...The Journal of School Nursing http://jsn.sagepub.com/ Literature Reviews as a Research Strategy Julia Muennich Cowell The Journal of School Nursing 2012 28: 326 DOI: 10.1177/1059840512458666 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jsn.sagepub.com/content/28/5/326 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: National Association of School Nurses Additional services and information for The Journal of School Nursing can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jsn.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jsn.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav >> Version of Record - Sep 25, 2012 What is This? Downloaded from jsn.sagepub.com by guest on August 26, 2013 Editorial The Journal of School Nursing 28(5) 326-327 ª The Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1059840512458666 http://jsn.sagepub.com Literature Reviews as a Research Strategy Literature reviews have long been important strategies to assess the state of the science. As early as 1993, Broome (1993) recommended literature reviews as a strategy to assist in the development of concepts. Many graduate students in nursing and other sciences learn about synthesizing literature throughout their academic programs using a variety of guides including Cooper’s (1998) Synthesizing Research: A Guide for Literature Reviews as a common...
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...Cover Sheet Title The Effectiveness of Parental Involvement for Improving the Academic Performance of Elementary School Children Reviewers Chad Nye, PhD Jamie Schwartz, PhD Herb Turner, PhD Contact reviewer Chad Nye UCF Center for Autism & Related Disabilities 12001 Science Drive, Suite 145 Orlando, FL 32826 Phone : 407-737-2566 FAX : 407-737-2571 email : cnye@mail.ucf.edu 1 1.0 BACKGROUND The role of parents has long been thought to be centrally important to the academic achievement of their children. However, this role had neither been analyzed nor systematically studied using an experimental design until the 1960’s. The evaluation of the Head Start Program in the United States (Coleman, Campbell, Hobson, McPartland, Mod, Weinfeld, & York, 1966) fostered a national focus on outcomes related to parental involvement by suggesting a substantial relationship between parental involvement in their child’s education and their child’s success in academic domains. Subsequent studies have been presented which support the findings from Coleman, et al. (Duff & Adams, 1981; Henderson, 1987; 1988). Even so, other studies have reported either mixed or no significant differences between experimental and control groups when measuring the effect of parental involvement on student achievement (Griffith, 1996; Heller, & Fantuzzo, 1993; Henry, 1974; Keith, Reimers, Ferman, Pottenbaum, & Aubrey ,1986; Ryan, 1964; Searles, Lewis & Morrow, 1982). Some of the discrepancy across studies...
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...Interpreting and understanding meta-analysis graphs A practical guide Ideally, clinical decision making ought to be based on the latest evidence available. However, to keep abreast with the continuously increasing number of publications in health research, a primary health care professional would need to read an unsurmountable number of articles every day covered in more than 13 million references and over 4800 biomedical and health journals in Medline alone.1 With the view to address this challenge, the systematic review method was developed.2 This article provides a practical guide for appraising systematic reviews for relevance to clinical practice and interpreting meta-analysis graphs as part of quantitative systematic reviews. A systematic review is a synthesis of primary research studies investigating a clearly formulated clinical question using systematic, explicit and reproducible methods. The Cochrane Library is probably the most comprehensive collection of regularly updated systematic reviews in the health field and is freely accessible in Australia.3 Some systematic reviews qualify for a quantitative statistical summary of comparable study findings, the meta-analysis. While useful guides to systematic review methodology and critical appraisal of systematic reviews are plentiful, 4–6 there is a paucity of practical guides to appraisal of meta-analysis for the nonstatistician. This article provides a practical guide to appraisal of meta-analysis graphs, and has been developed...
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...in the REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE FORM for each study. PLEASE USE THE FORM PROVIDED - IT IS REQUIRED. Note that you must attach PDF versions of the six research studies for me to review. Next you will need to ascertain the level of evidence that each study represents. To learn more about this, please go to this Evidence Based Practice Tutorial and watch the VIDEO and then take the tutorial. When you finish, you will have a much clearer idea about the nature of evidence and why we need a body of knowledge to support our nursing actions and desired outcomes. USE THIS TABLE TO MAKE A JUDGMENT AS TO THE LEVEL EACH RESEARCH ARTICLE FITS. Rating System for the Hierarchy of Evidence/Levels of Evidence Level I Evidence for a systematic review or meta-analysis of all relevant RCTs or evidencebased clinical practice guidelines based on systematic reviews of RCTs. Level II Level III Level IV Level V Level VI Level VII Evidence obtained from at least one well-designed RCT Evidence obtained from one well-designed controlled trials without Randomization Evidence...
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...on pro-social behaviour and discuss research support Pro social behaviour is when the acts are intended to benefit others. This is usually seen in fundraising campaigns whereas anti social behaviour is usually seen on the news. The social learning theory explains this by learning through media as indirect reinforcement; the media portrays pro-social behaviour as if you see people helping charities then you become aroused to do the same. Hearold in 1987 completed a meta analysis of over 1000 studies seeing the effect of TV on behaviour. Overall he found pro-social to be more effective than anti-social in effecting people. This study is recognised due to the large amount of studies it used so can be generalised to a lot of different places around the world. However, making a conclusion from this many studies is difficult to operate. Another explanation of the media influence is exposure to the pro-social messages. Children watching TV are exposed to a large number of pro-social acts. An early content analysis of US broadcasting found that on average there were 11 altruistic acts and 6 sympathetic behaviours per programming (Skrafkin 1075). However these acts are frequently appeared in the context of anti-social behaviour. From this we can conclude that studies continue to demonstrate pro-social content on TV is clearly as evident as anti-social behaviour. Howard and Roberts 2002 studied toddlers from the age of 14 months watching the Teletubbies. As a response of this the toddlers...
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...I work as a community nurse and I have recently become intrigued about one of my patients requiring treatment for a leg ulcer. For the purpose of this assignment I shall call her MA, because as a nurse and a professional I have professional and ethical duty to protect patient identities (Quacker Nursing Council [QNC]2010). My rationale for selection of topic is that Leg ulcers (LU) cost this country’s health service an estimated 200million quars per year in hospitalisation fees for those individuals who do not have health insurance (Quacker Health Board [QHB] 2012, Wilson 2010). An outline of LU is provided in Appendix One, while Appendix two provides a synopsis of MA and her LU. Community nurses are increasingly seeing patients with LU as insurers only pay for three episodes of treatment for one condition (Medins 2011). This disadvantages those patients like MA, as if they have a long term or chronic condition they may not receive treatment or care and this in turn will raise the country’s morbidity and mortality rates. In the UK the Government provides all healthcare free at the point of delivery and prevention of ill- Health and patient’s taking responsibility for managing their own illness or disease is viewed as an important Public Health Strategy ( DH 2010). In this assignment I will discuss strengths and limitations of evidence based practice (EBP),sourcing different forms of evidence which will enable me to provide the best evidence-based practice I can for my patients...
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...Some of the most dangerous aspects associated with healthcare do not come from blood borne pathogens, chemical exposures or falls, but comes directly from people as evident in workplace violence(Fernandes, Bouthillette, Raboud, Bullock, Moore, Rae, Ouellet, Gillrie & Way, 1999). The effects of workplace violence is far-reaching and costly(Hoag-Apel, 1998). In fact according to the international council of nurses “ health care workers are more likely to be attacked at work than prison guards and police officers”(ICN, 2009). The aim of this essay is to critically appraise a systematic review of the literature based on workplace violence in the emergency department and to identify characteristics of interventional studies to guide best practice. This review will discuss current practices in reference to NSW health policy and guidelines, critique the systematic review by (Taylor & Rew, 2010) in terms of discussing methodology and provided a comprehensive overview of (Taylor & Rew, 2010) article(Hoag-Apel, 1998) (NSW Health, 2005). Finally, this review will attempt to recommend a change in practice in terms of the research question of what are the suggested interventions for workplace violence in the ED conducted by studies from 2004 ? Based on best evidence based practice and research(Hoag-Apel, 1998) . Although healthcare professionals and exclusively nurses are at higher risk of workplace violence, NSW legislation doesn’t reflect the increase risk associated or current international...
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...Hand hygiene is a practise of evidence-based medicine and the number one way to prevent health-care associated infections (Garbutt, 2011). The term of hand hygiene applies to adequate hand washing, antiseptic hand-wash, antiseptic hand-rub, or surgical hand antisepsis (Garbutt, 2011). Evidence-based practices have been put into place to prevent such infections from occurring. The present paper will examine ways in which health professionals use the five steps of evidence based practices (EBP) to locate, appraise and apply the best available research evidence. In this case, the five steps of EBP will be assessed in conjunction to the practise of good hand hygiene. Liamputtong (2013, p.267) has explained evidence-based practise (EBP) as the use of the best research evidence, clinical expertise, available resources, and patient preferences in respect to clinical decision-making. EBP is taught and practised using five steps to reduce inconsistency and increase efficiency and effectiveness of health care (Liamputtong, 2013, p.267). According to Liamputtong (2013, p.267) the first step of EBP is to ask an answerable question stating the population, intervention, comparison and outcome of the question (PICO). Next, acquire the best available evidence using research strategies (Liamputtong, 2013, p.267). This evidence is then appraised to determine its quality and relevance (Liamputtong, 2013, p.267). The fourth step it to apply the evidence integrated with clinical expertise and...
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...Meta-analysis is the review, and subsequent reanalysis, of relevant data obtained from many studies using statistics, with a view to providing a more coherent conclusion regarding a given hypothesis. The initial compilation of such a study is arduous, requiring many hours of dedicated searching. This in itself is one of the strengths of such a technique, providing somewhat of a fine tooth comb for research already conducted and also allowing for integration of unpublished data which may have been of influence; this will be discussed in more depth later. Studies must be first sourced and validated, and then results can be combined making use of the statistical data; probability (p) and effect size (both will be explained shortly) to test the original hypothesis. Hypothesis testing relies upon probability (p) to determine whether a positive relationship can be seen between an independent variable (IV) and an independent variable (DV). IV describes the feature that is chosen to test, for example in the hypothesis ‘Does passive smoking increase the chances of lung cancer’ the IV would be passive smoking, therefore the DV would be lung cancer, as it potentially is dependent on the presence of passive smoke. The Null Hypothesis is the ‘no effect’ proposition, in this example ‘ Smoking has no effect on the occurrence of lung cancer’. In order to establish the acceptance of either the Research Hypothesis or the Null Hypothesis the researcher must determine the likelihood of their...
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... A Systematic Review of the Corporate Reputation Literature: Definition, Measurement, and Theory Kent Walker Asper School of Business, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada ABSTRACT A systematic review of the corporate reputation literature is conducted. The final sample of 54 articles (and one book) consists of well-cited papers, and papers in journals that have published high quality work in corporate reputation. The sample is then analyzed and the three fundamental problems in the reputation literature are addressed – the need for a comprehensive and well-accepted definition, the difficulty in operationalizing corporate reputation, and the ongoing need for more developed theory. Two main findings evolve from this analysis: (1) reputation may have different dimensions and is issue specific, and (2) different stakeholder groups may have different perceptions of corporate reputations. The implications for future research are discussed. Corporate Reputation Review (2010) 12, 357–387. doi:10.1057/crr.2009.26 KEYWORDS: corporate reputation; definition; operationalization; organizational identity; organizational image; systematic review INTRODUCTION There are many reasons why organizations and researchers should care about corporate reputation. The relationship between reputation and a sustained competitive advantage is widely acknowledged in the literature (eg, Fombrun and Shanley, 1990; Fombrun, 1996; Hall, 1993; Roberts and Dowling, 2002). Researchers...
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...Meta Tags Optimization XIAOCHEN ZHAO Content relevant to the analysis Our goal is to attract and help more people to find our website so that we could increase the number of our potential customers. Here’re all the pages that might be relevant and helpful for achieving our goal. http://suabroad.syr.edu/index.html(home page) http://suabroad.syr.edu/interestedstudents/ (interested students) -/interestedstudents/infosessions.html (info session) http://suabroad.syr.edu/programs/ (search programs) -/destinations/summer/index.html (summer programs) -/programs/bysubject.html (by subject) http://suabroad.syr.edu/dest/ (destinations)r The meta description tags allows you to show description of your website under the clickable link on a search engines. Although it might not be displayed by search engines every time, it is still a good way to tell your audience what your website is mainly about. Suabroad didn’t have any of these. It is not good when you find the links of suabroad, and it only shows you” SU Abroad will not be open Monday, Dec. 26-Monday, Jan. 2. There will be no mail service to SU Abroad during this time; please plan accordingly”. This definitely will make some potential audience lose their patience if they just have gone through hundreds of similar pages of this kind. So adding descriptions to content- relevant pages is the step to do meta tag optimization. The Meta Keywords Tag will not guarantee the high page ranking. However, well usage of keywords...
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...Is ethical language meaningless? Discuss. Ethical language is meaningless. The analysis of ethical language is called meta-ethics. Meta-ethics looks at the meaning of the language used in ethics and includes questions such as: are ethical claims capable of being true or false, or are they expressions of emotion? If true, is that truth only relative to some individual, society or culture. Meta-ethics is broken down into cognitive and non-cognitive theories. This shows that there are two contrasting opinions to whether ethical language is meaningless. Cognitive theories of meta-ethics. Ethical naturalism is a cognitive theory of meta-ethics. Ethical naturalism or ethical cognitivism is the theory that moral values can be derived from sense experience. Ethical naturalism looks into cognitive and objective statements, it states ethical and non-ethical statements are the same, also that ethical statements can be verified and falsified. Criticisms of ethical naturalism – the naturalistic fallacy. The naturalistic fallacy is the claim that good cannot be defined. G.E. Moore argued against ethical naturalism and called the attempt to identify goodness with a natural quality a mistake. He uses the naturalistic fallacy to do this. Intuitionism – G.E. Moore. Intuitionism is the theory that moral truths are known by intuition. Moore’s intuitionism is a cognitive theory itself. It states good is indefinable, there are objective moral truths and we know these moral truths by intuitionism...
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...MSC459 Web Usability Project on Basic Bank Submitted to: Syed Mahmudur Rahman Submitted by: G3 * Sabby Zaman - ID# 11104101 * Moeen Ul Karim - ID# 10304109 Table of Contents Phase 1: Introduction 5 Phase 2: Web Usability 5 2.1 Web Usability and Basic bank 6 2.2 Impact 8 2.3 Key Technicalities to Get On the Boat 9 Phase 3: Meta Analysis of Basic Bank 13 Phase 4: BasicBanklimited.com SEO Summary 16 Phase 4: Online Competitors 19 Phase 5: Basic Bank Analysis in a Nutshell 21 BasicBanklimited.com SEO Analysis 21 Architecture 21 Content 21 Links 22 Social Media 23 Trust 23 Phase 6: Recommendations 24 Recommendation Based on Meta Analysis 25 Phase 7: Review Mechanism 26 Phase 8: Conclusion 27 References 28 Appendix 29 Acknowledgement We would like to thank our lecturer Syed Mahmudur Rahman for facilitating us in our course Web Usability, and giving us continuous guidelines that has enabled us to accomplish this feat. It is with his guidance that we have been able to comply with our analysis of the web site and have learnt a lot in the process. Executive Summary This report is to indicate what the web site is about, how and where it may generate revenue for the banks and the obstacles it would have to overcome in order to achieve the feat. Key important technicalities along with competitor’s performance have been shared in the report which shows the lacking Basic Bank (a state owned Bank) possess. The objective of this report was to simply aim at...
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...To what extent is ethical language meaningful (35 Marks) The analysis of ethical language is called meta-ethics and what Meta-ethics does is look at the meaning of the language that is used in ethical statements and it includes questions about whether those statements are true or false or whether those statements are just expressions of emotion and if it is the truth then is it the truth for everybody or just a select few depending on society and culture, Meta-Ethics Is broken down into two sections and they are called cognitive and non-cognitive and these are two different perspectives on the meaningfulness of ethical language. Cognitivism involves a view that states moral knowledge is possible and therefore all ethical statements can be meaningful because they can be proved whether they are true or false. Non Cognitivism on the other hand involves the belief that there can be no ethical knowledge because ethical language and statements give no factual information and therefore they are not as meaningful as they are not subject to the true or false test and this approach suggests that they are just expressions of emotion and prescriptive recommendations. The naturalistic fallacy is a form of ethical non-naturalism and it was devised by G.E Moore and Moore believed that the term “good” is a simple term like “that’s yellow” and it couldn’t be defined and he also believed that we couldn’t prove moral statements through the use of evidence, Moore also believed that the only...
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...ethics Branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of ultimate value and the standards by which human actions can be judged right or wrong. The term is also applied to any system or theory of moral values or principles. Ethics is traditionally subdivided into normative ethics, metaethics, and applied ethics. Normative ethics seeks to establish norms or standards of conduct; a crucial question in this field is whether actions are to be judged right or wrong based on their consequences or based on their conformity to some moral rule, such as “Do not tell a lie.” Theories that adopt the former basis of judgment are called consequentialist (see consequentialism); those that adopt the latter are known as deontological (see deontological ethics). Metaethics is concerned with the nature of ethical judgments and theories. Since the beginning of the 20th century, much work in metaethics has focused on the logical and semantic aspects of moral language. Some major metaethical theories are naturalism (see naturalistic fallacy), intuitionism, emotivism, and prescriptivism. Applied ethics, as the name implies, consists of the application of normative ethical theories to practical moral problems (e.g., abortion). Among the major fields of applied ethics are bioethics, business ethics, legal ethics, and medical ethics. 1. Clearly define the ethical problem. The ethical problem is if I should be honest and report this security breech. 2. Employ applicable laws and regulations. I would...
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