...satisfaction is an important issue and of great interest to managers because they recognize the importance of a job in the total life experience of an individual. Although there are quite a few factors involved, Europeans – especially Western Europeans – owe their high standard of living to their distinct focus on gainful employment. This research is based on three countries namely, Germany, New Zealand and Turkey. Germany Intrinsic Job Characteristics The Germans may be weak in some other factors, Stefanie Wahl (goethe.de 2007), mentioned that job satisfaction in Germany is high. However, when it comes to comparing job satisfaction to other factors, such as their standard of living, environmental situation or pensions they are considered high as they fall above the EU average. The Germans have a mindset that if they can use their knowledge and skills, as part of decision making processes that affect their work and getting a good salary, that would give them the overall satisfaction they need. Stefanie Wahl also mentions that the table below is supported with the fact that the Germans are less likely to consider their work as being unhealthy or boring. Attitude of the population of the European Union to work (EU-27) 2006 EU 27 Germany Western Germany Eastern Germany in per cent general job satisfaction 3.60 3.83 - - *) pleasant atmosphere at work 79 84 84 80 ability to use their knowledge and skills 77 83 83 83 ability to learn new things 70 75 75 77 taking part in making...
Words: 1072 - Pages: 5
...Business Customs in Turkey The modern business world relies on effective communication between people from many different countries and cultures, meaning that successful businesspeople must be able to communicate with other people whose cultures and business customs may be different than their own. Turkey is a nation that has very different business customs when compared to the United States, although they do have some similarities that indicate they come from the same type of Western business tradition. Many of the customs in Turkey are derived from the type of business culture that the country has, which have differences from the United States in terms of hierarchy and individualism. General customs such as communication styles and conveying respect have a large impact on business. Specific business customs can also be important to know, such as knowing the etiquette for giving gifts, and making appointments. By keeping all of these business customs in mind, businesspeople can ensure that their interactions with Turkish individuals and organizations are mutually beneficial. Some of the reasons that business customs in Turkey differ from those in the United States pertain to the larger cultural differences that American and Western societies have compared to Turkish society. Therefore, it is necessary for the Western businessperson to be aware of these larger differences and the influence that they have on specific business oriented behaviors and customs (Hill, 2013). Turkish...
Words: 1354 - Pages: 6
...and being Greek-American has played a significant role in my life. In addition, I happen to have a friend named Mehmet, who is from Turkey. But I never knew any information about Turkey until I found this country on a world map. That’s when I learned the following facts: Turkey is located in both Europe and Asia, and it shares a border with Greece. So when I started taking the course Geography of the Middle East at Old Dominion University, I decided to select Turkey for my research paper. Perry Library and Larchmont Library were excellent places for literary materials. I also consulted Internet sources and my class textbook as additional resources. Turkistan, a region in central Asia, is a Persian term which means “Turks’ land” or “land of the Turks”. The Young Ottoman Turks considered this name for their country before they decided on “Turkiye, an adaptation of the European name” Turkey (Lewis 333). Although “[t]he name Turkey has been given to…Anatolia…since its first conquest by the Turks in the eleventh century,” the Turks officially referred to their country as Turkey when it won its independence in 1923. (Lewis 1). Turkey’s relative geographical position distinguished it from most of the other countries of the world. It is situated on two continents: (southeastern) Europe and (southwestern) Asia. European Turkey, or Eastern Thrace, constitutes only 3 percent of the country’s land area, and “[t]he other 97 percent…is…in Asia and is called Anatolia, or Asia...
Words: 4305 - Pages: 18
...Ethics and morals are used instead of each other in everyday life. However, there are some differences between these two expressions. Those who think that ethics is different than morals argue that ethics is more universal compared to morals. While moral is a national concept, ethics is considered to be a universal notion. It is observed that discussions on ethics in the public administration have been increasing in the world since 1970’s. Although corruption in the political-bureaucratic system has been considered to be a characteristic of underdeveloped countries, certain problems observed in the public administration sector of some western countries in 1970’s drew the attention of the public opinion and excited debates on ethics. The notion of ethics in the public administration as it is in the West has been drawing more attention in Turkey in recent years. The legislation regarding ethical infrastructure in the Turkish Public administration has been scattered until 2004. In this article, the developments of ethical issues are explained in legal framework and also, different approaches in military from different countries are compared. Comments are made on the differences and similarities of “codes of ethics” and “moral values”. Key Words: Business Ethics, Codes, Military, Morals, Public Administration. Introduction While ethical and moral are synonyms in most dictionaries, “ethics” and “morals” are differentiated by common usage. These are the definitions...
Words: 7385 - Pages: 30
...the various dance forms which includes isolation of different parts of the body. It is characterized by its intricate hip, hand and chest movements, though it incorporates many techniques, from many different parts of the Middle East; Egypt, Lebanon, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, and Morocco to name a few. Each country has its own style. Many experts say belly dancing is the oldest form of dance, having roots in all ancient cultures from the orient to India to the mid-East. Probably the greatest misconception about belly dancing is that it is intended to entertain men. Throughout history, this ritualized expression has usually been performed by women for other women, generally during fertility rites or parties preparing a young woman for marriage. In most cases, the presence of men is not permitted. The term 'belly dance' is said to come from the French 'danse du ventre' - dance of the stomach - a phrase coined at the turn of the century after the introduction of Raqs Sharqi (pronounced Roks Sharkee) at the Chicago Exposition or World Fair in 1893. The promoter of the Egyptian music and dance group at the Exposition became concerned because nobody was interested in seeing the dancing show (prejudice against middle eastern people). It occurred to the promoter to rename the performers Bellydancing. The name of the dancer’s who was dancing was Little Egypt. Thus renamed, the dance created a controversy that became a media sensation. Lines gathered around the block, eager...
Words: 872 - Pages: 4
...specifically communism, into Eastern Europe, which worried the democracies of the west that had established political primacy in Western Europe. America and the Soviet Union promoted opposing economic and political ideologies and competed for international influence. The American response to Soviet actions was justified by condoning it as a necessary policy, believing it to be a counterattack, and by saying that the United States has to set an example to lead other nations of the free Western world. President Harry S. Truman discussed the...
Words: 754 - Pages: 4
...spread and communist dictatorship controlled most of Eastern Europe, soon after this the most populated state on earth, China, fell to a communist regime, as well as the creation of communist states in Vietnam and Korea. This consistent creation of communist states and the failure of the USA to prevent this, shows how ultimately, despite apparent success in some of Europe and Asia, the Policy of Containment failed in its primary function, to contain and prevent the spread of communism and therefore it was not a success. However it is arguable that in some ways the USA’s Policy of Containment was a great success in preventing the spread of communism early on during the Cold War. One piece of evidence that supports the argument that the USA had early success with their policy of containment is The Greek Civil War. The USA’s decision to intervene due to the “strategic significance of Greece in the Balkans and the Mediterranean” arguably was successful. With this clear threat of communist expansion into Western Europe, Truman called for congress to uphold the Truman Doctrine and provide funding to aid the battle against the spread of communism that clearly threatened the USA’s interests in Europe. This resulted in $400 million dollars of funding being provided to support the Greek government, which led to clear victory and early success in containing the threat of the spread of communism from taking over Greece and later Turkey. This success also led both countries to later join...
Words: 2612 - Pages: 11
...Does your country have a “race issue”? The concept of race is an indicative of ignorant in based of to fear of someone that is different. Racism has been existed throughout of centuries all around the world. At first racism has been seen in America than it spread to Europe, Middle East and Turkey. Racism divides people into the “them” and “us” based on what our skin of color, religion of what we believe and a place where we came from. However, in Turkey racism is generally based on political, national and religious issues. In the history of Turkey racism has started in the Ottoman Empire in 1860 based on Ali Suavi who was a Turkish intellectual in Ottoman. There are tens of different nations live in Turkey like Armenians, Bosnians, Syrians, Kurds, Albanians and so many others. Sometimes some of these nations live in peace and harmony but unfortunately they may fight with each other for some reasons. Firstly, racism has started in the Ottoman Empire in 1915 and even today it is still continuing. Throughout the history of Turkey, racism and ethnic discrimination was widespread in Turkish communities, that racism and ethnic discrimination against minorities who are not Muslim and non-Sunni. In 1915 during the World War I, Relocation laws enacted by military forces to take precaution against those who opposing the government implementations at war which were applied to the Ottoman Armenians. After Tehcir law deportations and massacres was continues till accepting of "Temporary...
Words: 1366 - Pages: 6
...Manila: Philippine National Philosophical Research Society.] PHILOSOPHY, SOPHISM/SOPHISTRY, “PILOSOPO” Rolando M. Gripaldo PHILOSOPHY: Ancient Philosophy literally means “love of wisdom.” In contemporary philosophy there are as many definitions of philosophy as there are schools of philosophy.1 What is interesting is that one school defines philosophy to the exclusion of other schools. For instance, the analytic school defines philosophy as the clarification of the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences, and it rejects metaphysical propositions as cognitively meaningless. Its emphasis is logic and language. On the other hand, the continental school defines philosophy in terms of the meaning of life and one’s relationship with the world and the Other (other human beings and/ or God). It considers the activities of the analytic tradition as meaningless to one’s life. Its emphasis is life. It is therefore advisable to just leave the definition of philosophy in its original etymological meaning, although even this is not safe. Quite recently, Hans-Georg Gadamer (1989), an hermeneute, has rejected epistemic wisdom as within the realm of human control. The ancient Greeks defined philosophy as love of (epistemic) wisdom. Thales, who is traditionally considered the father of philosophy, was interested in “knowing” the ultimate reality, or the funadamental/basic stuff out of which everything comes into being and to which everything eventually returns. Metaphysics...
Words: 3853 - Pages: 16
...Project Paper 5 Turkey Country and Research Areas Report Final Version, 2010-09-28 Responsible institution: Koç University University of Antwerp Authors: Deniz Karcı Korfalı Ayşen Üstübici Helene De Clerck With the collaboration of Ahmet İçduygu, Deniz Sert, Zeynep Özler and Chris Timmerman Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 3 Country Background ............................................................................................................... 4 An Overview......................................................................................................................... 4 Geography in General ........................................................................................................ 4 Demography ...................................................................................................................... 6 Political Environment and Administration ........................................................................... 7 Economy ............................................................................................................................ 8 Health care......................................................................................................................... 9 Education ..........................................................................................................................10 Historical...
Words: 31156 - Pages: 125
...The history of the world is the history of humanity, beginning with the Paleolithic Era. Distinct from the history of Planet Earth (which includes early geologic history and prehuman biological eras), world history comprises the study of archeological and written records, from ancient times on. Ancient recorded history begins with the invention of writing.[1][2] However, the roots of civilization reach back to the period before the invention of writing. Prehistory begins in the Paleolithic Era, or "Early Stone Age," which is followed by the Neolithic Era, or New Stone Age, and the Agricultural Revolution (between 8000 and 5000 BCE) in the Fertile Crescent. The Neolithic Revolution marked a change in human history, as humans began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals.[3][4][5] Agriculture advanced, and most humans transitioned from a nomadic to a settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements. Nomadism continued in some locations, especially in isolated regions with few domesticable plant species;[6] but the relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed human communities to expand into increasingly larger units, fostered by advances in transportation. World population[7] from 10,000 BCE to 2,000 CE. The vertical (population) scale is logarithmic. As farming developed, grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labor to store food between growing seasons. Labor divisions then led to the rise of a leisured...
Words: 3787 - Pages: 16
...Yoruba and Judaism There are a vast amount of religions recognized today. Originating in different parts of the world, and developing through different time periods, these religions revolve around distinct characteristics built upon years of tradition. One of the world’s primal religions is the Yoruba religion. Practised for more than one thousand years, this ancient religion has been the key form of worship for the people of the western regions of central Africa. Through the use of rituals, ancestors and special leaders, members of the Yoruba religion aim to establish the balance between human beings and gods. In contrast, Judaism, a religion established many years later, highlights the covenant between God and the people. Through the use of the Torah, festivals and a unique history, Jews fulfill their belief as the chosen people. While both religions possess similar aspects, significant differences exist between the two. Religions of the world are unique in the sense that every religion has a different understanding of what they believe is god. When closely examined, the Yoruba religion in comparison to Judaism, hold different beliefs on theism. Back in the earlier days, polytheistic religions (the worship of many gods) were the only religions that were known. The Yoruba faith has developed over the worship of many gods, using these different deities to communicate with the supernatural. Followers of the faith can agree that Yoruba’s early polytheistic developments are...
Words: 1049 - Pages: 5
...world itself was musically designed and structured. According to A, music reflects a way of thinking of the nation that created it, its mentality, world perception, painting the conceptual world model through the system of their values and associations. The nomadic culture drastically differs on ideological characteristics and life parameters from both the Western and Eastern cultures. In times of Soviet Union, Kazakh culture underwent considerable changes. The ideology of Soviet Union became the reason of assimilation of cultures, as a consequence, the previous...
Words: 836 - Pages: 4
...Ancient Islam Islam is the proper name of a religion. Islam is truly a universal religion. There may be 6 to 8 million Muslims in North America, over 30 million Muslims in Western Europe and 50 to 60 million live in different parts of the Republics that were once a part of Soviet Union. Significant Muslim minorities live in the Far East and in Eastern Europe. Islam exist in countries like Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Turkey, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sudan, Lebanon, etc. Mohammad was the man who Allah sent to do the teachings of Islam to mankind. (Just like Jesus) He was born in Mecca, a city on the Arabian Peninsula, in 571 A.D. He was an orphan. His father died before his birth and his mother died when he was six. His grandfather raised him till he was nine. When his grandfather passed away, his uncle raised him. He did not have an education. As he grew up he worked as a shepherd and as a trader in the caravans. At age 25 a rich widow, Khadija, hired him to manage her business and trade. The young man’s brains, hard work, and honesty impressed Khadija. They grew to like each other’s qualities and got married. Mohammad was married to Khadija for twenty-six years and they had five children. Later, Khadija would be the first person to accept Islam, and she is the best example of a faithful and devoted wife in Islamic history. The society at that time was full with polygamy, sensuality...
Words: 565 - Pages: 3
...Journal of World Business 37 (2002) 69±80 Eastern European cluster: tradition and transition     Gyula Bakacsi, Takacs Sandor, Karacsonyi Andras, Imrek Viktor1 Budapest University of Economic Sciences and Public Administration, 1093 Budapest, Hungary Abstract The eastern European cluster consists of Albania, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Poland, Russia, and Slovenia. It has a population of 232 million and a gross domestic product (GDP) of U.S.$772 billion. The cluster's distinctive cultural practices are high power distance and high family and group collectivism. The region is facing signi®cant challenges during its period of transition from communist philosophy to market-based economies. The participating managers value a much greater degree of future and performance orientation, but are strongly attached to their cultural heritage of deep family and group cohesion. They are also highly value charismatic and team-oriented leadership. The challenges and complexities facing the region are explored in the paper. # 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. 1. Introduction This article provides an in-depth look at the eastern European culture. This region is understudied due to its socialist past and was not (with the exception of Greece and Yugoslavia), included in Hofstede's seminal work (1980) or basic reviewing and synthesizing study of Ronen & Shenkar, 1985 comparative study of 25 countries. Over the past few years, a few writers have examined cultural and...
Words: 8788 - Pages: 36
