...which is said to have been developed by the Persian emperor Cyrus the Great (c. 550 BC) after his conquest of Media. The role of the system as an intelligence gathering apparatus is well documented, and the service was (later) called angariae, a term that in time turned to indicate a tax system. The Old Testament (Esther, VIII) makes mention of this system: Ahasuerus, king of Medes, used couriers for communicating his decisions.[citation needed] The word communication is derived from the Latin root communicare. This was due to the Roman Empire also devising what might be described as a mail or postal system, in order to centralize control of the empire from Rome. This allowed for personal letters and for Rome to gather knowledge about events in its many widespread provinces. More advanced postal systems later appeared in the Islamic Caliphate and the Mongol Empire during the Middle Ages. The term "media" in its modern application relating to communication channels is traced back to its first use as such by Canadian communications theorist Marshall McLuhan, who stated in Counterblast (1954): "The media are not toys; they should not be in the hands of Mother Goose and Peter Pan executives. They can be entrusted only to new artists, because they are art forms." By the mid-1960s, the term had spread to general use in North America and the United Kingdom. ("Mass media", in contrast, was, according to H.L. Mencken, used as early as 1923 in the United...
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...Media relations refer to the relationship that a company or organization develops with journalists, while public relations extend that relationship beyond the media to the general public. As it implies, MR is serious and real therefore it requires real management and importantly engagement of skilful individuals with great communication skills. Before contacting the media, having an idea about what type of journalists and or reporters you are going to talk to is incredibly important. This is essential to bear in mind, as we are between two generations: traditional; and modern. This is about innovativity and creativity as basic principles of gathering attention of the media for what organisations may have to say to their public. One way of maintaining good MR is to keep updating available data and evaluate the organisation performance constantly. Therefore, enhancing effective communications is essential. Through professional approach and appreciating reporters’ and journalists’ limited time, organisations can attract their attention more effectively. space and time to them to get back to you rather than bothering them by constant calls. information should be designed in a way to encourage the reporters to get back to you as quickly as possible. Also, follow up is an important task for organisations to ensure the effectiveness and appropriateness of what is taking place with respect to the organisation purposes. Suggest ethics and positive media exposure, needs to be taken...
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...Media Consumers Team report, IMMAA 2007 © Media Management Center Media Team Members • John Lavine John Lavine • Mary Alice Shaver • Phil Napoli Phil Napoli • Ed Malthouse Ed Malthouse • Bob Calder • Limor Peer • Rich Gordon • Sora Park © Media Management Center Media Recent Studies in U.S. • PEW, Biennial Media Consumption PEW, Survey, 2006 Survey, • Ball State, Middletown Studies, 2006 • State of the Media, 2006 • Center for Digital Future, USC, 2005 • Carnegie Corporation, “Abandoning the Carnegie News,” 2005 News,” © Media Management Center Media Main Conclusions • Use increases for all media – media day Use • News online growing, though slowed, News supplementing other news sources supplementing • Young people moving away from Young traditional sources of news traditional • Young people - 20 media hours in 7 Young 20 clock hours daily clock © Media Management Center Media Team Approach • Beyond descriptive studies – what are Beyond what the important questions to ask? the • Focusing on three main areas: – Defining audience – Audience measurement – Historical & critical perspectives © Media Management Center Media Defining media audience • What do we need to know about What audience? audience? • Who benefits from certain definitions of Who audience? audience? © Media Management Center Media Defining media audience • Napoli: Different ways audiences are Different perceived and...
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...Media informs the public about everything that’s happening around them. There are issues of different natures for example of political nature about which the common masses have no knowledge. For such issues, they have to rely on the media for access of information. The way media will impart this information is very important as media can manipulate the thought and opinions of the masses. Happer and Philo (2013) support this idea on the basis of their empirical studies that found that media limits the understanding of the audience and also removes the alternative solutions to political problems from the public. Media’s concentration on few topics decides how individuals in that society shape their opinions and actions in accordance as in a study conducted by Radoli (2011) found out that media owners frequently influence the editorial content which not only ends up in inciting the people in Kenya to violence but also disregard of the human rights. Thus newspapers do affect the public opinion and shape their behaviors. As newspapers are an important source of information so it’s important to note how they use agenda setting and framing in their content to influence the readers. Cissel (2012) supports this notion as her study concluded that media both mainstream and alternative uses agenda setting and frames...
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...Majoring in Media Studies Media Studies is an exciting academic field that explores everything having to do with communication, journalism and entertainment, including mass communication, electronic media, online media, film, and television. In your Media Studies classes, you will approach topics from varying perspectives, and take classes in many different departments. For example, you might take an English class that focuses on literature and popular culture, or a history class that focuses on the rise of the modern city. In the second semester of your senior year you will focus exclusively on your senior research project. Other classes might bring you to the Psychology, Economics, or Political Science departments, just to name a few. Prerequisites Before you can officially declare yourself a Media Studies major, you need to complete these four courses, drawn from four different academic departments: Media Studies 101: General Media Studies History 200: North American History Since 1860 Political Science 101: Introduction to Politics Sociology 101: Introduction to the Social Sciences It is possible to substitute another introductory social sciences class for Sociology 101, although you need to submit a formal request to your Media Studies adviser before class registration. In order to allow enough time to complete your upper-level courses, you need to complete all prerequisites by the end of your sophomore year. Core Courses The four core courses of the Media Studies curriculum...
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...The Media and its responsibilities Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility (SOC120) Aron Scott Instructor: Shelia Farr June 1, 2015 There has been a lot of controversy as of late surrounding the media’s focal topics and its responsibility to the public. According to Keith Davis, “Social Responsibility is the obligation of the decision maker to take decisions which protect and improve the welfare of the society as a whole with their own interest.” However, the simple function that we evaluate is media provides the public with a bunch of news, information and entertainment. These news stations take a story that they feel will increase their ratings and the stories that they feel will big about a bigger controversies. The media’s main function should be informing their viewers about all the current events going on around the world and also in the state that they based in. When the media decides to expose a particular issue they should do so in an objective, fair and accurate way, but that is not always the case in most circumstances. Utilitarianism suggests that there is an obvious solution that is fair, and it may be one that appeals to common sense as well. If you look at the responsibilities of the media from a utilitarian point of view the media should inform people about issues that are related. For example the big uproar about white police officers shooting black individuals that have made the public turn against the police departments. However, there is...
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...Essay 1 – First Draft New Media is Shaping Our Lives In the contemporary world, the importance of new media in people’s lives can never be dısregarded. Everybody should realize that new media has been affecting today’s world. This is mainly because; new media types help people at various issues. However, some people believe that new media is not preferable and ıt has a lot of drawback, some others believe that new media is useful and preferable. Even ıf mostly argue that. New media is not beneficial for individuals; in fact; new media is fundamental for today’s human-beings. In terms of education, business and socialization. The most prominent benefit of new media is education. This is because; todays chıldren benefit from new media types. Thanks to new media such as the ınternet, chıldren who use this kind of facilities might learn more effectively. Therefore, lecturers tend to educate chıldren with the help of new media. In addition, children need to learn new media types since since ıf they want to be successful in today’s world, children have to be knowledgeable about new media. They have to know, how to use computer systems or being knowledgeable about new technological devices. In addition, ıt is significant for university students. This is mainly because, a score of university prefer to use new media types. For this reason some of the universities disturbing laptops and tablets. Thanks...
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...I survived, and after 24 hours I am not at all ashamed to review my results. Everywhere I go, media surrounds me; at home, school and most definitely at my workplace. I spent a day this past weekend in a state of isolation. It was difficult to ignore all facets of media, and find other activities to substitute them. I felt alone, bored, out of the loop, and tired. My dependence on media is strong, and I felt as if there were a piece of myself missing. To be more specific, the use of media technology is one aspect that ties my family together. We rely on constant communication for safety purposes. My parents, siblings, and I are on opposite schedules, so it is very important to make sure we keep in contact and update one another. What I missed the most was having my iPhone in hand. I really missed listening to a voicemail from my mom telling me to have a great day, or receiving a text message every twenty minutes from my sister, blabbing on about something cute our cat just did. I use media not only for communication with family members, but also as a hobby of mine. One of my favorite past-times is working with media technology to create works of art. I focus a lot of my attention to all different aspects of media communication and apply it with my artistic ability to put together videos. My main ideas develop from the local news stations, movies, and magazines. The media plays a...
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...world today, we heavily rely on social media as a means of communication. Not only has it become popular over the last few years, but it is also corrupting our world now and the future to come. Parents can hardly have conversations with their children because they are attached to social media and the newest technology that has evolved. In the years to come, technology will take over the world and communicating face to face will be outdated. Alongside the lack of communication, bullying and drama also play a role in social media. Unfortunately, bullying has become a bigger issue than anyone would like admit and it is something that needs to be addressed. Although social media seems like a harmless way of staying connected to the rest of the world, it is important we understand the benefits and complications that come with it. One of the many complications of social media is the lack of communicating face to face,which can stultify the young minds of this world. Over the years as social media is becoming more popular, verbal communication is decreasing. According to Forbes.com, studies show that only 7 percent of communication is based on the written or verbal word. While spending time with family or friends, most of the time everyone is on their phone. People that rely on social media as their basis of communicating will never understand the personal aspect of face to face conversations. Some people have a strong animosity towards social media. If communication stays this way for...
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...Media Influences on American Culture HUM/186 MEDIA INFLUENCES ON AMERICAN CULTURE March 25 2014 Linda Light Media Influences on American Culture When I was younger, I often hear from my parents about the developments in the mass media. In the 1900’s the main sources of mass media were newspapers and magazines. Forty years later a new source came out to public which is the radio. This gives a little bit convenience to people wanting to know about what’s going on around. But newspapers and magazines were still going on during that time. Then ten years later another source came out which became the main source of resources for the mass media, television. It has been the combination of the magazines, newspapers and the radio. The launch of satellite in 1962 gave access to the news around the world. It has been a big improvement from then to present. There are a lot of electronic devices which became a source of communication. The development of mobile phone to computers to the internet and it’s getting better and faster every year. Before people have to wait for the newspaper to know and learn about news on what’s going on around the country or the world. This time people just have to browse on their computers or mobile phones and can see an updated informations they want to know. Another development is the form of classroom learning wherein during the early ages you have...
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...Majoring in Media Studies Media Studies is an exciting academic field that explores everything having to do with communication, journalism and entertainment, including mass communication, electronic media, online media, film, and television. In your Media Studies classes, you will approach topics from varying perspectives, and take classes in many different departments. For example, you might take an English class that focuses on literature and popular culture, or a history class that focuses on the rise of the modern city. In the second semester of your senior year you will focus exclusively on your senior research project. Other classes might bring you to the Psychology, Economics, or Political Science departments, just to name a few. Prerequisites Before you can officially declare yourself a Media Studies major, you need to complete these four courses, drawn from four different academic departments: Media Studies 101: General Media Studies History 200: North American History Since 1860 Political Science 101: Introduction to Politics Sociology 101: Introduction to the Social Sciences It is possible to substitute another introductory social sciences class for Sociology 101, although you need to submit a formal request to your Media Studies adviser before class registration. In order to allow enough time to complete your upper-level courses, you need to complete all prerequisites by the end of your sophomore year. Core Courses The four core courses of the Media Studies curriculum...
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...In business networking and communication, social media plays a very important role. Almost all the businesses have presence on social media sites. Social media has changed the way the businesses communicate with their customers. Social networks which are consumer focused have a significant part to play in the networking and communication process of business. Through the social media networks, the businesses can create real connections with their customers. The extinct of benefit the social media networks and its tool can provide depends upon how effectively they are being used by the organisations. Social media tools if utilised effectively and smartly can provide the business with real benefits in terms of building effective communication...
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...The Changes Of Media Media changes drastically over short periods of time. Just in the past ten years it has become much more advanced and useful for people all around the world. There has been an extreme advance in media technology. This includes the creation of analog-to-digital converters, technology convergence, and the changes in the media industry and audiences. There have been advances in the way gatekeeping and content filters are handled. The rise in the technology of books has even been so great that there has been a decrease in the annual sales by 44 million books. With the ascending spiral of technology the world of media will be a great place for the future. Analog media has been used originally for audio recording for media that was analogous for the sound that it was creating. Although, recently Analog media has been used to refer to non-digitized media, such as film, audio, print media, etc. Since technology has advanced and become dependent on computers analog has been translated into digital media so that it is in computer and machine-readable form. It is put into binary digits so that computers may read and comprehend it. This process in which media is translated into computer-readable is called digitization. Communication of media has been transferring from the traditional analog media to the newer aged digital media. This is much more convenient in this new age because people have learned to depend on their computers to do work. When dealing with audio...
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...Types of Media → The term news media refers to the groups that communicate information and news to people. Most Americans get their information about government from the news media because it would be impossible to gather all the news themselves. Media outlets have responded to the increasing reliance of Americans on television and the Internet by making the news even more readily available to people. There are three main types of news media: print media, broadcast media, and the Internet. Print Media The oldest media forms are newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters, and other printed material. These publications are collectively known as the print media.Although print media readership has declined in the last few decades, many Americans still read a newspaper every day or a newsmagazine on a regular basis. The influence of print media is therefore significant. Regular readers of print media tend to be more likely to be politically active. The print media is responsible for more reporting than other news sources. Many news reports on television, for example, are merely follow-up stories about news that first appeared in newspapers. The top American newspapers, such as theNew York Times, the Washington Post, and the Los Angeles Times, often set the agenda for many other media sources. The Newspaper of Record Because of its history of excellence and influence, the New York Times is sometimes called the newspaper of record: If a story is not in the Times, it is not important...
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...Argumentative Essay: Media The media surrounds us, from the newspaper and books we read, to the television and internet that we watch each day. Without the media, we the people in society will be disconnected from the rest of the world. The flow of information is essential for the purposes of community expansion and the media assists this. Without an extensive range of information, people’s opinions would be bounded and their impressions and expectations of the world surround them will be exploited. Through media, it is not only communication means used to distribute the flow of information, it is very important for the development of countries especially in the aspect of politic and economy. It is also one of the lead foundations of entertainment. Media such as newspaper, magazine and books always become an influential medium throughout the decades in the most of nations. Media workers have to do research for the report, the citation of information also required to support any elements in their thesis. They have to arrange the important issues and points into a strategic article that can be understand and also form an opinion towards the topic. Journalist has the right to report unbiased, valid information from reliable sources. Its their responsibility to achieve the complete story and to decide on the good or bad results. There must be a balance of moral and immoral deductions in the final product. While the media sometimes viewed as being overly greedy and violent in...
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