllication areas. The article argues that customer satisfaction is influenced by a variety of quality subjects, these include functionalty, technical, company image and service quality, and it seeks to find the effect from the aforementioned service quality models. Author: J. Will M. Bertrand and Jan C. Fresco Title: Modelling and Simulation, Operations management research methodoligies using quantitative modeling Journal: International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2002, pp. 241-264 The research question in this article can be as such: “How can quantitative modeling research further the understanding of operations management?”. The article, thus, focuses on research methodology related to operations management and it comes up with guidelines for how to conducting quantitative model-based research in operations management. Regarding...
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...RoJournal of Management and Social Sciences Vol. 5, No. 2, (Fall 2009) 180-194 The Role of Leadership in Human Resource Management a Comparative Study of Specific Public and Private Sectors in Pakistan * Akbar Ali Dean, Multi Disipline, Degree Program NUST, Karachi ABSTRACT The fundamental problem of this study was to examine "The role of leadership in human resource management through comparison of public and private sectors in Pakistan" by evaluating the leadership in ten competencies. The sample was 115 leaders (assesses) which were assessed by 520 respondents (assessors) belonging to Airlines, Hospitals and Banks from both Public and Private Sector. Each of the manager / leader was evaluated by using 360 degree feed back assessment questionnaire. Statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS statistical package. Outcome of this study pointed that there were statistically significant difference among score of leadership between Private and Public Sector organizations. The conclusion of the study indicated; a) Leadership at Private sector is performing better than Public Sector. b) The leadership score of private sector bank was significantly higher to public sector bank. c) The leadership score of private sector hospital was significantly higher as compared to the public sector hospital. d) The leadership score in public sector airline was significantly higher to the private sector airline. The findings also indicated to call upon Pakistani...
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...Accounting is not the same as it used to be. Advancements in information technology have transformed the accounting process and the ways in which accountants undertake their roles. Bookkeeping, calculations and data storage that were previously maintained on paper are now all processed on computers through the use of accounting information systems. It is a known fact that accounting is influenced by external factors such as the economy, laws and society and it must persist to remain current with all the factors that affect the accounting process to maintain its effectiveness. Society has had a great influence over the accounting process, so much so, that a notion stating some information regarding the internal workings of a company should be made available to the public, forced the mandatory disclosure of a company’s financial information to its stakeholders as well as the public. Society has also influenced accounting in a more indirect manner. This can be illustrated by how the societal push towards a more environmentally aware culture forced new regulations and standards such as ISO 14001 (International Organization For Standards, 2010) to be established to reflect this perceptional change, which in turn indirectly created compulsory costs for a company pertaining to the promotion of environmental sustainability. Companies are now obligated to offset their pollution levels and any harmful bearings their corporate activities cause to the environment, as well as...
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...Government of Pakistan Federal Board of Revenue Taxpayer Registration Form 1 TRF-01 Token No. N° Current NTN Unit Trust Modarba Sheet No. of 2 Apply For Category Company Individual AOP New Registration (for Income Tax, Sales Tax, Federal Excise, I.T W/H Agent or S.T W.H Agent ) ST or FED Registration, who already have NTN Company Type Pvt. Ltd. NGO AOP Type => Non-Resident HUF Public Ltd. Society Firm Change in Particulars Small Company Any other (pl specify) Artificial Juridical Person Duplicate Certificate Trust 3 Body of persons formed under a foreign law 4 Status CNIC/PP No. Reg./ Inc. No. Name Resident Country of Non Resident [for Individual only , Non-Residents to write Passport No.] [for Company & Registered AOP only] ` 5 6 7 Gender Birth/ Inc. Date ` Male Female Name of Registered Person (Company, Individual or AOP Name) 8 Address Registered Office Address for Company and Mailing/Business Address for Individual & AOP, for all correspondence Office/Shop/House /Flat /Plot No Street/ Lane/ Plaza/ Floor/ Village Block/ Mohala/ Sector/ Road/ Post Office/ etc Province District City/Tehsil Area/Town Activity Code Registry 9 10 Principal Activity Register for Income Tax Sales Tax Federal Excise Withholding agent for I/Tax Withholding Agent for S/Tax Revision N° ` 11 Representative/ Authorized Rep. Rep. Type CNIC/ NTN Address Representative...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 2 ORGANIZATIONAL DOWNSIZING – A LITERATURE OVERVIEW 2 WHY DO COMPANIES DOWNSIZING? 2 STAGES OF DOWNSIZING 3 THE IMPACT OF DOWNSIZING PRACTICES ON THE PERFORMANCE 4 ALTERNATIVES TO LAYOFF 5 EARLY RETIREMENT 5 DOWNSIZING AND THE LEGAL ISSUES 6 REFERENCES: 6 INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, corporations have been under economic pressures for a long term. Consequently, some of them were eliminated from the local market, the survivors have been driven to reorganize, redesign and restructure their organization with the intention of maintaining their place in the market. According to the decision maker, downsizing can be a solution to many organizations to reduce their budgeting issues and to increase their productivities. ( Labib & Appelbaum,1994) This essay will focus on organizational downsizing. Part one present the downsizing concept, particular attention is paid to downsizing reasoning and stages, its impact on the performance and the legal issues. Part two focus on the early retirement. ORGANIZATIONAL DOWNSIZING – A LITERATURE OVERVIEW The term downsizing refers to an "elaborate decision to reduce the size of the workforce in an organization" to improve the organization performance and decrease cost. (Kozlowski et al., 1993, p. 267). Layoff and early retirement are methods of downsizing; in fact layoff is an immediate act of discharging an employee due a decline, while the early retirement is a personal decision...
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...According to Slack and Lewis The working feat that company strategy brings into a business can either ‘build’ or ‘rout’ the business. Because the strategy must ensure that the business can compete (respond to customers’ demands) and the strategy can help device business capabilities to overcome future competitors (Slack and Lewis, 2011). In business, the discernment of end users requirements is based on understanding the order-qualifiers and also to understand the order winners that earn a customer allegiance. According to Jaller and Ullstrom (2008) argued that the order-qualifiers theory and the order-winners theory is an avenue to investigate market request, also associate it with the core business processes and to ensure that the business wealth is used for highly rated business activities. Order winner and order qualifier are jointly time and market driven (Helms, 2006). So what is order-winners and order-qualifiers? In 2008, Jaller and Ullstrom defined Order qualifier as the least features that a business or the business merchandise must exhibit before it is seen as a possible seller or merchant (Jaller and Ullstrom 2008). Order qualifiers are those intrinsic traits that the buyer expects to see in the product before taking into account to buy them. These traits can also been known as bait that lure the end users to consider the product. While order winner is defined as those distinct traits that will triumph in the bid or make the business superior than their opponent (Jaller...
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...Provision of Services in Urban Areas - What are the Challenges in Developing Countries? Introduction The manner in which provision of basic infrastructure services is dispensed to meet the demands of the public in general will determine the level of economic activity and, in turn, the overall development of a nation. Most sectors cannot function without electricity, telecommunications, and water; therefore, the adequate and effective provision of these services is central to the growth of an economy and the improvement of public welfare. Infrastructure can be seen as the “wheels of economic activity”1. Thus, developing infrastructure capacity: 1. Dominance of public enterprises In general, the widespread dominance of public enterprises in the provision of public goods in developing countries has been repeatedly blamed for the terrible state of these services. The monopolistic nature of the market structure has therefore lead to the absence of competition, resulting in inefficiency and the lack of pricing mechanisms to determine consumer demand and to reflect service costs. Accordingly these “below-cost prices” have contributed to the low levels of government investment and lack of service expansion. 2. Continuous government pressure. Against this backdrop, governments have been under continuous pressure to consider alternative ways of infrastructure provision. The past few years, therefore, have witnessed an upsurge in the commercialization of public services...
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