...MIGRATION, MAINSTREAMING, EDUCATION AND HEALTH 1 ***Draft 2B*** Introduction If well-managed, migration has been recognized by the UN System-wide Task Team’s report Post 2015 Agenda: Realizing the Future We Want for All as an important tool “to ensure that globalization becomes a positive force for all the world’s peoples of present and future generations”. Migration can be an enabler of human development by enhancing people’s income, health and education. An improved standard of education and of physical, mental and social wellbeing not only empowers migrants, but also allows them to substantially contribute towards the social and economic development of their home communities and host societies. However, this can only happen when the rights and wellbeing of all those affected by migration are fulfilled and they are recognized as “positive agents of innovation with human rights.” The post-2015 development agenda concerns more than anyone the generation being born now. Healthy, safe and well-educated children are the cornerstone of thriving societies, sustainable growth and proper management of natural resources. For over a decade, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have widely benefited children, both boys and girls, and young people. However, “there is major unfinished business as well as emerging and neglected issues that must be addressed boldly in the post-2015 development agenda, to ensure a world fit for children”. 2 One of the flaws of the MDGs is that by relying...
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...Migration and its impact on the labor market Case Study: Romania "Those who contemplate the beauty of the earth find reserves of strength that will endure as long as life lasts. There is symbolic as well as actual beauty in the migration of the birds...There is something infinitely healing in the repeated refrains of nature - the assurance that dawn comes after night, and spring after the winter..."(Rachel Carson) 1. General theoretical aspects of migration. Historical and social perspective Migration is defined as a "change from a social, economic, political and / or cultural environment to another, in order to develop a project and answer to any individual or group expectations." Migration phenomenon has always existed, resulted through transhumance, invasions, colonization and crusades, generally caused by the attraction of the richest regions on the poorest populations. Labor migration is the supportive factor of globalization,'' a process that allows reducing geographical constraints on social and cultural processes in which individuals are increasingly aware of this." There is currently no state or part of the world that does not import or export workforce. During the 20th Century the migration process developed significantly. In this period, Romania was predominantly a country of emigration and still is. Acording to some sources, by 1914, a large number of people decided to cross the Atlantic Ocean, most focusing on the U.S. and Canada, the rest of them going to...
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...Migration is the movement of people from one place to another (Merriam-Webster 2013). Migration has defined modern Caribbean features since colonization, slavery and indentureship (Nurse 2003). The Caribbean has one of the largest diasporic communities in the world, in proportion to population (Stalker 2003). For example, it is estimated that the Cubans and Dominicans in the USA are equivalent to 8% of their respective populations of origin (UNECLAC 2002: 237). And, in some of the mini states in the region like St. Kitts and Nevis, Grenada and Belize, annual labour migration accounts for as much as 12% of their population, thereby transferring their population growth (Mittelman 2000: 60). In addition, the loss of highly educated individuals from the Caribbean was due to the brain drain and the question of migration and remittances and if they could improve the standards of living for the individuals, their families and communities hence, aiding in the development of the region at large. The issue of migration and development has health and security risks associated with it for instance, HIV/AIDS and the increase in deportees into the Caribbean. Emigration in the Caribbean has occurred in two waves. The first wave occurred in the 1950s and 1960s in the Western economies during the post World War II which was a result of improved standards of living by finding full employment and lack of work in unskilled and semiskilled jobs. The second wave was due to the outcome of global...
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...pakjas.com.pk IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ON SOCIAL PROTECTION OF MIGRANTS FAMILIES LEFT BEHIND IN AGRARIAN COMMUNITIES OF DISTRICT TOBA TEK SIGNH, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN Izhar Ahmed Khan1,*, Sadaf Mahmood1, Ghulam Yasin2, Babar Shahbaz3 1 Department of Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 2Department of Sociology, B. Z. University, Multan, Pakistan; 3Department of Agri. Extension, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. * corresponding author’s e.mail: izhark99@yahoo.com The people living in one part of the world basically moved to other parts for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residence, usually across a political boundary. People migrate with the hope of improvement of living conditions of their families left behind. This study aims to explore the impact of international migration on the families left behind in the agrarian communities of district Toba Tek Singh of the Punjab province. Multistage sampling technique was used for the purpose of data collection. One tehsil from Toba Tek Singh district was selected through simple random sampling technique. Four union councils from out of 32 union councils and 30 respondents from each union council were selected. Convenient sampling technique and Snowball sampling technique was used in the selection of a sample of 120 respondents (wives of migrants). A strong positive relationship was found between migration and socio-economic protection of agrarian...
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...Migration has been significantly reshaping the traditional social and economic structures of rural communities of this country. The livelihood activities of rural families are no longer confined to farming and are increasingly being diversified through rural-to-urban and international migration. With the development of trade and industry and the awareness produced by the mass media, rural poor are shifting towards the urban areas in order to improve their living standards and to search for better livelihood opportunities. The lack of employment opportunities in the rural areas and better employment prospects and infrastructure facilities in the urban areas motivate people to migrate to urban areas. In the rural areas, sluggish agricultural growth and limited development of the rural non-farm sector raises the incidence of rural poverty, unemployment and underemployment. Moreover, absence of non-farm employment, low agricultural production has resulted in a growth of seasonal migration. Seasonal migration is the migration for a limited period of the year when no farming activity is underway. As most of the high productivity activities are located in the urban areas, people from rural areas move towards town or cities with a hope to grab diversified livelihood opportunities. Migration primarily occurs due to disparities in regional development. The causes of migration are usually explained by using two broad categories, namely, push and pull factors. Studies conducted in...
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...select one of the following essay 1 -There are four important factors that cause international migration flows: economic pressures; social networks and connections between migrant sending and receiving countries; immigration policies; and cultural perceptions people in developing countries have about immigration and immigrant receiving countries. Indicate which of these you believe is the most important and second most important factors and explain why. 2-You are the newly appointed immigration advisor to the Obama administration. You have been asked to prepare a brief report for the President outlining what type of immigration admissions and control policies he should adopt in order to provide the U.S. economy with the immigrant labor it needs and reduce illegal immigration. Based on what you have learned in this class, what mix of immigration policies would you recommend and why? 3-Do the positive economic consequences of immigration outweigh its negative socioeconomic consequences for unskilled immigrants or vice versa? Think not just in terms of the wages immigrants receive, but also the type of jobs they do, the labor they provide, their long-term socioeconomic mobility, and how they are treated/perceived by mainstream American society (you do not have to necessarily focus on all these issues). This question is asking you to weigh the pros and cons of immigration for the immigrants themselves, not for American society. 4-Do you think negative public opinion toward...
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...Global Migration Throughout the past century, global migration has skyrocketed, ranging from those in hopes of a better future, to people seeking refuge on political, labor or religious grounds. The general and most common idea of global migration is the movement of a group of people from one region to another more developed region. Since the 1960s their have been many changes in the way global migration has been viewed, modified, and impacted civilization, in some ways for better and other for worse. From a technological standpoint global migration has been very difficult in the past, but with the invention of the plane, and more efficient methods of transportation, this process has become much easier. Due to these advances in the technology of transportation, global migration has significantly increased. Ultimately this led to changes in how we live, and the cultures instilled in our region. Since the 60s, a lot has changed regarding the laws of global immigration; America went from a country with few restrictions and deportation laws to one with a very selective and intensive process. Profiling and suspicion of communism were the few main reasons for deportation in the early 60s. From 1965 to 2005 with the establishments of laws such as “Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965” all the way to “REAL ID Act” in 2005 the process of immigration has vastly changed from a legal standpoint. During this time period laws were put in place to restrict certain immigrants from entering...
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...HUMAN MIGRATION What is Migration? Human Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residence. The reasons for migration can be economic, social, political or environmental. The main types of migration are internal migration, external migration, emigration and immigration. EXIT COUNTRY - Syria Located in Western Asia NEW COUNTRY - India Located – Southern Asia Reasons for Syrian Crisis: Political Reasons: • Civil War since March 2011 • Human Rights Abuse – Arrests of protestors, Torture of prisoners etc. • Large scale military operations conducted by government • Use of chemical weapons and bombs • Missile attacks and suicide bombings Economic Reasons: • Loss of jobs • High poverty rates Environmental Reasons: • Drought in early 2011 resulting in economic downfall Social Reasons: • Ethnic discrimination • Denial of cultural and language rights • Lack of free speech PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS Unemployment Potential for employment Lack of services Better services Poor safety and security Safer atmosphere Concerns about high crime rates Low crime rates Drought Less risk of natural hazards Poverty Greater wealth War Political security Attractive climate Attractive quality of life Political fear/Lack of freedom Political freedom Discrimination Religious tolerance Better education Better medical facilities Please explain the effects...
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...A standout amongst the most questionable political issues of today is that of unlawful workers from Mexico. Illicit migration into the United States is an issue that ought to be halted, as it is uncalled for to both Americans and to the general population of the nation from which they wrongfully moved. It is imagined that the larger part of foreigners dwelling in the U.S. are Mexicans (Anderson 55). Roy Beck illuminates the circumstance by expressing, "The national accord is that the United States ought to be a post-mass movement nation has included most pioneers of business, religion, work, the educated community, and social work." Illegal migration from Mexico must be halted by method for distinctive strategies and different techniques for...
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...April 23 – Gendered Migration Immigrant Integration: gender migration of family (who migrates, what country, what country recognize the immigrants who is coming), economy * If you are documented, you don’t have to go to * Advantages are based on the foreign credentials * Where you move to America, location, you can get public transition and a lot more various facilities * If you know the language, easier to find a job – if not, than there are ESL classes offer Decision making: * Family * Who do you know? * Where to move? * At what age? For college? After marriage? When have kids? When come to America: Gender, norms, society and tradition changes. * Shifting power: maybe you (female) was not allowed to work in your country and now you are working * Labor participation – certain occupation are divided based on gender as suppose IT are males and NURSE are more female * For some immigrants, working conditions are terrible, long hour, unclean cite, less pay and heavier work; because if you hire certain people for certain job then after time you kow what people are right for what job * New reorganization Barriers to work * People who come with degree of MBBS end up being labor worker because it is hard for them to practice * They are being deskilled, hard for them to show their skill set * On contrary, when people are leaving their country to come to US to make fortune, but their native country is losing some great...
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...Reflective Essay: Labour and migration According to O’Brien and Williams (2013), the concept of division of labour has long been practiced since before the 1800s. Nevertheless, division of labour may vary according to different variables like region, ethnicity and even gender. However, despite the existence and growth of massive inequalities around the world, people still seek to increase living standards and influence the division of labour in their organizations. Hence, the more advanced a society, the greater the division of labour. In my opinion, Malaysia faces the challenges of labour as a developing country. The two major issues is the gendered or racial and ethnic division of labour. This situation can be observed in the administration of the Malaysian government where a woman as a leader is not unheard of, but definitely scarce. The same case applies to a non-Malay government servant who are only minorities in a Malay dominated administration. The racial division is used to justify legal status and economic exploitation of these groups of workers (Persaud, 2001). Even since the pre-independent days, the Malays were focused mainly on agricultural activities, while the Chinese dominated Malaysian commerce. The Indians however were divided into two groups, the professional role or the plantation industry depending on their educational background. As a result, people tend to migrate to explore their options and opportunities. Migration is an urban phenomenon and...
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...Managing migration: Dealing with asylum seekers: When the government is dealing with their claim they are either granted “temporary admission” or detained until a decision is made. The majority are granted temporary admission, and although lawfully resident, they usually have no right to work they rely on state benefits of £5 a day and are dependent on the state for access to housing, health care, food and other necessities. They are dependent on the UK to provide these necessities because it there human rights to have the basic needs to live. All asylum seekers no matter where they come from or what their claim is they must be treated with humanity before and after there application has been decided. All these factors are extremely important and the UK must make sure it follows them, because the uk has to make sure the world can see that they treat asylum seekers in the correct way so that if it was people from the uk seeking asylum we would then be treated with the same respect. As a member of the EU they would expect these basic rights to asylum seekers. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200607/jtselect/jtrights/81/81i.pdf How does the UK limit illegal immigration? Police and sergeants working on UK boards- “400 police constables and 40 sergeants are being assigned to specialized duty with the Immigration and Nationality Directorate to reduce levels of illegal immigration” (2006) Immigration officers- “360 newly hired immigration officers, it will boost...
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...Migration Research Paper Name of Institution Name of Student Introduction Global economy as well as how society relates is greatly influenced by migration. Throughout history migration has facilitated human interaction which has led to the spread and advancement of humanity as a whole. Migration facilitates the movement of labour, the transfer of ideas, diffusion of new technology and interaction of various cultures. It is therefore important to understand the trends in migration and the factors causing migration. Migration trends also need to be understood in terms of the characteristics of immigrating groups. In so doing the cause behind the migration of these groups becomes evident. This research tackles the factors causing immigration whilst paying special attention to the role played by government policy and state action. This is mainly because emigration and immigration have, over the years, become state affairs transcending the personal requirements of individuals. Countries have adopted strict laws, policies and protocols that guide the emigration and immigration processes. The paper established a deep correlation between these laws, policies and protocols and the migration patterns. This was after analysis of available migration statistics as well as government policy and state action. The latter was found to have a rooted influence on the former either directly or indirectly. In the direct influence, government policy presents a push or pull factor that necessitated...
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...Multidimensional Lenses on Migration Dilara Sönmez Middle East Technical University Department of International Relations, #1541077 ABSTRACT National and international security has gained new meanings and elements in recent years, especially after Cold War. The changed concept of security has been more and more broadened with accelerated effects of globalization and shocking September 11 events. The new issues of security agenda may be listed as immigration, global terror, climate change, energy, internal violence, human security etc. This article recovers mainly how irregular migration effects national and human security in a multi dimensional framework, from theories to the cases under several sections of the paper. Firstly, the definition and types; secondly motivations of immigration are outlined with a historical and theoretical briefs. Then the general perception on migration and motivations of migration will be connected more specific sections that are, in sequence, international lenses on migration regarding state and public securities and more specifically, the lenses of the US and European Union on migration. The conclusion part put my arguments as done during article that are both agreed and disagreed with the mainstream theories and the opinions of expert that are stated in the article. Definitions and Types of Migration The term of migration has several definitions that give almost similar meanings. Generally, in social science literature, Migration is the movement...
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...connections between a lot of countries of emigration to the point or region of immigration or through the use of different method of making one of the countries as a point of emigration but migration that would be spread through different areas of immigration. The main function of establishing this kind of system as stated by Kepsu et al. (2009), is performed by “social and ethnic networks, multinational firms, educational institutions or other corporations- as mediators between macrostructures and individuals as well as between the different countries” (P. 19). The focus of the above is its focus on various perspectives of the systems of migration. It fails to deal with the causes of migration systems. It does not consider how young immigrants...
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