...Microbiology: the study viruses and microscopic organisms I. Importance of Microbiology A. Different areas of study 1. Medical 2. Pharmaceutical 3. Industrial 4. Biotechnology 5. Food and dairy processing 6. Agriculture 7. Environmental B. Microorganisms are an important part of the human environment and health. C. Study of microorganisms brings insight into life processes in all forms of life. II. Viruses A. Not considered a live organism because: 1. Not a cell 2. Replicate by invading a cell, and using the cell to make more viruses 3. Do not grow 4. No homeostasis 5. Do not metabolize B. Structure – composed of: 1. Capsid or protein coat. 2. Some have an envelope (membrane) 3. Nucleic acid – either: RNA, DNA C. Size 1. About 20 nanometers to 250 nm (.0000000020m) in size 2. Can only be seen with electron microscope 3. Approximately 1000 times smaller than a bacteria D. Shapes E. Life Cycle 1. Viral DNA must invade a living cell to replicate a. Plant cell – through injury in cell wall b. Animal cell – punch hole or endocytosis c. Virus – restricted to one cell. 2. may go through one or both life cycles. a. Lytic life cycle - Attaches and injects DNA. - Replicate viral DNA. - Forms complete viruses. - Viruses fill cell, breaks open, and they spread b. Lysogenic life cycle - Does not make new virus. - Viral DNA injected, and makes modified DNA called a viroid. - A bacterium replicates many times. - Does not...
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...Microbiology Task 2 : Aseptic Technique and Culturing Microbe PAGE 1 A. An obligate aerobe requires oxygen for growth. A facultative aerobe can grow based on what is available and grow with or without oxygen. B. S. Epidermis is found on the skin and L. Acidophillus resides in the intestine. Both are a bacteria/microbe and grow best at normal human body temperature close to 37 degrees celsius. They are mesophiles due to their moderate range temperature requirements.. C. There are multiple times where controlling the growth of microbes is important. At home, you want to avoid growth of microorganisms in the kitchen and while cooking. This is why we boil water for sterilization and cook foods to specific temperatures in order to kill the bacteria. When dealing with raw meats we disinfect the sinks, counters and any area that is possibly contaminated. Antibacterial wipes and sprays are useful for this process. In healthcare, we are sure to use sterile technique when doing certain tasks as not to introduce infection to a patient. In surgical area, they may sterilize the instruments in a hot air oven. D. We use various forms of media for cultures including nutrient broth, agar slant, agar stab, and agar dishes. Nutrient broth is a liquid medium that does not use agar and is used for inoculum preparation. Agar dishes are sterile covered petri dishes filled with a solid medium in them, the agar, and used to test, grow and culture bacteria. For the agar slant...
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...Microbiology 197 (S12) Laboratory Report Format: Name: Lindsey Orlando Date: 4/28/2012 Laboratory: Enterobacteriaceae ID – Tube Method A. Organism(s): (Each organism must be written-up separately). 1. Which new organism(s) was introduced by the instructor? Give both the genus and species. Serratia marcescens 2. For each organism introduced by the instructor provide the following information. a. Macroscopic colony characteristics: (On a typical growth media) Medium Gray α b. Microscopic characteristics: (As seen on a stained slide preparation) Gram negative rod singles c. Which disease(s) is caused by the organism? Nosocomial catheter associated infections, urinary tract infections, and wound infections. d. Signs and symptoms for one disease given in (c). A strong, persistent urge to urinate, burning sensation when urinating, passing frequent, small amounts of urine, urine that appears cloudy, urine that appears bright pink or brown in color (signs of blood in the urine), strong-smelling urine e. Significant additional information. I.e. drug resistance, special growth requirements, vaccines available, etc. (As given by the instructor or found in your reading.) Serratia marcescens is also a common bacteria found in the shower. It is easily identified by the pink color slime. This microorganism shows to have resistance to many antibiotics including: penicillin as...
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...Chapter 1 notes 1.1 ubiquitous= found everywhere, found in all natural habitats (microbes). Microbiology- is a specialized area of biology that deals with tiny life forms that are not readily observe without magnification. microscopic= small to see. microbes= small life. -Groups of Organisms that we will be studying : bacteria, viruses, funny, protozoa, algae and helminths (parasitic worm) -Microbiology consider the largest and most complex of biological sciences. Here we study the aspects of microbes- their genetics, their physiology, characteristics that may be harmful or beneficial, the ways they interact with the environment, the way they interact wit other organisms, and their uses in industry and agriculture. -Some professions of microbiology are: Geomicrobiologist (earth), marine microbiologist, medical technologist (pathogenic microbes and diseases), nurse epidemiologist and astrobiologist. 1.2 Prokaryotic- simple cells that lack a nucleus (referring it as karyon) found 3.5 billion years ago. Eukaryotes- more complex, contain a nucleus and other complex internal structures found 1.8 billion years ago. (the early eukaryotes probably similar to algae and protozoa, started lines of evolution that eventually gave rise to fungi, plants and multicellular animas such as worms and insects) organelles= are structure in cells that are bound by one or more membranes. ex. mitochondria. All prokaryotes are microorganisms and include the bacteria and archaeons...
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...Diagnosis of an Infected Patient: Microbiology Paper Bio 212 18 January 2015 Diagnosis of an Infected Patient After collecting a sputum sample from a patient that is suspected or may be infected with a bacterium from one of the following genera: Escherichia, Mycoplasma or Bacillus; Each bacteria listed should be isolated by utilizing each of the various staining techniques. The best staining techniques to use is the Gram stain or the Acid- fast stain due to the fact that they both will provide a lot of information in detail regarding the bacteria being studied. It is very important to be observant of how each bacterium obtained reacts to each stain, and how the results obtained will lead us in a developing diagnosis. The first technique being used is the Gram stain. Gram stain is probably one of the most common used staining procedures used in the field of microbiology. It is one of the differential stains that are used to characterize bacteria in one of the two groups: either gram positive or gram negative bacteria. Bacteria prepared for the Gram stain is a heated fixed smear that is covered with a crystal violet. Because the purple stain impart its color to all cells. After a short period of time, the purple dye is then washed off, and the smear is then covered with iodine, a mordant. When the iodine is then washed off, both the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria appear dark violet in color or purple. The next, process is the slide is then washed with alcohol...
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...Task two A. Describe the difference between an obligate and facultative aerobe. Obligate aerobe refers to the organisms that cannot survive in environments without any presence of oxygen. Facultative aerobes refer to the organisms that can survive in the presence of oxygen, but they do not require it to survive (Gillespie, Hawkey, & Wiley, 2006). B. Discuss the temperature requirements of the organisms in this lab. The temperature requirement of the organisms in this lab is approximately 37℃. These organisms require this optimum temperature for enzyme reactions to take place. Too low temperature below the optimum deactivates enzymes reactions while too high temperatures above optimum denature enzymes. S. cerevisiae, s. epidermis and l. acidophilus are facultative anaerobe (Gillespie, Hawkey, & Wiley, 2006). C. Discuss under what conditions you would want to control the growth of microbes. To grow bacteria in a laboratory the conditions in the lab needs to mimic the particular microbes natural environmental. To culture microbe’s sterile, disinfecting, aseptic techniques need to be used. For instance, aseptic techniques are also needed to transfer food to the microbe. Sterilization is a process of destroying all forms of life on an object or in a material including endospores. Disinfectant are chemicals which kill growing microbes, but not necessarily spore and are...
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...1. The sudden unexpected occurrence of a disease in a given population: a. Outbreak b. Zoonotic c. Endemic d. Sporadic 2. A causative agent of peptic ulcer a. Escherichia coli b. Bordetella pertusis c. Shigella dysenteriae d. Helicobacter pylori 3. The “four o’clock habit” promoted by the Department of health is designed to prevent the spread of: a. Dengue fever b. Tuberculosis c. Malnutrition d.malaria 4. The first drug available for HIV: a. ZDU b. RMP c. TMP d. CMC 5. An immediate hypersensitivity reaction following exposure of a sensitized individual to the appropriate antigen: a. Hay fever b. Anaphylaxis c. Asthma d. Desensitation 6. A thin proteinaceous appendage necessary for bacterial conjugation: a. Cilium b. Trichome c. Flagellum d. Pilus 7. The use of nitrite as preservative for food is discouraged because: a. It can discolour the meat b. It can react with amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines c. It decomposed to nitric acid which can react with heme pigments d. It is not readily available 8. The disinfectant of choice for municipal water supply: a. Lysol b. Chlorine c. Ozone d. Reverse osmosis 9. An object that is able to harbour and transmit microorganisms: a. Mite b. Fomite c. Arthropod d. Vector 10. Administration of a toxoid cenfers: a. Naturally acquired active immunity b. Naturally acquired passive immunity c. Artificially acquired active immunity d. Artificially...
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...Introduction: Biological organisms are classified uniformly in order to easily categorize and identify organisms. This classification, or taxonomy, uses the genus name followed by the species name, in Latin. By having a universal method of identifying bacteria allows for all scientists from any part of the world to identify the same species in an identical manner allowing for a precise of classification. Bacteria are distributed throughout the world in almost every conceivable habit. Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms, with variable shapes and nutritional needs. They lack a distinct nucleus and occur singly or in chains or clusters and form distinct colonies. Bacteria are classified on the basis of many characteristics. Morphological and physiological features such as cell shape, motility, formation of spores and other distinguishable structures, and reaction to Gram stain is a good start in identifying bacteria. Other staining techniques such as Acid Fast stain are also useful in determining species. More important in identification of a genus and species of bacteria are biological tests, including the determination of the types of nutrients a cell can use, the products of its metabolism, and the response to specific chemicals. Other factors that can assist in identification of bacteria are their ecological habitats and more advanced methods such as genetic and molecular composition. Using various techniques one is able to distinguish and ultimately assign...
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...In this essay, you are asked to demonstrate your understanding of the different types of culturing and staining procedures discussed in Chapters 3 and 7. You will have TWO WEEKS to research and compose your essay. Consider the following scenario: You are given a sputum sample from a patient that may be infected with bacteria from one of the following genera: 1 Bacillus 2 Escherichia 3 Mycobacteria For this essay, • Describe the handing of the specimen and how the infectious agent, in this case a bacterial pathogen, is isolated from the sputum sample. • Explain techniques used to isolate bacteria from a clinical specimen using the LearnSmart laboratory exercise, “Isolation Methods” as well as Chapter 7 to support your account. • Discuss how staining techniques may be applied in the identification of an unknown sample. • Discuss each staining protocol. Mention the steps involved and how each step and each protocol would identify or eliminate each of these genera as a suspect. You may refer to other scientific resources, but they should be in addition to and not in place of the module resources. • Describe the important anatomical differences among these three genera and the staining protocols you would use to identify which genus is causing the patient’s infection. Your essay should be approximately 2 pages in length, double-spaced in 10-12 point font. Please be sure to cite all sources of information, including the text book, in the essay text and on a reference page...
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...------------------------------------------------- M1D1 – Jamie Grenz 1. Do you think the social and cultural environments of the 18th and 19th centuries helped or hindered the study of microbiology in particular and science in general? Why? The ‘Golden Age of Microbiology’ generally refers to the peak of scientific discovery that occurred after the renaissance in Europe. The renaissance was a time for invention, discovery, human expression and generally gave birth to the foundation of modern western society. Monarchies were eager to encourage discovery as the urge for economic wealth and territory acquisition was great. There was an inordinate amount of support for research that could yield cures to diseases. Healing sicknesses that would have otherwise wiped out crops or cattle or people could prevent great losses and negative impacts on a counties economy. Feudal governments unequally distributed wealth which meant that the rich were very rich and could afford to devote their time to cerebral activities such as studying, educating, and research. The combination of all these elements gave opportunities for great minds to study microbiology. 2. Do you think that microbiology and science are influenced by today’s social and cultural environments? Provide examples to support your statements. In short, yes. A society will always influence the kind of research that is conducted, the quality of scientific methods and so on. For example, as more and more people are living...
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...INTRODUCTIONS: Microorganisms are both beneficial and harmful. These microorganisms are important to humans because they play a role in the ecology of life, by decomposing wastes, both natural and man-made, such as creating nitrogen fertilizer at the root zones of certain crops. Other several pathogens that can cause serious harm, even immediate death due to the diseases or disease causing products they produce. Overall, microorganisms play an important role in life. The purpose of this study was to identify the unknown bacterium using biochemical tests and various methods that had been learned from previous the microbiology laboratory class. Identifying the unknown bacterium was determined by separating and differentiating possible bacteria based on specific biochemical characteristics. The differential tests used to identify the unknown cultures were Gram staining, oxidase, indole test, urea test, and casein test. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The unknown bacteria were given out by the lab instructor. Each student chose their own unknown bacteria according to the number. All methods have been practiced to ensure proper procedure identifying bacteria have been applied to this unknown. Procedures were followed as stated in the course laboratory manual provided by the instructor, unless otherwise noted. Each test performed identified was used to determine the specifics and identify the unknown bacterium. All of the following tests were performed on this unknown on February 09...
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...Introduction: The microbiology of food and the environment are two very important fields in the large scope of microbiological research. Because microorganisms exist almost everywhere, it is important to determine the influences that they place on the food we depend on for survival, and the environment in which we humans call home. In this lab, we conducted five experiments in these two fields, and in doing so gained a better understanding of the influences and importance of microbes in food and the environment. The first exercise was the enumeration of soil microbes. This experiment showcased the immense diversity of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi found in soil. This diversity ranges from microbes that are beneficial to the environment by decomposing dead organic matter into energy sources usable by other organisms, to the pathogenic bacterial and fungal spores that can infect humans and animals alike. The techniques used are serial dilutions, which allow for quantification and a close estimation of the amount of said organisms found in a soil sample. (1) The second exercise that we conducted was the microbiology of water experiment. This is a very important standardized experiment used to determine the density of coliforms found in a 100 mL sample of water. It also can be used more specifically to determine the density of Escherichia coli, which can cause food poisoning amongst other illnesses. The techniques used are the multiple tube fermentation method, which involves...
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...Clinical Microbiology Lab Final December 13, 2013 Table of content Gram Stain Technique……………………………………………………………………………………………… page 1 Culture Transfer Technique……………………………………………………………………………………… page 2 Acid-Fast Stain Technique………………………………………………………………………………………… page 3 The importance of the Gram Stain Technique to a physician……………………………………. page 4 The importance of varying shapes/colonies formation of bacteria……………………………. page 5 Spore Stain Technique………………………………………………………………………………………………. page 6 The Importance of incubation/protocol techniques…………………………………………………... page 7 The importance of various types of media for bacterial growth…………………………………. page 7 The importance of biochemical analysis in the microbial process……………………………… page 8 The importance of studying Clinical Microbiology and how the course will assist me in reaching my professional goals……………………….. page 9 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… page 10 Gram Stain Technique The Gram Stain is one of the most important differential stains used in bacteriology. (Cappuccino and Sherman, Microbiology A Laboratory Manual) Using the gram stain it is possible to determine purple gram-positive cells (S. aureus) from pink gram-negative cells (E. coli). The results of the Gram Stain make it possible to identify microorganisms by their shape, number and morphology. In a clinical setting these results can help in treatment by identifying the type of microorganism...
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...The purpose of this laboratory exercise was to perform tests necessary to be able to distinguish one microorganism from 10 others. Using a series of biochemical tests and characteristics, unknown #22 was concluded to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A dichotomous key was mapped out and used during this process. Using this provided guidance as well as organization as to what the result may be. Upon obtaining the unknown organism, it was important to make a streak plate of the bacteria on TSA. The purpose of doing so ensures that we have pure cultures of the unknown to be used in further testing and not a mixed culture. The first test used was a gram stain. It is a differential stain that helps distinguish between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. After performing the gram stain, it was clear that the unknown was a gram negative due to its pink color. Gram staining involves doing a simple smear, drying, and then heat fixing. Then using the staining technique with crystal violet, gram’s iodine, ethanol, and safranin, a pink or purple color should result when looking at the slide under a microscope. A gram-positive, or purple stained bacteria, means that there are multiple layers of peptidoglycan in the cell wall. A gram-negative means that there in a thin layer of peptidoglycan that is removed by the ethanol and stained pink by the counterstain. All gram-positive bacteria could now be ruled out. The gram-positive bacteria included: Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis...
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...Preface A well-developed knowledge of clinical microbiology is critical for the practicing physician in any medical field. Bacteria, viruses, and protozoans have no respect for the distinction between ophthalmology, pediatrics, trauma surgery, or geriatric medicine. As a physician you will be faced daily with the concepts of microbial disease and antimicrobial therapy. Microbiology is one of the few courses where much of the "minutia" is regularly used by the practicing physician. This book attempts to facilitate the learning of microbiology by presenting the information in a clear and entertaining manner brimming with memory aids. Our approach has been to: 4) Create a conceptual, organized approach to the organisms studied so the student relies less on memory and more on logical pathophysiology. The text has been updated to include current information on rapidly developing topics, such as HIV and AIDS (vaccine efforts and all the new anti-HIV medications), Ebola virus, Hantavirus, E. coli outbreaks, Mad Cow Disease, and brand-new antimicrobial antibiotics. The mnemonics and cartoons in this book do not intend disrespect for any particular patient population or racial or ethnic group but are solely presented as memory devices to assist in the learning of a complex and important medical subject. We welcome suggestions for future editions. 1) Write in a conversational style for rapid assimilation. 2) Include numerous figures serving as "visual memory tools" and summary charts...
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