...establishing patient relationships, obtaining medication history information, preventing, identifying and resolving medication related problems (MRP), dispensing medications, and educating and counseling patients and healthcare providers (japha, 2010). This paper highlights the pharmacist role in various services, the workforce roles within those services, and the impact pharmacists play in health care organizations. Role of a Pharmacist Pharmacists interpret prescriptions and dispense medications prescribed by a credentialed provider. In cases where patients receive multiple medications, an in-depth understanding of drug interactions is required. Pharmacists monitor the pharmacologic effects of medications for certain disease states including, but not limited to, diabetes, asthma, hypertension, seizures, hyperlipidemia, anticoagulation, and infectious diseases. The rapid, dramatic advances in medication therapy created a niche for pharmacy practitioners that specialize in specific treatment and care (rheumatology, 2013). Medication Therapy Management Pharmacists have a broad knowledge base to assess and respond to a patient's medication therapy needs, thereby contributing to the inter-professional management of patients and optimal patient care. Medication therapy management (MTM) is a partnership of the pharmacist, the patient or their caregiver, and other health professionals that promotes the safe and effective use of medications and helps patients achieve the targeted...
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...symptoms evident in up to 50 percent of the adult population. Insomnia rates are often viewed as higher among the divorced, separated, and women. The 3-P model of insomnia suggests that people may be primed to develop insomnia through stressful life events, hyperarousal or coping strategies like napping. Insomnia is often associated with negative quality of life, decreased job performance, increased risk of accidents and an increased risk for depression. Many of the individuals who suffer from insomnia express a poor understanding of the available treatments and tend to turn to alcohol and over the counter medications. Faced with the prevalence of insomnia and concerns regarding other aspects of the disorder, many professionals have found and used different techniques such as, pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, to treat the disorder with several having different levels of efficacy and effectiveness. In this essay I intend to explore the efficacy and effectiveness of several of these techniques. One such technique used by professionals in the treatment of insomnia is pharmacotherapy. Pharmacotherapy includes the use of a variety of drugs to combat the lack of sleep or to maintain sleep. According to the authors of the article, “Current Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Options for the Management of Insomnia”,...
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...ADHD: Multimodal Approach Lynnette Walker University of North Florida Abstract This paper reviews Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), the many effects the disorder has on an individual, and the many therapy options available. A brief description of the disorder is given, as well as the core symptoms, and the functional problems that result from it. Each therapy option is then explained in detail and the benefits of each given. Finally, a brief look at the advantages of using multiple therapy techniques in a multimodal approach and the needs for future research. ADHD: Multimodal Approach ADHD (Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is a common disorder that typically presents in early childhood and often continues into adulthood. It is a chronic disorder that has no cure. There are two components of ADHD, attention deficit and hyperactivity. The attention deficit component refers to the lack of attention or difficulty in focusing on activities for extended periods of time, as well as being easily distracted. The hyperactivity component refers to impulsivity, restlessness, fidgeting, and often loud behavior. In order to be diagnosed with ADHD, a patient must exhibit a number of these behaviors that are atypical to children of the same age for at least six months, symptoms having been present before the age of 7, be present in more than one environment, and show impairment in social and academic progress (Monastra, 2008). There are many functional deficiencies...
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...cognitive processes such as brain structure and brain activity (Parolin). Thus, displays the psychological effects of drug abuse among Children. Children with drug addicted parents would have improve physical and mental states if they were to live with another family. These other families would create a different environment for the child, so they were not surrounded by factors placed on the child when in their biological home. Studies have shown that these children start to have problems (similar to the parents) when raised by them(“Guide for Children of Addicted Parents”). Therefore, drug addicted mothers are incapable of caring for their children due to psychological problems. Eventually leading the child to have low self esteem, lack of role models, and being unappreciated. Additionally, parents addicted to drugs pose environmental difficulties for the child. These include poor performance in school, experimentation with drugs or alcohol, stress related illnesses, etcetera. As stated in the Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, children with drug addicted parents often experience physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, and functional impairments. Physical abuse includes grabbing, punching, choking, and negligence (lack of medical treatment, abandonment, and lack of education). Functional impairments include anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, and aggression. Many kids fail to meet developmental milestones and have academic difficulties(Aff). It is apparent that, parental drug addiction...
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...Paranoid schizophrenia, what must the nurse assess? How do they go about assessing? Upon assessing, how will the nurse manage the outcomes of the assessment? These important questions are what this paper will resolve. Through review of recent literature into the assessment and management of individuals affected by paranoid schizophrenia, this paper will discuss in detail how the nurse goes about assessing the patient, why assessment is vital, common outcomes of the assessment and finally go into detail on how the nurse manages a patient with paranoid schizophrenia. Stein-Parbury (2009) discuss the importance of providing an environment without distractions for an assessment to occur in, as this enhances the ability of both the patient and nurse to listen and understand. This can assist with patients with paranoid schizophrenia, experiencing perceptual disturbances or delusions. It is also important to provide a space that is private, thus giving the patient a sense of safety in disclosing personal information. Snyderman and Rovner (2009) highlight the importance of using a Mental State Examination (MSE), to assess the patients’ mental state and to aid in diagnosing a patients’ mental illness through identifying a range of sections including thought form, content and mood. It also enables the treating team to formulate a plan individualised to the patients needs. The following areas should be assessed in a mental state examination (MSE). Appearance including the physical characteristics...
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... “During the late 1950's, the innovation of psychotropic medications revolutionized the mental health field. The Clinic became a multi-purpose organization with broad programs meeting the federal requirements of a community mental health center.” 3. Why was the center named “Henderson”? “In 1960, the late Mr. Alexander D. Henderson and his wife Lucy gave the Clinic stocks in Avon Products as well as property which is the current site of our "Central" Program on SW 27th Avenue in Fort Lauderdale. The money from the sale of the stock enabled us to build the structure and purchase the furnishings. The Clinic was renamed Henderson Clinic of Broward County in 1961.” 4. What populations does the center serve today? Henderson serves “more than 20,000 people of all ages, including 5,000 youth under 18 years of age.” FIND SERVICES CRISIS 5. What is the goal of Crisis Services? “ To provide immediate intervention to people experiencing a psychiatric crisis. Early intervention in a time of need can prevent hospitalization and stabilize acute situations. Crisis Services include mobile community outreach or walk-in services, psychiatric evaluation, consultation and medication monitoring, brief therapy, and short-term inpatient psychiatric treatment and stabilization.” 6. What crisis servies are included? Walk-In Evaluation and Treatment Psychiatric/Diagnostic Evaluations Medication Management Crisis Counseling and Intervention Short-term Psychotherapy ...
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...IS IT BETTER TO BE MAD OR BAD.1 This essay will discuss normal and abnormal behaviour and how the definition of psychologists differentiates although defining normal and abnormal behaviour can be problematic because there is no single definition. It will also look at the current treatment of mental health and how to tackle these issues in the future. There are many ways that normal and abnormal behaviour can be defined for instant one concept is based on statistical for example something which is unusual to the society. Statistically: In this definition of abnormality behaviors which are seen as statistically rare are considered to be abnormal. In terms of statistics, abnormal behaviour involves any behaviour that is significantly different from the norm. for instance some one who is very clever is considered normal in terms of cleverness average on the other hand if some one is less or below the average he or she is considered abnormal. Therefore in the statistical impression, strange behavior improper behaviour could be classified as abnormal. Deviation from Social Norms defines the change or deviation of an individual, from society's traditional acts for example in some cultural backgrounds when couple are getting married women is responsible for every thing while others give the responsibility to the man and they thing other except from their tradition cultural believes is abnormal and they think if some does something different that he or she is deviated from cultural...
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...Pain Management: A concept Analysis Laura Miller Sacred Heart University Pain Management: A concept Analysis Millions suffer from acute or chronic pain every year and the effects of pain exact a tremendous cost on our country in health care costs, rehabilitation and lost worker productivity, as well as the emotional and financial burden it places on patients and their families. The costs of unrelieved pain can result in longer hospital stays, increased rates of re-hospitalization, increased outpatient visits, and decreased ability to function fully leading to lost income and insurance coverage (American academy of pain medicine,2006). The most often used definition for pain is: an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage (Chandra & Ozturk, 2005, p.34; Loeser & Melzack, 1999, p.1607; McHugh & Thoms, 2001, p.33). The aim is to improve communication, develop tools to evaluate the effectiveness of pain management, and how it can be the solution in decreasing the cost of unrelieved pain, decrease re-hospitalization and also improve function and quality of life. Current use and historical perspective Individuals have a great tendency to treat their pain before seeking any medical assistance. Every culture has some type of home remedy that they rely on to treat any type of element including pain. According to Bonica, Pain is as old as humankind and Humankind has been suffering from...
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...Comprehensive assessment Parent teacher Situational variability, and Important tio have different views of the situation for diagnosis Equally important is the need for gathering information about the child's parents and siblings, which provides a context for understanding how problem behaviors manifest. This information also often serves as a basis for determining how well parents and other caretakers will be able to implement treatment strategies. The clinical evaluations of ADHD must be comprehensive and multidimensional in nature, so as to capture its situational variability, its associated features, and its impact on home, school, and social functioning. This multi-method assessment approach should include: parent and child interviews parent- and teacher-completed child behavior rating scales parent self-report measures clinic-based psychological tests review of prior school and medical records individually administered intelligence testing, educational achievement testing, or screening for learning disabilities (only necessary if not completed within the past year a standard pediatric examination or neurodevelopmental screening to rule out any unusual medical conditions that might produce ADHD-like symptoms additional assessment procedures may be recommended, including vision and hearing screening, as well as formal speech and language assessment. The Key Components of a Comprehensive Assessment of AD/HD," by Arthur Anastopoulos, Ph.D., E. Paige Temple, M...
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...uestion #: 1 Which of the following does a Pharmacy &Therapeutics Committee do? (Select all that apply) A. Educates patients about medications on the formulary used at the hospital B. Dispenses medications that are on the formulary used at the hospital C. Makes decisions on whether a drug should be added to the formulary used at the hospital D. Manages the formulary to be used by physicians, nurses and pharmacists at the hospital Item ID: 1911 / 2 Item Description: Final Exam Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee ____________________________________________________________________________ Question #: 2 In a road accident in Times Square, Manhattan, the driver of one of the cars suffered a concussion which the NYPD deemed as requiring...
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...the brain. However, studies have shown that children with ADHD appear to have deficiencies in executive function affecting their memory, motor planning, reasoning and problem solving (Meyers & Berk, 2016). Although further research is required, several neuropsychological models have attempted to explain the cognitive effects of ADHD. Neuropsychologists develop these models to help explain behaviors that children with ADHD exhibit. They suggest that “delay aversion” and “temporal processing” in the brain are both affected by ADHD and these alternate brain pathways could explain the child’s preference for immediate reward and inability to accurately judge how much time has passed (J. Tarver, 2014). This provides explanation for the impulsiveness and hyperactivity symptoms displayed in children with ADHD. There are also several well documented social and emotional effects linked to ADHD. In fact, ADHD often co-occurs with emotional dysregulation disorders such as Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). An article written by psychology professors from Ohio State University point out that there is much evidence showing that stimulant medication reduces ADHD symptoms that affect academic function, but medication has not been shown to reduce symptoms affecting emotional dysregulation and engaging in risky behavior, which is common among children with ADHD (Bunford, Evans, & Wymbs, 2015). Parents of children with ADHD often report that their child has difficulty regulating emotions,...
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...relationships, awareness of body parts in relation to one another and right and left discrimination. • Dom's sensation in his left upper extremities are mildly impaired for light touch, superficial pain, and stereognosis. • Dom suffered a CVA during surgery for a coronary bypass. A stroke occurs when the blood supply to your brain is interrupted or reduced. This deprives your brain of oxygen and nutrients, which can cause your brain cells to die. Medications, medical management, surgical intervention Dom's case makes no mention of any medications in the past or currently that he is taking. For scenario process a doctor may probably subscribe several medicines after you have had a stroke. Medicines to prevent blood clots are typically used. The types of medications that prevent clotting are anticoagulant, antiplatelet medicines. Other medications that may be subscribed would be used to treat depression and pain. Medications, medical management, surgical intervention continued... For medical management the...
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...There are many specific phobias. Acrophobia is a fear of heights. You may be able to ski the world's tallest mountains but be unable to go above the 5th floor of an office building. Agoraphobia is a fear of public places, and claustrophobia is a fear of closed-in places. If you become anxious and extremely self-conscious in everyday social situations, you could have a social phobia. Other common phobias involve tunnels, highway driving, water, flying, animals and blood. People with phobias try to avoid what they are afraid of. If they cannot, they may experience panic and fear, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, trembling, and a strong desire to get away. Treatment helps most people with phobias. Treatment options include medicines, therapy or both. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/phobias.html A phobia is defined as the unrelenting fear of a situation, activity, or thing that causes one to want to avoid it. The three types of phobias are social phobia (fear of public speaking, meeting new people, or other social situations), agoraphobia (fear of being outside), and specific phobias (fear of particular items or situations). Phobias are largely underreported, probably because many phobia sufferers find ways to avoid the situations of which they are phobic. Women tend to be twice as likely to suffer from a phobia compared to men. Agoraphobia often coexists with panic disorder. If left untreated, a phobia may worsen to the point in which the person's life is seriously...
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...by external forces” (Grossman et al. 2004 pg. 182). Incarceration/criminal justice system: Sometimes hospitalization in a mental facility or incarceration during the most active criminal periods in a prison facility are necessary treatment steps. The majority of individuals receiving interventions for APD and associated problems will be in the criminal justice system – with the intervention provided by the probation or prison services. The aim being to reduce the offending behavior (British Psychological Society. (2010) p.g. 2) and reduces their behaviors’ social impact. Most psychological interventions in the prisons are cognitive behavioural and to a great extent based on social learning theory, a development of behavioural learning models which have been adapted to take account of findings from cognitive and developmental psychology (Bandura, 2001 as cited...
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...Assessment Task 3 – Scenario 3 Introduction Anti-depressant medications are consistently used throughout acute medical wards to treat symptoms of depression. However, there are complementary and lifestyle interventions that can be introduced as an alternative. This piece will explore the effects of musical therapy for lessening symptoms of depression through evidence-based practice. A clearly stated and answerable clinical question is a critical step when developing a research study. To assist in developing the question a PICO principle is used. This principle identifies four key elements to consider, which guide and structure the answerable clinical question. The elements are: Population, Intervention, Comparator and Outcome (Hastings & Fisher, 2014). PICO question development When treating the elderly (aged 65 and older) with symptoms of depression (P), does engaging in a complementary intervention such as music therapy (I), in comparison to anti-depressant medications (C), have a greater effect on decreasing the symptoms of depression (O)? Identifying the population determines the target patient or process of interest. In this case, geriatrics or older adults (aged 65 and older) with depression is specific and marks it achievable to locate information that is relevant to the clinical question. The intervention is a guide to the best practice to be assessed, for example, music therapy as being an effective alternative to improve symptoms of depression...
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