...Structural Analysis III Chapter 3 – Characteristics of Structures Chapter 3 - Characteristics of Structures 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 2 3.1.1 Background .................................................................................................... 2 3.2 Basic Statical Determinacy ................................................................................. 5 3.2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 5 3.2.2 Plane Beams and Frames ............................................................................... 6 3.2.3 Plane Trusses ............................................................................................... 15 3.3 Stability ............................................................................................................... 20 3.3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 20 3.3.2 Exceptions to Basic Rule ............................................................................. 21 3.3.3 Examples...................................................................................................... 23 3.4 Further Statical Determinacy .......................................................................... 25 3.4.1 Internal and External Determinacy ...........................................
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...Statistical Methods This paper talks about statistical methods. Statistical data indicates that the agency 's approach is characterized by its population by inference Presented from a representative sample of the population views. As scientists rarely observed throughout Crowd, sampling and statistical inference is essential. This paper discusses some of the general principles Visualization of planning experiments and data. Then, a strong focus on the appropriate choice Standard statistical models and statistical inference methods. First of all, the Standard Model described. These models, in order to apply interval estimation and hypothesis testing parameters Also described, including the next two sample cases, when the purpose of comparing two or more of the population For their means and variances. Secondly, non-parametric inference tests are also described in the case where the data Sample distribution is not compatible with standard parameter distribution. Thirdly, using multiple resampling methods Computer -generated random sample finally introduced the characteristics of the distribution and estimate Statistical inference. The method of multivariate data processing of the following sections involved. method Clinical trials also briefly review process. Finally, the last section of statistical computer software discussion And through the collection of citations to adapt to different levels of expertise, and to guide readers theme. In this article, there are some methods such...
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...North America through manufacturer representatives, and now has a marketing budget of $100,000, which Mr. Ebert wants to use to grow the company. The current method of distribution has worked well for them, but Mr. Ebert wonders whether the company should expand its distribution into other markets. He knows that the company could revisit its old methods, a T.V. campaign in the U.S. and selling the products directly to its customers via mail order. The company would run a trial in the U.S. for two weeks and monitor the customer response, costing roughly $20,000. The cost comes from the producing of a T.V. commercial, a 1-800 number, and two companies to take the calls and collect the money. The company could also simply continue selling to pet stores through manufacturer representatives, and try to grow the number of distributors they have, which is currently over 60. They would achieve this growth by investing in advertisements in trade magazines for $3-4,000 per issue. The magazines could provide them with more attention from distributors and secure more customers. The third option for growth is expanding into mass distribution centres such as Wal-Mart. The decision would have to be made between opening a small account or a large account if this method was chosen. If they opened a small account, they could continue using their manufacturer...
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...PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT COURSE: LDP 603: RESEARCH METHODS ASSIGNMENT STUDENT; GITHUNDI BEDAN. ADMISSION REF-27086/2013 LECTURER; Dr. Lilian Otieno, Resident Lecturer I am tasked to distinguish between parametric and non-parametric statistics and explain when to use each method in analysis of data. I shall first seek to define what parametric and non-parametric statistics mean and then compare and contrast them in the analysis of data. Parametric statistics is a branch of statistics that assumes that the data has come from a type of probability distribution and makes inferences about the parameters of the distribution. Most well-known elementary statistical methods are parametric. (According to Wikipedia, the online dictionary). In statistical analysis, parametric significance tests are only valid if certain assumptions are met. If they are not, nonparametric tests can be used. A parameter is a measure of an entire population, such as the mean height of every man in London. In statistical analysis, one practically never has measurements from a whole population and has to infer the characteristics of the population from a sample. Generally speaking parametric methods make more assumptions than non-parametric methods. If those extra assumptions are correct, parametric methods can produce more accurate and precise estimates. They are said to have more statistical power. However, if assumptions are incorrect, parametric methods can be very misleading. For that reason they are often...
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...Monte Carlo Statistical Analysis Name Course Instructor Date The Monte Carlo method is a mathematical method used for problem solving through the generation of random numbers and then observing a fraction of these numbers and the properties they obey. It is useful in obtaining numerical solutions to problems that are too complicated for analytical solutions. It is a form of probability used to understand the impact of risk and uncertainty in various areas such as financial and cost forecasting. It involves computation of the likelihood of given events occurring or not occurring, without taking into account the interaction of the elements involved in influencing the occurrence. The mathematical method was invented by Stanislaw Ulam in 1946 and named by Nicholas Metropolis after a classy gambling resort in Monaco, where a relative of Ulam frequently gambled [ (Fishman, 1996) ]. Concepts of the Monte Carlo method Uncertainty Being a forecasting model, there are assumptions that need to be made due to the uncertainty of various factors. One therefore needs to be able to make estimations of the expected results as they cannot predict with certainty what the end value will be. Important factors such as historical data and past experiences in the field can be helpful in making an accurate estimate. Estimation In some cases, estimation may be possible but in others it is not. In situations where estimation is possible, it is wise to use a wide range of possible values instead...
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...STATISTICS: TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL METHODS CHAPTER OUTLINE AND REVIEW In Chapter 1, you were introduced to the concept of statistics and in exercise *6 of that chapter you were given a frequency distribution of the ages of 180 students at a local college, but you were not told how this frequency distribution was formulated. In Chapter 2 of your text, you were informed how such frequency distributions could be formulated and were introduced to several tabular and graphical procedures for summarizing data. Furthermore, you were shown how crosstabulations and scatter diagrams can be used to summarize data for two variables simultaneously. The terms that you should have learned from this chapter include: A. Qualitative Data: Data that are measured by either nominal or ordinal scales of measurement. Each value serves as a name or label for identifying an item. B. Quantitative Data: Data that are measured by interval or ratio scales of measurement. Quantitative data are numerical values on which mathematical operations can be performed. C. Bar Graph: A graphical method of presenting qualitative data that have been summarized in a frequency distribution or a relative frequency distribution. D. Pie Chart: A graphical device for presenting qualitative data by subdividing a circle into sectors that correspond to the relative frequency of each class. 23 24 Chapter Two E. Frequency Distribution: A tabular presentation of data...
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...Bootstrapping (statistics) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In statistics, bootstrapping is a method for assigning measures of accuracy (defined in terms of bias, variance, confidence intervals, prediction error or some other such measure) to sample estimates.[1][2] This technique allows estimation of the sampling distribution of almost any statistic using only very simple methods.[3][4] Generally, it falls in the broader class of resampling methods. Bootstrapping is the practice of estimating properties of an estimator (such as its variance) by measuring those properties when sampling from an approximating distribution. One standard choice for an approximating distribution is the empirical distribution of the observed data. In the case where a set of observations can be assumed to be from an independent and identically distributed population, this can be implemented by constructing a number of resamples of the observed dataset (and of equal size to the observed dataset), each of which is obtained by random sampling with replacement from the original dataset. It may also be used for constructing hypothesis tests. It is often used as an alternative to inference based on parametric assumptions when those assumptions are in doubt, or where parametric inference is impossible or requires very complicated formulas for the calculation of standard errors. Contents * 1 History * 2 Approach * 3 Situations where bootstrapping is useful * 4 Discussion * 4.1 Advantages...
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...example of UPS transit times from LEX1) Transit Times are used to predict whether a given ship method can meet a given promise to the customer. Also, inconsistencies in measured/estimated transit times may expose issues or opportunities in the shipping processes. Transit Time is a function of a 3-tuple: (source, ship method,...
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...Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Illinois, USA SUMMARY I investigate using the method of ordinary least squares (OLS) on auction data. I find that for parameterizations of the valuation distribution that are common in empirical practice, an adaptation of OLS provides unbiased estimators of structural parameters. Under symmetric independent private values, adapted OLS is a specialization of the method of moments strategy of Laffont, Ossard and Vuong (1995). In contrast to their estimator, here simulation is not required, leading to a computationally simpler procedure. The paper also discusses using estimation results for inference on the shape of the valuation distribution, and applicability outside the symmetric independent private values framework. Copyright 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Received 15 September 2006; Revised 1 July 2008 1. INTRODUCTION The field of econometrics of auctions has been successful in providing methods for the investigation of auction data that are well grounded in economic theory and allow for inference on the structure of an auction environment. Today, a researcher has a number of alternative structural methods, especially within the independent private-values paradigm (IPVP); an excellent reference to this literature is the book by Paarsch and Hong (2006). To name a few alternatives, it is possible to use maximum likelihood (Donald and Paarsch, 1996), nonparametric methods (Guerre et al., 2000), simulated nonlinear least squares (Laffont et al., 1995)...
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...that has a limited shelf life and distribution time frame. Choosing the most effective and profitable distribution channel is a challenging dilemma. The choice to use a direct or indirect distribution channel might feasible be the difference in selling all or only some of the product, and selling at a low or high price. The direction a producer decides to take has many variables including cost of distribution, and available markets. The decision to sell the corn supply using both methods is the most conceivable probability for this product. Introduction The product of fresh corn is a product that has a limited shelf life and distribution time frame. Choosing the most effective and profitable distribution channel is a challenging dilemma. The choice to use a direct or indirect distribution channel might feasible be the difference in selling all or only some of the product, and selling at a low or high price. A distribution channel is the avenue a product takes from producer to consumer. (Board, 2012) This avenue varies in length depending on the producer’s preference. There are two types of distribution channel available to producers, direct and indirect. The direction a producer decides to take has many variables including cost of distribution, and available markets. The decision to sell the corn supply using both methods is the most conceivable probability for this product. Overview of Distribution Channels A direct distribution channel takes the shorts and simplest...
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...PROGRAMME STRUCTURE FOR ISBE (PG) |S No |Subject |Credit | |1. |Business Statistics |3 | |2. |Operations & Optimization Research |3 | |3. |Economics for Managerial Decision Making – II |2 | |4. |Management Information System & KM |2 | |5. |Human Resource Management |2 | |6. |Financial Management |2 | |7. |Executive Communication |6 | |8. |National Economic Planning – I (Presentation Only) |2 | |9. |National Economic Planning - II |2 | BUSINESS STATISTICS (As per University...
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...Technical Case Studies SOLUTIONS Case: Accounting for Lease Extension (Revised and updated 5/2013) Jack leases an office building from Jill. The lease is classified as an operating lease under the guidance of ASC Topic 840, Leases. The lease does not include any renewal options upon the expiration, but Jack is in the process of negotiating an extension of the lease. Jack proposes to make a single up-front payment of $1.2 million to Jill in exchange for an extension of the lease at the current rate for another 10 years. The extension would create a new lease under ASC par. 9 of 840-10-35-4. 1. 2. Should Jack include the $1.2 million in the calculation of the minimum lease payments when classifying the new lease? Assuming the new lease would qualify as an operating lease under ASC 840, when should Jack recognize the $1.2 million as rental expense? A1: Yes. Jack should include the up-front payment in the calculation of the minimum lease payments. ASC par. 840-10-25-5 defines minimum lease payments from the standpoint of the lessee as “ ...the payments that the lessee is obligated to make or can be required to make in connection with the leased property…,excluding...(a) contingent rentals, (b) any guarantee by the lessee of the lessor’s debt and the lessee’s obligation to pay (apart from the rental payments) executory costs such as insurance, maintenance, and taxes in connection with the leased property. The $1.2 million is not a contingent rental, a guarantee of Jill’s ” debt...
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...Copies Case Problem By: Jenna Kiragis Quantitative Methods 540 7/29/2012 JET Copies Case Problem page 2 Case Problem JET Copies is a copy business opened by James, Ernie, and Terri, three students who wanted to make it more convenient for other students in their apartment complex to get copies in a timely manner. After obtaining a copy machine for the business with a loan from Terri’s mother, the students soon began discussing the frequent breakdowns that may occur. It was then that the three decided they needed a backup copier. However, the students wanted to first have an estimate of how much money they would be losing if they did not have a backup copier (Taylor, 2010). This paper will discuss methods that simulate the number of days needed to repair the copier, the intervals between successive breakdowns, and the lost revenue for each day the copier is out of service. All of these methods together will simulate the lost revenue due to copier breakdowns over 1 year. JET Copies Case Problem page 3 In Excel, use a suitable method for generating the number of days needed to repair the copier, when it is out of service, according to the discrete distribution shown. Lost revenue of Jet Copies due to breakdown can be done by generating random numbers from different probability distributions according the given probability law. The different steps of this simulation and assumption...
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...data............................................................ 4 3.3 Properties of the mean............................................................................. 5 3.4 Geometric Mean....................................................................................... 6 3.5 Harmonic Mean........................................................................................6 4.0 MODE.........................................................................................................…… 7 4.1 Locating Repeated values........................................................................ 8 4.2 Estimating the Mode by Interpolation..................................................... 8 4.3 Locating the Mode by Graphical method............................................... 9 4.4 Estimating the Mode from the Mean and Median................................... 9 5.0 STANDARD DEVIATION….......................................................................... 10 5.1 Merits of Standard...
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...Pass 2 - explain the process of distributing goods through different channels from the manufacturer to the customer In the last four hundred hears distribution methods have changed. This is because of changes in technology as well as how goods are now transported and stored. An example of an improvement to storage is that the products can now be refrigerated or even whilst being transported as well. Technology has changed distribution methods as products such as music and films are now able to be downloaded from the internet, creating a digital distribution method. Hard goods, perishable goods and digital information products all require different storage and transportation methods. One of the most traditional distribution methods for transportation is by land – this can be either by lorry or by train. Land distribution is good for relatively short transport times (short and medium distances). It is also ideal for transporting heavy and bulk goods and is suitable for products with a long shelf life. On the other hand, land transportation doesn’t have very fast delivery times; this can be due to traffic jams, for example. It can also be quite costly because of petrol and maintenance costs and the land distribution will have a limited transport volume. Another traditional distribution method is by sea. This is also good for transporting heavy and bulk goods but, unlike land transportation, distributing by ship means that there is no need for special architecture such as roads...
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