...1. Electrification: The wide dispersion of electrical power in the 20th century carried light to the world and power to nearly every pursuit and enterprise in the modern social club. Look at its impact on everyday life lighting, heating and air conditioning, refrigeration, computers, transportation, communications, medical technologies; food production the list is interminable. 2. Automobile. In 1900 The, average person traveled about 1200 knots in an entire lifetime, generally on foot, and generally within his or her personal village or township. In one phase or another, the automobile has become the major transport of people and goods in the cosmos, and the industry has become a major source of economic development and constancy. 3. Airplane....
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...Examine the main trends in births and deaths in the United Kingdom since 1900 The birthrate in the UK has been in a long-term state of decline since 1900. In 1900 the birthrate in England and wales was 28.7, but by 2007 it had fallen to an estimated 10.7. However there have been three fluctuations in the birthrate of the UK, these are know as the three ‘baby booms’ in the 20th century. The First two came after the two world wars (1914-18 and 1939-45), as returning service men and their partners started families that they postponed during the war. There was a third baby boom in the 1960s before sharply declining again in the 1970s. The rate then rose in the 1980s and fell in the 1990s, it has recently increased since 2001. There were major changes in the position of women in the 20th century. In the 20th century women gained legal equality with men including the right to vote. Women now also have increased educational opportunities and girls now do better at school than boys. There are now more women in paid employment, plus laws outlawing unequal pay and sex discrimination. As well as changes in attitudes to family life and women’s role and an easier access to divorce. As a result of these changes, women now see other opportunities in life apart from the traditional role of the house wife mother. Many are choosing to delay childbearing, or not have children at all in pursuit of a career. For example in 2006 on in five women were childless at age 45, double the number of...
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...The history of human resource management started with providing welfare measures to apprentices of the putting-out system. The first personnel department came in the early 20th century. Human resource management has evolved through the ages and gained importance with each passing age. The Origins of Workforce Management The earliest forms of human resource management were the working arrangements struck between craftsmen and their apprentices during the pre-Industrial cottage-based guild system. The apprentice lived in the workshop or home of his master, and the master took care of his health and welfare. The Industrial Revolution of the mid-eighteenth century led to the emergence of large factories and the displacement of cottage-based guild manufacturing. The unhygienic and arduous work in factories led to many labor riots, and the government stepped in to provide basic rights and protections for workers. The need to comply with such statutory regulations forced factory owners to set up a formal mechanism to redress issues concerning labor. The National Cash Register Company (NCR) established the first personnel management department to look into issues such as grievances, safety, dismissals, court cases, and also record keeping and wage management, in the aftermath of a bitter strike and lockout in 1901. Many other factories soon set up similar personnel departments. The role of such labor departments in factories was a continuation of their previous commitment to monitor...
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...Hospitals originated in the 17th century primarily as an institution to provide housing and basic healthcare for the poor. It provided a haven to quarantine individuals to prevent the spread of highly contagious diseases. The technologies and vaccinations available did not allow for the comprehensive care we rely on today. Those who could afford clinical care would pay doctors and nurses to provide services in their home. In the early 19th century, as industrial cities became more populated, the demand for clinical and institutional care grew. Medical technology and scientific innovation made ambulatory healthcare available, yet there was not enough capital to support building large institutions viable to facilitate it. Religious organizations, philanthropists, and local governments built private and public institutions designed to deliver ambulatory, inpatient, and emergency care to local populations. By the beginning of the 20th century, hospitals became capable for research, development, and scientific discovery. Facilities became very large, housing and treating patients as well as facilitating medical research. Modern hospitals now provide clinical care to the most complex and critically ill patients while researching, innovating, and advancing medical technology. With increasing demand for treatment of chronic care, as well as the advancements in acute ambulatory care, modern hospitals have integrated vertically and horizontally to diversify their brand and provide an...
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...“Poisons and medicines are sometimes the same substance given different intent.” (Latham Mere Peter) In the early 19th century, little was known about the depths of biology. Doctors and research began to wane away from traditional ideas that women were smaller versions of men, just turned inside out. While anatomy was thoroughly explored, the body was considered to be but a closed source of energy. The century brought forth a tremendous amount of change. Researchers began to challenge medicinal ideas and made momentous strides in several areas. In order to have an immersed understanding of medicinal developments of the 19th century, one must examine the driving factors, newer practices, medicinal advancements and leading scientist. Epidemics...
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...The European Societies and Governments Over the Course of World War I From 1914 until 1918, World War I, with its center in Europe, was fought. All the major powers in the world were represented, fighting against each other in 2 types of alliances: the Allies (led by Russia, France, Italy and United Kingdom) and the Central Powers (led by Germany and Austria-Hungary.) 70 million professional and unprofessional soldiers fought, with an approximated loss of 10 million people. This war caused huge upheavals in the European society, and I will now look into three different aspects that can be seen as a step in the direction of the modern Europe, that we have seen after World War II and continuously until today. Once World War I started, a lot of men, many of them with passion for their own countries, left to defend their fatherlands. As the men went to the trenches, the women that were left at home had to start working or volunteering to keep the wheels spinning. What typically had to be done were jobs such as making uniforms for the soldiers, and working in hospitals that took care of hurt soldiers. According to the reading Four Weeks in the Trenches, Kreisler’s wife volunteered her services as a Red Cross nurse (Kreisler, page 11.) It was not completely revolutionary that the women were working, but now the job they did really got appreciated. It paid off after the war, and in countries such as Great Britain, Germany, the United States and the Soviet Union, the women...
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...Abstract This paper will explain the history, business approaches, management, and marketing of Eastman Kodak and Fujifilm. The paper will compare and contrast the approach to management that each company has pursued in order to embrace innovation. Determine what other management differences have impacted the relative success of Kodak and Fujifilm. Evaluate each company’s approach to ethics and social responsibility and the impact those approaches have had on each company profitability. Discuss the extent to which management of both companies adapted to changing market conditions. Look at three ways any company could build in flexibility to back up its decision-making process in order to adapt to changing market conditions. Describe the history and core of each company. In 1881, Eastman Kodak was first introduced into the business world in 1881 as the Eastman Dry Plate Company in Rochester, New York. George Eastman was the founder and was the first to demonstrate a gelation dry plate versus a wet plate that was used for photography. The company changed its name to the name we all know in 1888, which is Kodak and then a new camera was sold to the public with the brand name. In the beginning Kodak was able to keep up with the changing times and keeping up with technology. They were able to develop new and easier methods to use film development, cameras, printers, and health imaging units until the digital age began. In 2012, Kodak entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy because...
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...Electronic Health Records (EHR) are here to stay (Jacques, 2011). It may seem that healthcare’s dependence on Electronic Health Records (EHR) makes this a great accomplishment in the healthcare field but since 1960 and on into the early 20th century computer technicians, scientist, healthcare workers and many others have been working on Electronic Health Records (EHR) (Jacques, 2011). However, there are many critics that argue that Electronic Health Records (EHR) is opening up many issues that will allow compromising American’s vital healthcare privacy. The point over the next few years coming up to the mandated implementation of Electronic Health Records (EHR) is to work thru the issues that will eliminate the critics concern of compromising vital health information by implementing Electronic Health Records (EHR). “While it may never be possible to ensure the absolute security of all records held in cyberspace, with the necessary safeguards in place, the government can at least assure the American people that their protected health information is receiving the highest feasible level of security” (Jacques, 2011, p. 462) With all the debate over the compromised privacy of health information, we must also examine the benefits that will come from this new innovation of technology. Electronic Health Records (EHR) has brought up some debate...
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...Abstract This paper will explain the history, business approaches, management, and marketing of Eastman Kodak and Fujifilm. The paper will compare and contrast the approach to management that each company has pursued in order to embrace innovation. Determine what other management differences have impacted the relative success of Kodak and Fujifilm. Evaluate each company’s approach to ethics and social responsibility and the impact those approaches have had on each company profitability. Discuss the extent to which management of both companies adapted to changing market conditions. Look at three ways any company could build in flexibility to back up its decision-making process in order to adapt to changing market conditions. Describe the history and core of each company. In 1881, Eastman Kodak was first introduced into the business world in 1881 as the Eastman Dry Plate Company in Rochester, New York. George Eastman was the founder and was the first to demonstrate a gelation dry plate versus a wet plate that was used for photography. The company changed its name to the name we all know in 1888, which is Kodak and then a new camera was sold to the public with the brand name. In the beginning Kodak was able to keep up with the changing times and keeping up with technology. They were able to develop new and easier methods to use film development, cameras, printers, and health imaging units until the digital age began. In 2012, Kodak entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy because...
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...Susan Edson 1 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Escrito por: Susan Edson Dirigido por: D. Juan Carlos Palmer Trabajo presentado para la obtención del Titulo Universitario Senior Universitat Jaume I Castellón, mayo 2005 2 Indice: I. General Concept………………………………..…… 4 1. First industrial revolution 2. Second industrial revolution 3. Modernization II. Europe……………………………………………….. 9 1. England 2. Scotland 3. Rest of Europe III. U.S.A………………………………………………... 17 1. The growth of U.S. industry. 2.Organization of industrial relations. 3.Agriculture. IV. Developments and innovations……………………… 24 1. Colonialism 2. Apprenticeship 3. Science and technology 4. Machine tools 5. Textiles 6. Steam engines 7. Locomotives and Steamboats 8. The Electric Telegraph 9. Architecture 10. Rubber 11. Lighting 12. Time V. Conclusions………………………………………... 42 VI. Bibliography………………………………………… 44 3 I. General Concept 1. The First Industrial Revolution Between 1760 and 1830 the Industrial Revolution was mainly confined to Britain. Being aware of its head start on other countries, Britain forbade the export of machinery, skilled workers and manufacturing techniques. This could not last, as many Britons saw profitable industrial opportunities abroad and continental European businessmen were keen to lure British know-how to their countries. Belgium became the first country in continental Europe to be transformed economically, having machine shops ...
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...for equitable quality access of health services for all citizens that have pushed for the impending change. Successful managers will need to understand the impetus for this change. The challenges will provide many opportunities for a manager that is properly prepared to lead and guide their organization. Model trends in the United States. Historically, the United State’s healthcare system has been provider dominated. Physicians ordered and directed care without concern for cost or resources. While complex and ever-changing, the focus was on treatment of infectious diseases such as polio, influenza, small pox. (Shortell & Kaluzny, 2006) Our current model of healthcare places much of the responsibility and burden of the cost of medical care on the individual. American healthcare spending approaches 17% of our gross domestic product (GDP), the highest of any member of the World Health Organization. Our performance consistently underperforms in comparison to our peer nations in such measures as life expectancy, infant mortality and overall level of health. (World Health Organization [WHO], 2000) Though this has been the historical model in the United States, the model is under scrutiny and is undergoing reassessment and the season is ripe for reform due to changing expectations and demands from multiple sides. The aging population, often with multiple chronic conditions, demands improvement in quality care as patients shift from “patients” to “consumers”. Advancing...
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...Innovations that Changed European Lifestyle in the 20th Century Throughout the entire world, change is often inevitable, and different societies have witnessed change in dissimilar capacities over the course of time. Particularly, Europe has undergone several changes over the course of the twentieth century due to a number of innovations. These changes have been experienced in technology, economics, politics, and most of all, in the social arena. The changes have affected their lives of Europeans through total transformation or modification in several ways. In most instances, these changes have been driven by the need to increase production in a bid to improve the economic conditions while in some instances; the changes have been driven by the need to have more convenience in doing different things. The resultant effect of these breakthroughs came in varying capacities such as immediate change while others laid the groundwork for important developments for the future. These innovations ranged from pioneering inventions and political advancements to bold scientific and medical advancements. The adoption of the steam engine as the primary source of power marked the onset of the Industrial revolution, and it revolutionized the process of production in industries such as textiles, agriculture, and transportation (Young, 2005, p. 29). Initially, the most important source of power in the industries was muscular strength that was at times supplemented with water and wind. Even though...
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...consequences of innovations in technology ------------------------------------------------- Individual Assignment: MT5014 Systems Approach to Technology and Innovation Ravi Raman – A0008484A Abstract There have been many great innovations over the course of human history and they had many unintended consequences to the human society and to the technology in general. The study of unintended consequence has been quite limited in the current day. This paper is a study of unintended consequences of the key technological innovation from 18th century to early 20th century. This paper details the technological innovation from holistic thinking perspective and critically analysis the unintended consequences of the innovations. * Table of Contents 1. Introduction 4 1.1 What is an unintended consequence? (Karl-Erik Sveiby Pernilla Gripenberg, 2009) 4 1.2 Kinds of unintended consequences (Andrews, 2005) 5 2 Nuclear Energy 7 2.1 Concept Map 7 2.1.1 Nuclear Fission Reaction 7 2.1.2 Nuclear Energy development history 7 2.2 Problem 8 2.3 Holistic Thinking Perspective 8 2.4 Technology Innovation 10 2.5 Managing Innovation & Moving to Market 11 2.6 Complexity Management 12 2.7 Quantitative 12 3 Internal Combustion Engine - Automobile industry till early 20th Century 14 3.1 Concept Map 14 3.1.1 History of Internal Combustible Engine 14 3.2 Problem 15 3.3 Holistic Thinking Perspective 15 3.4 Technology Innovation & Moving to Market...
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...The greatest Canadian achievement during the 1920s and 1930s were was the advancements in the field of medicine through discoveries that helped detection and prevention of diseases. One of the main achievements in this field was the discovery of insulin in 1921 by Frederick Banting. Diabetes, during the early 20th century was a life threatening disease that affected millions of people around the world.Diabetes is a condition where the amount of blood glucose (blood sugar) increases in one’s blood cells due to the reduction in the production of insulin or due to the blood cells not being able to absorb the insulin or sometimes both. Many thousands died each year in North America due to diabetes. In 1921, Frederick Banting produced insulin that...
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...with the master craftsmen in the putting out system that prevailed during the medieval ages. The industrial revolution that led to the establishment of factories displaced the putting out system. The workers in the early factories faced long hours of works under extremely unhygienic conditions, and mostly lived in slums. This soon resulted in several labor riots, the most famous being Ludds riots of 1811 in Nottingham, England, precipitated by reduced wages. The government soon intervened to provide basic rights and protections for workers, and the need to comply with such statutory regulations forced factory owners to set up a formal mechanism to look into workers wages and welfare, and redress other issues concerning labor. This led to the emergence of Personnel Management as a distinct profession. * The Personnel Management Approach The Personnel Management approach that remained in vogue for much of the 20th Century remained administrative in nature. Arising out of the need to enforce statutory compliance, it concerned itself primarily with * employee record keeping * adherence to the stated policies while implementing functions such as recruitment, training and wage administration * taking welfare oriented measures such as providing medical care, vaccinations, housing facilities and the like * attempting to increase productivity through wage increases and training, and enforcement of standards derived from...
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