...Abstract Introduction: Metabolic abnormalities, predominantly weight gain, are related with the use of Antipsychotic medications. Objectives: This paper will help us understand the underlying factors that cause metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities; and to advice interventions that would help improve the condition of mental health consumers. Background: The review articles used in this paper shows a high linkage between metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities with the use of Antipsychotic medications; which is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among metal health consumers. Approach: Selective Article Reviews are being used. Findings and Implications: Metabolic and cardiovascular side effects such as weight gain, diabetes and hypertension are some of the risks of Antipsychotic drugs; however, there are other underlying factors that cause this such abnormalities such as genetic factors, lifestyle, and other medications. Hence, education, early monitoring and lifestyle modification is highly recommended. Conclusion: Atypical drugs are the frequently used treatment for mental disorders, particularly schizophrenia; but despite of its metabolic and cardiovascular side effects still it’s used is increasing. Therefore, early intervention and monitoring must be implemented, with the promotions of education, lifestyle and diet management. Introduction It is well known that psychotropic drugs, in general and antipsychotic...
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...and the weight comes off rapidly. In additional to satisfying hunger and losing weight these diets were found to have additional health benefits for women. Research suggests that high protein diets have positive results for obese women because they reduces the risk for diabetes type 2, decrease the incidence of cardiovascular disease, and helps women retain muscle mass. One of the major health benefits from a high protein diet is that it can prevent a woman from developing Diabetes type II or if a woman has type II diabetes it can be controlled with the diet. Type II Diabetes is a chronic disease in which there are high levels of glucose in the blood. The body will still make insulin but as time goes by the pancreas will make less and less insulin which makes it harder to keep blood glucose (sugar) under control. This can be acquired by a diet high in carbohydrates and being overweight. Kerksick et al. 2010 stated that “studies which incorporated insulin resistant, metabolic syndrome or those diagnosed with type II diabetes reported that diets with a higher protein intake stimulated greater weight loss and improvements in glucose homeostasis.” Metabolic syndrome is present if a woman has three or more of five signs such as: * Blood pressure higher than 130/85 * Fasting blood glucose over 100 * Waist circumference...
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...Chronic diseases are diseases or conditions that persist or progress over a long time. Chronic diseases develop slowly. Chronic illnesses are prolonged, do not resolve spontaneously, and are rarely cured completely. There are many different chronic diseases, but the two biggest killers are cardiovascular disease and cancer, by far the leading causes of death in the United States as well as the rest of the world. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) comprises a group of diseases that includes two major categories: diseases of the heart and cerebrovascular disease (primarily stroke). Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth and reproduction. Cancer can occur in any part of the body, but we’ll discuss a few that are of the greatest importance to women’s health: breast cancer, lung cancer, cancers of the reproductive system, and a few others. More lives are claimed by CVD than by the next five leading causes of death combined. Cardiovascular deaths usually occur in later years when women are beset with a variety of comorbid conditions, such as high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, osteoporosis, and diabetes. The two major forms of CVD are heart disease and stroke; of these, coronary heart disease is the major killer. Strokes, however, also cause many deaths, and they disproportionately affect women—6 of 10 people who die from strokes are women. Cardiovascular disease imposes a heavy burden on the medical care system in the United States, particularly on...
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...ORIGINAL RESEARCH Implementation of a lifestyle program in primary care by nurse practitioners Robin Whittemore, PhD, APRN (Associate Professor)1 , Gail D’Eramo Melkus, EdD, C-NP2 , Nanette Alexander, MSN, APRN3 , Stacie Zibel, MS, APRN4 , Elizabeth Visone, MSN, APRN5 , Ulrike Muench, MSN, APRN6 , Elizabeth Magenheimer, MSN, APRN6 , & Stephanie Wilborne, MSN, APRN6 1 Yale School of Nursing, New Haven, Connecticut 2 Florence and William Downs Professor in Nursing Research, NYU College of Nursing, New York, New York 3 Prime HealthCare PC, Glastonbury, Connecticut 4 Internal Medicine Primary Care LLP, Newington, Connecticut 5 Windham Medical Group, Willimantic, Connecticut 6 Fair Haven Community Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut Keywords Behavioral health; chronic illness; coaching; diabetes. Correspondence Robin Whittemore, PhD, APRN, Yale School of Nursing, 100 Church Street South, New Haven, CT 06536-0740. E-mail: robin.whittemore@yale.edu Received: May 2009; accepted: July 2009 doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2010.00562.x Funding: The study was funded by the NIH/NIDDK R34DK070594, NIH/NCRR/CTSA Program Grant # UL1 RR024139. Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the implementation process and participant satisfaction with a lifestyle program provided by nurse practitioners (NPs) in primary care to adults at risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to enhanced standard care. Data sources: A mixed-method clinical trial design was used (n = 58). NPs were...
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...SYNDROME X – FACT SHEET What is Syndrome X? Metabolic Syndrome X (also known as the metabolic syndrome, syndrome x and insulin resistance syndrome) is a cluster of symptoms that may be caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors that increase a person’s risk of diabetes, heart disease and stroke. Who is affected by Syndrome X? People with: Waist circumference greater that 102 cm (40 inches) in men, greater that 88 cm (35 inches) in women A serum triglyceride level above 1,7 mmol/L (150mg/L) HDL cholesterol below 1.04 mmol/L (40 mg/dL) in men, below 1.29 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) in women Blood pressure raised; above 135mg/85mm Hg, or taking a hypertensive medication Fasting blood glucose above 6.1 mmol/L (110mg/dL) or taking antidiabetic medication What are the risk factors of Syndrome X? Stress, Overweight and Obesity, Sedentary Life Style, Aging, Diabetes Mellitus, Coronary Heart Disease, Lipodystrophy, Schizophrenia, Rheumatic Diseases, Postmenopausal Status, High Carbohydrate Diet, Smoking, Ethnicity, Family History, Low Socioeconomic Status What are the signs and symptoms of Syndrome X? Fatigue, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Depression, Central Obesity, Hormonal Disturbances, Sleep Apnoea, Hypertension, Peripheral Neuropathy, Skin Tags, High Cholesterol, Uncontrolled Diabetes, Ancanthosis Nigricans, Elevated Triglycerides. Coronary Heart Disease, Heart Palpitations, Difficulty Losing Weight, Blurred Vision, Memory ...
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...“We have all heard that exercise is good for us, but what is becoming increasingly clear is the sheer extent of its benefits and why it works,” says Andy in his article “The Best Medicine”. According to the author, regular physical exercise is the best free medicine available for all people. Engaging oneself in a regular physical activity helps to prevent some disease. Heart attacks, strokes, diabetes, obesity, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, depression and memory loss are some of the common diseases that we can prevent from occurring by simply doing physical exercise. People should do regular physical exercise in order to be healthy, to be in good shape and reduce obesity and to reduce health care cost. The first main reason why people should engage in regular physical exercise is to stay healthy. A group of scientists in Turkey conducted a research to see the effect of both aerobic and anaerobic exercises. The result shows the advantage of physical exercise for our health. The scientists said, “Regular and effective exercise programs are important and one of the most economic ways of protecting against diseases and supporting treatment as well as improving endurance …” (sevindi, et al. 4). According to the experts, a physical exercise is a very productive and crucial instrument that we all can use to maintain our health in a good manner. When we engage ourselves in a regular physical activity, it is possible to make our entire body well functional and good looking. ...
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...“Physical inactivity has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality causing an estimated 3.2 million deaths globally”. Exercise is structured activity and tends to have fitness as its goal. Physical fitness is something one can acquire a characteristic or an attribute and can achieve being physically active. With physical activity one can prevent many health issues such as diabetes, high cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Types of physical activity can produce significant health benefits. One does not have to achieve a high fitness level to achieve health benefits Heart disease and stroke are two of the leading causes of death in the United States. But following the Guidelines and getting at least 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity can put one at a lower risk for these diseases. Regular physical activity can also lower one’s blood pressure and improve cholesterol levels. Regular physical activity can even reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a condition in which you have some combination of too much fat around the waist, high blood pressure, or low HDL cholesterol. (High-density lipoprotein) HDL is also known as good cholesterol because it is thought to help remove bad cholesterol from the body, high triglycerides, or high blood sugar. Research shows that lower rates of these conditions are seen with 120 to 150 minutes a week of at least moderate-intensity aerobic...
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... so companies have little incentive to change. The overuse of sugar in hyperprocessed food affects the American consumer negatively, causing obesity, cancer, addiction and other diet related diseases. Sugar has become one of the longterm health disasters to consumers. For instance, Robert Lustig, Pediatric Endocrinologist at UC San Francisco, offers his analysis in the Public Health article “The Toxic Truth About Sugar” that for the first time in human history, chronic noncommunicable diseases like cancer, diabetes, obesity and heart diseases pose a greater health burden worldwide than do infectious diseases, resulting in 35 million deaths annually, mainly caused from excessive sugar consumption (10). We consume it and think it will be burned away through any type of physical activity such as working out, not realizing the fact that it leaves back permanent traces in our body that slowly develop over time and lead to serious and lifethreatening diseases. Additionally, a USDA study shows that authorities consider sugar as ‘empty calories’ — but there is nothing empty about these calories. A growing body of scientific Halabi 2 evidence is proving that fructose can trigger processes that lead to liver toxicity and a host of other chronic diseases. Consuming a little amount is not a problem, but a lot kills—slowly. It may be calories that...
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...Cardiovascular Disease Coronary heart disease (CHD) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are interchangeable diseases also used in lieu of cardiovascular ailment. Cardiovascular ailment is the chief source of demise for both genders in the U. S. Of the more that 16 million Americans who have CHD, approximately 1.2 million will encounter an acute event such as acute coronary syndrome or a myocardial infarction this year. Of these, about 310,000 will die before reaching the hospital or in an emergency department (AHA, 2007). Atherosclerosis is the major cause of CHD. Cardiovascular disease conditions can be avoided with the proper education on causes, symptoms, treatment and management. Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is the major cause of CHD in reference to a plaque upsurge of cholesterol that limits or blocks a blood vessel making it strenuous for blood to pass through the vessel. This can lead to ischemia which causes a lack of blood flow and oxygen to meet metabolic needs. Symptoms may be symptomatic therefore it can cause angina or the patient may experience episodes related to acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or myocardial infarction. Treatment of atherosclerosis consists of drug therapy which includes Statins to help reduce cholesterol levels and Fibric acids agents, along with antilipemics if statins aren’t as effective. The management of atherosclerosis consists of a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet to help control cholesterol and maintain a stable weight. Following an exercise...
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...Childhood Obesity Family-based treatment is more effective than individual treatment for childhood obesity diagnoses in America. Childhood obesity is a medical condition in which a child has excessive body mass index for the child’s age and height. Childhood obesity is a growing problem which has led to an epidemic in America. There are several contributing factors which lead adolescents to be diagnosed with pediatric obesity. Some American medical professionals are focusing on preventing and diminishing pediatric obesity with individual treatment, however, according to the American Heart Association, If parents are unhealthy, children are likely to be unhealthy too” (American Heart Association, 2011). Family-based treatment regulates the effects of childhood obesity over the long term versus individual treatment for adolescents and teenagers, which is a short term solution. Childhood obesity affects one in three children and teens in the United States, causing the rate to triple since 1963 (American Heart Association, 2011). Pediatric obesity involves children two to twenty years of age, where the child or teen has excessive body fat for their age and sex. Excessive body fat occurs when energy ingested is more than energy burned off by a child or teenager. A few symptoms of child obesity are sleep apnea; when a child or teen stops breathing in his or her sleep for a short period of time, hip or knee pain, difficulty in breathing such as; asthma, headaches, skin conditions...
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...Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome commonly known as PCOS have never piqued my interest until late 2006 when my daughter was diagnosed with the disease. My daughter have always been obese growing up and I attributed it to her genetic make-up. At age nine, I have noticed physical changes that accompanied her obesity like skin tags, dark patches of skin on groin, armpits and neck, and excessive facial hair growth. As migrants who just settled in the United States, with little knowledge of healthcare resources, my first resort was over the counter remedy like topical creams to lighten dark spots which did nothing at all. It never entered my mind that my daughter's physical manifestations could be a sign of a more serious health condition until her school...
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...journal of workplace health management, 8(3), 206-213. Atkin, A. J., Brage, S., Biddle, S. J., Clemes, S. A., Edwardson, C., Gorely, T., et al. (2012). methods of measurement in epidemiology: Sedentary Behaviour. international journal of epidemiology, 4(1), 1460-1471. Brandon, H. M., Carr, J. L., Leonhard, C., Rider, L. P., & Tucker, S. J. (n.d.). Acceptability and effects of a seated active workstation during sedentary work. international journal of workplace health management, 7(1), 2-15. Katzmarzyk, p. T. (2010, November). Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Health: paradigm paralysis or paradigm shift. 59, 2717-2725. Ki, M., Pinto Pereira, S. M., & Power, C. (2012, February). Sedentary Behaviour and Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes in Mid-Life: The Role of Television Viewing and Sitting at Work. 7(2), 1-9. _______________ __________________ Thesis Supervisor Director...
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...Cardiovascular disease includes a number of conditions affecting the structures or function of the heart. They can include: Coronary artery disease (narrowing of the arteries) Coronary artery disease (CAD) is atherosclerosis, or hardening, of the arteries that provide vital oxygen and nutrients to the heart Abnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmias is a type of defect in one or more structures of the heart or Heart attack- the heart does not pump as well as it should. blood vessels that occurs before birth. Heart failure-heart's pumping power is weaker than normal Heart valve disease- heart valves do not work the way they should. Congenital heart disease - heart disease that includes abnormalities in cardiovascular structures that occur before birth. Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy)- the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened, and/or stiffened. Pericardial disease is inflammation of any of the layers of the pericardium. The pericardium is a thin tissue sac that surrounds the heart Aorta disease- Aneurysms can form in any blood vessel, but they occur most commonly in the aorta(aortic aneurysm). The aorta is the largest artery in the body. It carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. and Marfan syndrome inherited disease that affects the body's connective tissue, which provides the strength, support, and elasticity to tendons, cartilage, heartvalves, blood vessels, and other vital parts of the body. Vascular disease (blood vessel disease)-any condition...
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...and * R. Hakeem 1 , 2 , A . Fawwad 2 Epidemiology and determinants of diabetes in Pakistan have peculiar combination of risk factors. Strong gene and environment interplay along with in-utero programming in context of low birth weight and gestational diabetes are the main contributors of a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Pakistan. The real burden of diabetes is due to its chronic complications leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The unique combination of various risk factors necessitates research studies to make appropriate risk assessment tools to control this diabetes pandemic. Better understanding of aetio-pathological genetic and environmental factors are suggesting prevention should begin much before the start of disease process and interventions in high-risk subjects alone will not be sufficient. It is necessary to initiate population based programmes for primary prevention of diabetes including a range of activities targeted at different age groups from fetal life to old age. Synchronized and coordinated efforts from public and private sectors are needed to combat this mammoth health and economic issue. Key words: Diabetes, Pakistan, Introduction: Escalation in rates of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes in Pakistan is posing threats to the economy and quality of life of people due to poor glycemic control and very high rates of complications (1-6). Cost of care is estimated to be very high. Resource constraints society, lack of medical reimbursement...
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...Fatigue, depression, and anxiety are also symptoms of Adrenal Fatigue Syndrome (AFS), where the adrenal glands have become dysregulated and their cortisol output is either too high (during the earlier stages) or too low (during the more advanced stages). In the larger picture, the adrenal glands are only one part of one of the six circuits involved in the NeuroEndoMetabolic (NEM) Stress Response, which is the body’s global response to stress. These six circuits are: the hormone, the metabolism, the cardionomic, the neuroaffect, the inflammation, and the detoxification responses. Chronic stress can cause imbalances in all six circuits, with the adrenal glands bearing most of the brunt and then negatively affecting the rest of the hormonal and...
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