...Determination of Densities Group 3 - ECE 12 Paul Anthony S. Dela Cruz Gwenn G. Dela Victoria Christian Dane A. Esteva Nicolo Martin M. Eugenio Neil Aaron M. Gayetta De La Salle University-Dasmariñas Dasmariñas, Cavite Philippines ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to identify the density, the degree of compression which resides in a substance through the relationship between the mass the substance and its volume, of solid and liquid samples. The materials used for the liquid samples include: water, isopropyl alcohol, coconut oil and an unknown liquid. In order to determine the mass, volume and density the group measured the different samples as accurate as possible. The experimental density values were measured at 1.01 g/ml, 0.800 g/ml, 0.940 g/ml, and 0.800 g/ml respectively at room temperature. As the group calculated for the percent error, using the given formula, the result was below 3.00% for all the samples. The unknown liquid, kerosene, was identified by comparing the measured density with its theoretical value. As for the solid samples a wooden cube, rectangular plywood, a marble, and a pebble was used in the said activity. The experimental density values of the solid samples were measured at 0.500 g/cm3, 1.99 g/cm3, and 2.61 g/cm3 respectively. Finally, after accomplishing the study, the accuracy of measuring, the needed quantities and the mentioned results proved that such a great success was achieved. INTRODUCTION Density is the...
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... The Densities of Liquids and Solids compound. Abstract: In this experiment we will determine the density of liquid and a solid by two quantities of mass and the volume of a given quantity of matter.To properly measure density,we need container whose volume is known to a high degree of accuracy. This container is known as a flask and stopper. Introduction: Density is the ratio of the mass of a substance or object to its volume. At any given temperature, the ratio of mass to volume is characteristic for a given substance.Common liquids and solids of various densities are layered in a beaker. The liquids form different layers and the solids float at the interfaces between them. This demonstrates that a solid's ability to float or sink depends on its density relative to the liquid it is in.The physical properties of a pure substance are those that can be measured without changing the composition of the substance. The density of a substance is an intensive property of the substance. The property is independent of the mass of the substance ( intensive ). The density of a substance is a measure of the mass of the substance per volume occupied by the substance. The density of solids and liquids are generally given in units of grams per milliliter, while for gases the units are grams per liter. We will be determining the density of water, the density of an unknown liquid, the density of a regular solid and the density of an irregular solid.The Density of solid...
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...“Determination of Densities” EXPERIMENT #1: DETERMINATION OF DENSITIES **ABSTRACT** The experiment conducted was to characterized different substances using its density. It is the amount of matter occupying a unit of volume. Different types of solids and liquids were measured to get its density including a unknown sample (liquid). We started first on liquid samples which are distilled water, isocrophyl alcohol, coconut oil and an unknown liquid sample. The percentage error ranged below 5.00% for all sample except for coconut oil. We are also able to identify the unknown liquid sample to be kerosene as we compared it with its actual density value. For solid samples, a wood block, pebbles and a marble was examined. The density results were found to be 0.69 g/cm3, 0.53 g/cm3, and 14.21 g/cm3 respectively. Everything that let the overall results to be accurate and precision were the accuracy of the measurements of the samples. INTRODUCTION Density is an intrinsic property which means it doesn’t depends on the amount of a substance. It is defined as the amount of matter (usually as mass) occupying a unit volume. Density is commonly expressed in g/ml for liquids, g/cm3 for solids, and g/L for gases. It can describe the characteristic property of a certain substance. The formula for density is defined as D = M/V wherein M is mass of the material and V is the volume the material occupies. The mass of a liquid or a solid may be taken directly from a balance...
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...201 Laboratory 2: Density Measurement Introduction: The purpose of this laboratory exercise is to introduce basic laboratory measurements, with a specific emphasis on the units of mass and volume. Familiarization with measuring mass and volume, and calculating density from the results will also be executed. The overall goal of the laboratory is for the student to be able to draw conclusions on the relation between the position of metals on the periodic table and their respective densities. Density, or the degree of compactness of a substance, can be easily measured through the ratio of the mass of a substance divided by the volume of that substance. Since mass and volume can be easily measured for solids, liquids, and gases, the density of a substance can be easily defined. Since gases have a smaller density than solids and liquids, they are measured by grams/liter, whereas the former is reported by grams/milliliter or grams/cubic centimeter. In this laboratory exercise, one will measure density in two ways; through density displacement and through direct measurement. We first calculate densities of different metals, such as iron, copper, magnesium, lead and zinc in different forms, such as beads, chips, plates and pieces, by measuring their gross masses and net volumes. In addition, densities were calculated through direct measurement of the masses and volumes of two substances; an iron chip and a copper bead. Finally, the densities of copper pennies were...
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...observation about measurements and understand how it does works along with Science. This activity will seek answers on how to make calculations on density, mass, and volume. It uses some particular apparatuses from the lab to make measurements more accurate and precise guided by the professor in charge of the activity. III. Materials Materials and Apparatuses: Metal block, Metric ruler, Small pebbles,and 10.0% (m/v) table sugar solution Platform balance, 50-mL graduated cylinder, 25-mL graduated cylinder, 50-mL beaker, and medicine dropper IV. Results 1. Why chemicals are never placed directly on the balance pans? Because you need to make sure chemicals are properly and safely put on and back so you wouldn’t have any trouble when you’re done. Also it was a requirement for you to be safe while measuring something. 2. Why must objects be weighed at room temperature? It should be on a fair temperature since it may affect the accuracy of the measurement. The movement of molecules while measuring may be affected by the temperature so it needs to be in balanced temperature. 3. What would be the effect on the density of a solid whose volume was determined by water displacement if a. Air bubbles were present in the water? The measurement will be inaccurate because of the air going out of the object. b. The solid was not completely immersed? The measurement in displacement in water won’t be accurate if the object is floating or not completely inside the liquid...
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...Matter Explore the BIG Idea: Matter has properties that can be changed by physical and chemical processes. Chapter 2 Diagnostic Test — Multiple Choice, limited distractors 2.0 Explore — Float or Sink? Section 2.1 -- Matter has observable properties. By the end of Section 2.1 the student should… Describe physical and chemical properties. Give examples of physical changes. Explain that chemical changes form new substances. Observe signs of chemical change in an experiment. 2.1 Section Investigation — What are some signs of a chemical change? Internet Investigation — IPPEX: Volume and Density Chapter 2 Additional Investigation: Chapter 2 Math Support & Practice: Measuring Density Solving Proportions 2.1 Reading Study Guide A 2.1 Quiz — True/False Section 2.2 -- Changes of state are physical changes. By the end of Section 2.2 the student should… Describe how liquids can become solids, and solids can become liquids. Explain how liquids can become gases, and gases can become liquids. Determine how energy is related to changes of state. Chapter 2 Investigation — Freezing Point 2.2 Reading Study Guide A 2.2 Quiz — Completion Section 2.3 -- Properties are used to identify substances. By the end of Section 2.3 the student should… Describe how properties can help you identify substances. Explain how properties of substances can be used to separate substances. Design an experiment to separate a mixture. 2.3 Explore — How can properties help you identify a substance? 2.3 Section...
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...Objective The purpose for this experiment was to gain a better understanding of the two types of errors that occur in the processes of taking measurements. Also, it explains how the uncertainty level in direct measurements was found, and how the indirect measurements were calculated as well. To do that, dimensions and the mass of the metal block was measured, which were used to calculate the volume and density of the object as well as the margin of error. Theory In this lab, there were direct and indirection measurements involved, and several calculations were required in order to calculate the related variables. In part A of this lab, apparent and actual height of the wooden block was recorded with a meter stick. The meter stick has an accuracy of ±0.05 cm and no other calculations were needed. [1] Parallax is the change in the apparent position of an object when the position of the observed changes. It is also a common error in scientific experiments. One must be aware of its existence at all time so that it can be avoided and as a result the true value of the reading is obtained. Due to parallax, the position of the observed block appears to change as well, making the height of the block appear to be different for each measurement. In part B of this lab, measurements were recorded indirectly. A meter stick was used to measure the length of the metal block, with an accuracy of ±0.05 mm. Then the width and height was measured with a caliper with an accuracy...
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...context of volume and density. EQUIPMENT: Three different geometric solids: 1 identified as white cylinder, 1 identified as brass-colored cylinder, 1 identified as silver-colored sphere. Meter stick (wooden, displaying measurements in cm) Analog scale (zero-ed prior to experiment) Manual caliper Digital caliper (zero-ed prior to each measurement) PRINCIPLE: This lab is intended to reinforce the importance of using proper techniques to attain precise measurements. It further demonstrates that reliability of results from different measuring devices. In this experiment, the most rudimentary measuring tool was the meter stick followed by the manual caliper and then the digital caliper. Measuring each object five times should reinforce the different interpretations of team members as well as the variance between the different tools used to measure the objects. In addition to measuring the length, width and height of each object, the mass was attained through the use of an analog scale. While a digital scale would have shown a more precise measurement, the analog scale was a more appropriate tool with the meter stick and manual caliper as the significant figures produced by each are more comparable. After measurements are taken, the volume of each object can be calculated. The volume formula for the 2 cylindrical objects is: = 2 ℎ. The volume formula 4 for the sphere is: = 3 3 . After calculating volume for each object, the density of each was calculated...
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...Title: Laboratory Techniques and Measurements Purpose: To become familiar with common laboratory equipment and to become proficient in measuring volume, mass, length, temperature, density, and concentrations. Procedure: Length Measurements were determined using a metric ruler and measuring to the nearest mm. Temperature Measurements of boiling and ice water were measured using a thermometer and measuring to the nearest degree. Mass was measured using a digital scale in grams. Volume and density were determined by using a beaker of liquid and a digital scale for liquid measurements. Voume and density of solids were determined by calculating the volume with a ruler and measuring mass with digital scale. Water displacement was measured by placing an object in a container of water and measuring change in volume. Archimedes’ Method was determined by submerging an object which was hanging from a string into the liquid. The density of concentration was measured using volume and mass and also using different concentrations of liquids. Data Tables: Data Table 1: Length Measurements Object Length (cm) Length (mm) Length (m) CD 12 120 0.120 Key 5.3 53 0.053 Spoon 16.9 169 0.169 Fork 17.7 177 0.177 Data Table 2: Temperature Measurements Water Temp (C) Temp (F) Temp (K) Hot From Tap 39 102.2 375.35 Boiling 100 212 485.15 Boiling for 5 min 100 212 485.15 Cold from Tap 26 78.8 351.95 Ice water-1 min 6 42...
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...Operating Instructions Proline Promass 83 HART Coriolis Mass Flow Measuring System 6 BA00059D/06/EN/14.12 71197481 Valid as of version V 3.01.XX (Device software) Proline Promass 83 Table of contents Table of contents 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Designated use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Installation, commissioning and operation . . . . . . . . Operational safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes on safety conventions and icons . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 6 6 6 5.2 5.3 2 2.1 Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Device designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.1 Nameplate of the transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1.2 Nameplate of the sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.3 Nameplate for connections . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Certificates and approvals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Registered trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.4 2.2 2.3 3 3.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Incoming acceptance, transport and storage . . . . . . 3.1.1 Incoming acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.2 Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3 Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Installation conditions ...
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...ANALYSIS OF FOOD PRODUCTS FOOD SCIENCE 581 Instructor Prof. D. Julian McClements Room 238, Chenoweth Lab Tel: 545 1019 Email: mcclements@foodsci.umass.edu Course Description Food products are analyzed for a variety of reasons, e.g., compliance with legal and labeling requirements, assessment of product quality, determination of nutritive value, detection of adulteration, research and development. The lectures will cover the basic principles of analytical procedures and techniques commonly used to provide information about the chemical composition, structure and physical properties of food materials. The aim of the laboratory classes is to give students experience in performing food analysis experiments, analyzing data and reporting their findings. In addition, students are expected to work in teams on a special project where they will identify and critically assess the most appropriate analytical methods for analyzing the properties of a particular food product. [4 Credits]. Textbooks * Introduction to Food Analysis. S.S. Nielsen, 1998. Aspen Publishers - The best general overview of food analysis techniques currently available. (Required). * Food Analysis: Theory and Practice. Y. Pomeranz and C.E. Meloan, Chapman and Hall - General overview of food analysis techniques (Useful) * Food Analysis: Principles and Techniques. D.W. Gruenwedel and J.R. Whitaker, Marcel Dekker - General overview of food analysis techniques (Useful) * Analytical Chemistry of Foods...
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...Liquid Density Frances Pauline U. Onting Department of Chemistry Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines Abstract — Liquid density is the mass per unit volume, whereas specific gravity is the density relative to water. The present study was conducted to determine the liquid density of water and the unknown sample. The experiment also aimed to calculate the specific gravity given the densities. The first part of the experiment aimed to determine the density of the liquid by using the Westphal Balance. The average liquid densities of water and the unknown were 1.1433 and 0.9313 respectively. The relative density of the unknown was then calculated to be 0.8146, given the average densities. The second part utilized the hydrometer to determine the specific gravity directly. The specific gravity values of water and the unknown were 1.009 and 0.8157 respectively. The unknown compound was found to be butanol, with a specific gravity of 0.810. Based on the experimental results, the percentage error were 2.2324% for the Westphal balance and 2.5684% for the hydrometer. Keywords- specific gravity, density, Westphal balance, hydrometer, unknown Introduction Density is a physical property unique to each substance. The density of a liquid is a measure of the mass of the substance in a standard unit of volume[1]. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume: [pic] (1) where ρ is the density, m is...
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...Tagarao, Isaiah Jeremy July 26, 2013 Tatlonghari, Patricia Anne Nicole Valena, Carmelo Miguel O. Valena, Keena Wong, Monika Yu, Princess Dianne Mei Group 8 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS Experiment No. 3 Abstract: Questions and Problems 1. Differentiate specific gravity and density. Answer: Density is the measure of the amount of mass per volume of a given substance. Density can be expressed using the equation: ρ=mv Specific Gravity is the measure of the measure of density relative to the density of a reference substance. (ex. Water) In can be expressed using the equation: S.G. =ρ sub.ρ water=m ofsusbtancev of substancem of waterv of water If, Vsub=Vwater then, S.G. =MsubMwater 2. If 54.96 mL of oil weighs 52.78g, what is its specific gravity? Given: Voil = 54.96 mL Moil = 52.78 g Formula: ρ=mv S.G. =ρ sub.ρ water Solution: Voil = 52.78 g54.96 mL = 0.9603 gml S.G. =0.9603gml1gml = 0.9603 3. A pycnometer weighs 50.00g. When filled with water, it weighs 100.00g. When filled with oil, it weighs 94.00g. Determine the specific gravity of the oil. Given: mpycnomter = 50.00g mpycnometer + water = 100.00g mpycnometer + oil = 94.00g Formula: mwater = mpycnometer + water - mpycnometer moil = mpycnometer + oil - mpycnometer Since Voil = Vwater then; S.G. = MoilMwater Solution: mwater = 100.00g – 50.00g = 50.00g moil = 94.00g – 50.00g = 44...
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...discharge results from energizing the sample by a momentary pulse of large electric current. One can summarize the sequential effects of this electrical pulse in five key steps: (1) spark plasma is generated (2) the sample is “plasma heated” (3) the sample is “joule heated”, (4) the particles fuse into a compact, solid object by electrical field diffusion, and (5) the material undergoes plastic deformation to further densify the powder. In many cases, this method of sintering produces objects with superior mechanical properties to conventionally sintered objects. Furthermore, it produces highly dense objects in a shorter time period and at a lower temperature. With spark plasma sintering, ceramics can be sintered in minutes, as compared to hours and days using conventional processes. This emerging technology presents the opportunity to manufacture materials more cost-effectively. II. Introduction Within the umbrella of materials science and engineering lies the processing of various classes of materials, including metal alloys, composites, polymers, and ceramics. According to the Ceramic Tile Institute of America, a ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid processed via the action of heat and subsequent cooling.3 Among the wide variety of these inorganic, nonmetallic materials used in commercially viable applications, a common characteristic is high melting point, due to the nature of these materials themselves---they are usually bonded covalently, and thus their...
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...Chapter 1 – Materials Engineering Concepts * 1.1 Economic Factors * Availability and cost of raw materials * Manufacturing costs * Transportation * Placing * Maintenance * 1.2 Mechanical Properties * Loading conditions * Static load – A sustained loading of the structure over a period of time * Dynamic load – A load that generates a shock or vibration in the structure (periodic – repeats itself with time, random- load pattern never repeats, or transient- impulse load applied over short interval) * Dead load- Static load, always applied (weight of the structure) * Live load- Dynamic loads, (people in a building or movable objects) * Stress-Strain Relations * Stress : σ=FA (psi, ksi, kPa, MPa, GPa) * Strain: ε=Change in LengthOriginal Length (%, in/in, mm/mm) * Elastic behavior * Elasticity- instantaneous response (deformation to load) and must return to its original shape when the load is removed. Stretches the bonds between atoms-doesn’t change arrangement of atoms * Young’s Modulus (Modulus of Elasticity)- Slope of the linear portion of the stress-strain curve E=σε * Poisson’s ratio- Ratio of the lateral strain to the axial strain (must be between 0.0(compressible material)-0.5(does not change volume when load applied)) Usually between 0.1 and 0.45 ν=-εlεa * Generalized Hooke’s Law * εx=σx-ν(σy+σz)E ...
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