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¿Es la tomografía computarizada útil en la evaluación de las fracturas de radio distal?
Fabio Suárez, M.D.*, Aída García, M.D.**, Julián Escobar, M.D.***
* Director del programa de supra especialidad de Cirugía de Mano y Miembro Superior, Hospital Militar Central, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada,
Servicio de Ortopedia y Traumatología, Hospital Militar Central.
** Docente, grupo de Cirugía de Mano, Hospital Militar Central, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Servicio de Ortopedia y Traumatología.
*** Residente tercer año, Hospital Militar Central, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, posgrado de Ortopedia y Traumatología.
Correspondencia:
Cra. 24 No 87-15 julian_escobar@hotmail.com Fecha de recepción: marzo 19 de 2010
Fecha de aprobación: agosto 22 de 2010
132 Rev Col Or Tra
Suárez F, García A, Escobar J of ages, male and female, including traumas of loss, moderate and high energy, analyzed the x-rays and CT with three-dimensional reconstruction by 2 orthopedics hand surgeons of independent form, using the same element of measurement, we analyze the height, the variance, the radial inclination, tilt radial, the evidence of step and intra-articulate fracture, the age, side of lesion and the sex; comparing the radiographic findings with the findings in the CT and the three-dimensional reconstruction.
The main findings show the evidence of intra-articulate fracture extension do not diagnose in x-rays in 56.3% of the cases, modifying the therapeutic conduct in most of these and the poor agreement (index kappa 0,1224) of the simple x-ray with the CT as it proves diagnostic of the fractures of distal radio.
The greater use of the CT for the evaluation of this type of fractures is just totally if the great one is analyzed by the number of complications, as well as the surgical interventions, that will be avoided before a initial correct diagnose.
Key words: Radius fracture, plain radiography, computer tomography.
[Rev Col Or Tra 2010; 24(3): 131-35]
Introducción
Históricamente, las fracturas de radio distal fueron estudiadas desde el año 1814 por el doctor Abraham Colles, nueve décadas antes del advenimiento de los rayos X; sin embargo,
Pouteau (1783) la describió 41 años antes en Francia, por lo que en la literatura europea se designa bajo el epónimo
“Fractura de Pouteau-Colles” (1).
Es una patología que cada día requiere un manejo más agresivo, un tratamiento que implique una rehabilitación precoz y el regreso a las actividades diarias y laborales de los paciente a la mayor brevedad (2, 3).
Para poder realizar el mejor tratamiento, las fracturas de radio deben ser clasificadas de la mejor manera, según la personalidad de la fractura, la cual se reconoce por la historia clínica, el examen físico y el diagnóstico imagenológico, el cual puede ser por rayos X simples (PA y lateral de muñeca), o la
TC con o sin reconstrucción tridimensional (4).
En las fracturas intra-articulares de radio distal es difícil determinar la cantidad de fragmentos y el grado de compromiso de la superficie articular con las radiografías simples, y aun las de mayor complejidad como los trazos de extensión a la superficie articular, de dudoso diagnóstico (5, 6, 7).
En la últimas dos décadas, la TC nos ha permitido valorar apropiadamente las superficies articulares y la complejidad de estas fracturas para determinar el tratamiento más adecuado de esta patología (8, 9, 10).
El costo-efectividad del uso rutinario de la TAC para la evaluación de este tipo de fracturas se encuentra plenamente justificado si se analiza el gran número de complicaciones óseas, ligamentarias y lesiones del carpo asociadas (11), así como las reintervenciones quirúrgicas en las fracturas de radio distal con trazo intra-articular no observadas en la radiología simple que presentaron manejo ortopédico o de fijación percutánea (12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19), que serían evitadas con un diagnóstico inicial correcto.
El objetivo general es encontrar la concordancia entre la radiografía simple y la TC en la clasificación de las fracturas de radio distal, y determinar la incidencia de trazos intraarticulares no detectados por radiografía simple.
Materiales y métodos
Se describieron las variables demográficas de los pacientes del estudio, incluyendo el mecanismo o la energía del trauma.
La muestra estuvo conformada por 71 pacientes, y se calculó según la prevalencia de la enfermedad por medio del programa
Episet, con un error tipo I: 0,05; proporción esperada: 0,25; kappa de hipótesis nula: 0,54 (7); distancia a la proporción poblacional de 0,1 y a dos colas, para que fuera estadísticamente significativa. Los pacientes se seleccionaron prospectivamente en el servicio de urgencias del Hospital Militar Central, con los siguientes criterios: individuos con fractura de radio distal, mayores de 18 años, incluyendo población civil y militar, sin discriminación de género, con previa autorización para la inclusión en la investigación. A todos los pacientes se les realizaron radiografías PA y lateral en neutro del puño afectado, además TC del puño con reconstrucción tridimensional; con base en las radiografías dos ortopedistas midieron de forma independiente —con el mismo instrumento de medición y desconociendo los hallazgos entre estos— la altura radial, la
Volumen 24 - No. 3, Noviembre de 2010 133
¿Es la tomografía computarizada útil en la evaluación de las fracturas de radio distal?
Figura 1. Rx de radio distal sin compromiso articular.
Tabla 1. varianza ulnar, la inclinación radial, el tilt radial, la evidencia de trazo y escalón intra-articular; luego, con la TC, volvieron a describir la fractura, haciendo énfasis en la presencia o no de trazo intra-articular y/o escalón intra-articular. Se tomaron como variables la edad, el género, el miembro afectado o lateralidad y el mecanismo del trauma.
Las variables cualitativas medidas fueron la edad, en la cual el promedio fue de 49,6 años; el género, en el cual se estudiaron
41 pacientes femeninas y 30 pacientes masculinos; el mecanismo del trauma, donde 79% correspondieron a traumas de puño por caídas y 31% a accidentes de tránsito; la lateralidad del trauma encontrando 36 casos que comprometen el puño derecho y 35 casos el izquierdo.
Se realizó la evaluación de cada paciente observando y tomando las medidas radiológicas por dos cirujanos de mano con posterior evaluación de la tomografía computada en los cortes axiales, sagitales, coronales y la imagen generada en la reconstrucción tridimensional; se encontraron las siguientes variables cuantitativas en las radiografías y se analizaron con el programa Stata 9.0: altura radial media: 7,4 mm; desviación estándar: 2,007; percentiles: 10%: 5,2 mm, 25%: 6 mm, 50%:
7, 16,3°, 25%: 21,2°, 50%: 26,3°, 75%: 35,1°, 90%: 37,6°. De los 71 pacientes, 68 tuvieron fragmento con inclinación dorsal y 3 con inclinación volar. Seguidamente se evaluó la presencia de trazo intra-articular en las radiografías evidenciando en 49 casos ausencia del mismo, y 22 casos donde sí se encontraba dicho trazo.
Posteriormente, se evaluó la presencia de trazo intraarticular en las tomografías computadas evidenciando nueve casos con plena ausencia de trazo intra-articular y 62 casos en los cuales este sí se encontraba.
Resultados
La investigación encontró que en 40 de los 71 pacientes estudiados, la tomografía computarizada evidenció la presencia de trazo con extensión intra-articular, esto corresponde a
56,34% de casos en los cuales la radiografía no fue suficiente para demostrar la presencia de trazo intra-articular (figuras 1 y
2), y una prevalencia de trazo con extensión intra-articular en las fracturas de radio distal del 87%; en 22 casos se confirmó la presencia de trazo intra-articular encontrado en la radiografía de puño PA y lateral, y en 9 casos se descartó dicha presencia en la fractura de radio distal (tabla 1).
Estos resultados indican que la sensibilidad de la radiografía
PA y lateral de puño para la evaluación de trazos intra-articulares de las fracturas de radio distal es del 35,48%, y la especificidad de la tomografía computarizada para la evaluación de intra-articulares de las fracturas de radio distal es del 100%, teniendo en cuenta que dentro de la investigación se incluyeron solo pacientes que presentaban fractura de radio distal.
Trazo
intra-articular
Radiografía
No
Radiografía

Total
Tomografía
Computada No
9 0 9
Tomografía
Computada Sí
40 22 62
Total 49 22 71
a.
b.
134 Rev Col Or Tra
Suárez F, García A, Escobar J
El nivel de concordancia —que es el análisis estadístico indicado para este trabajo de investigación— entre la radiografía simple y la tomografía computarizada para la evaluación de las fracturas de radio distal, que fue el objetivo principal de este estudio, encontró un índice kappa de 0,1224, que corresponde a una fuerza de la concordancia pobre (< 0,20), esto indica que el poder diagnóstico de la tomografía computarizada con reconstrucción tridimensional en las fracturas de radio distal es muy superior a la radiografía simple, por lo cual se genera un nivel de concordancia pobre entre estos dos estudios de imágenes diagnósticas, y se encuentra plenamente justificado el uso de la TC para el estudio de las fracturas de radio distal para encaminar a un tratamiento adecuado según su clasificación.
El índice kappa de 0,1224 fue estadísticamente significativo ya que la p del estudio fue de 0,0157, y el poder del estudio basado en la muestra corresponde a 0,97 (valores mayores a
0,8 son estadísticamente confiables).
Discusión
Con los resultados expuestos se soporta cada vez más la creciente necesidad de realizar tomografía computarizada en la evaluación rutinaria de las fracturas de radio distal; el objetivo es realizar una adecuada evaluación y clasificación de la fractura teniendo en cuenta si presenta extensión articular parcial o completa, lo cual modificaría el enfoque de su manejo haciéndose mandatorio una reducción anatómica con estabilidad absoluta; el compromiso articular también determina el pronóstico de la lesión. Por medio de la tomografía se pueden descartar lesiones ligamentarias y del carpo asociadas con estas fracturas.
Las complicaciones al momento de clasificar una fractura como extra-articular con compromiso de la superficie articular incluyen la artrosis del puño a mediano y largo plazo, el desarrollo de dolor ligamentario crónico del puño, la alteración de su biomecánica, y el posterior requerimiento de estudios complementarios como tomografía computarizada, resonancia magnética, artroscópia y/o cirugías correctivas de las deformidades no tratadas. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior se modifica la costo-efectividad al realizar de rutina la tomografía computarizada como parte de la aproximación a un diagnóstico adecuado de las fracturas de radio distal, disminuyendo las complicaciones y los costos de estas.
Conclusiones
La fractura de radio distal es evaluada cada vez con mayor disciplina y merece un abordaje diagnóstico certero por su distribución demográfica y potenciales complicaciones. El diagnóstico debe encaminar al tratamiento correcto según el tipo de la fractura, siguiendo los principios de la AO; no se deben tolerar escalones intra-articulares en los resultados finales. Es clara la baja sensibilidad de la radiografía simple de puño PA y lateral en neutro para la identificación de los trazos intra-articulares, por tanto, es necesario complementar este estudio con la tomografía computarizada con cortes axiales, sagitales, coronales y, en lo posible, contar con reconstrucción tridimensional para clasificar certeramente el tipo de fractura que presenta el paciente. Teniendo en cuenta el costo en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las complicaciones de las fracturas de radio que presentan compromiso de la articulación radiocubital distal, está indicado realizar TC en esta fractura.
Figura 2. TC de la figura 1 demostrando compromiso intra-articular.
a.
b.
Volumen 24 - No. 3, Noviembre de 2010 135
¿Es la tomografía computarizada útil en la evaluación de las fracturas de radio distal?
Finalmente, la concordancia entre la radiografía y la TC como pruebas diagnósticas en esta patología es pobre, por lo cual estos estudios imagenológicos no son comparables entre sí.
Referencias bibliográficas
1. Serrano de la Cruz Fernández MJ. Fracturas distales de radio. Clasificación.
Tratamiento conservador. Revista Española de Cirugía
Osteoarticular 2008; 46 (236).
2. Bucholz R, Heckman J. Rockwood & Green´s. Fracturas en el adulto.
5 edición. Tomo 2. Madrid: Marban; 2003.
3. Bacorn RW, Kurtzke JF. Colles' fracture. J Bone Joint Surg 1953;
35A: 643-58.
4. Jupiter JB. Fractures of the distal end of the radius. J Bone Joint
Surg 1991; 73A: 461-9.
5. Harness NG, Ring D, Zurakowski D, Jupiter JB. The influence of three-dimensional computed tomography reconstructions on the characterization and treatment of distal radial fractures. J Bone Joint
Surg Am 2006 Jun; 88 (6): 1315-23.
6. Dahlen HC, Franck WM, Sabauri G, Amlang M, Zwipp H. Incorrect classification of extra-articular distal radius fractures by conventional X-rays.
Comparison between biplanar radiologic diagnostics and CT assessment of fracture morphology. Unfallchirurg 2004 Jun; 107 (6): 491-8.
7. Katz MA, Beredjiklian PK, Bozentka DJ, Steinberg DR. Computed tomography scanning of intra-articular distal radius fractures: does it influence treatment? J Hand Surg Am 2001 May; 26 (3): 415-21.
8. Freedman DM, Dowdle J, Glickel SZ, Singson R, Okezie T. Tomography versus computed tomography for assessing step off in intraarticular distal radial fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999 Apr;
(361): 199-204.
9. Cole RJ, Bindra RR, Evanoff BA, Gilula LA, Yamaguchi K, Gelberman
RH. Radiographic evaluation of osseous displacement following intra-articular fractures of the distal radius: reliability of plain radiography versus computed tomography. J Hand Surg Am
1997 Sep; 22 (5): 792-800.
10. Pruitt DL, Gilula LA, Manske PR, Vannier MW. Computed tomography scanning with image reconstruction in evaluation of distal radius fractures. J Hand Surg Am 1994 Sep; 19 (5): 720-7.
11. Metz VM, Gilula LA. Imaging techniques for distal radius fractures and related injuries. Orthop Clin North Am 1993 Apr; 24 (2): 217-28.
12. Johnston GH, Friedman L, Kriegler JC. Computerized tomographic evaluation of acute distal radial fractures. J Hand Surg Am 1992 Jul;
17 (4): 738-44.
13. Clancey GJ. Percutaneous Kirschner-wire fixation of Colles’ fractures: a rospective study of thirty cases. J Bone Joint Surg 1984; 66A: 1008-14.
14. Cooney WP, Dobyns JH, Linscheid RL. Complications of Colles' fractures. J Bone Joint Surg 1980; 62A: 613-9.
15. Della Santa D, Sennwald G. Is there still a place for conservative treatment of distal radius fractures in the adult? Chir Main 2001; 20
(6): 426-35.
16. Leibovic SJ, Geissler WB. Treatment of complex intra-articular distal radius fractures. Orthop Clin North Am 1994; 25: 685-706.
17. Melone CP Jr. Articular fractures of the distal radius. Orthop Clin
North Am 1984; 15: 217-36.
18. Rodríguez-Merchán EC. Management of comminuted fractures of the distal radius in the adult. Conservative or surgical. Clin
Orthop 1998.
19. Fernández DL. Fractures of the distal radius: operative treatment.
Instr Course Lect 1993; 42: 73-88.

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