...This paper presents clinically-based studies of two acquisitions that received very different stock market reactions at announcementCone positive and one negative. Despite the differing market reactions, we find that, ultimately, neither acquisition created value overall. In exploring the reasons for the acquisition outcomes, we rely primarily on interviews with managers and on internally generated performance data. We compare the results of these analyses to those from analyses of post-acquisition operating and stock price performance traditionally applied to large samples. We draw two primary conclusions. (1) Our findings highlight the difficulty of implementing a successful acquisition strategy and of running an effective internal capital market. Post-acquisition difficulties resulted because: (a) managers of the acquiring company did not deeply understand the target company at the time of the acquisition; (b) the acquirer imposed an inappropriate organizational design on the target as part of the post-acquisition integration process; and (c) inappropriate management incentives existed at both the top management and division level. (2) Measures of operating performance used in large sample studies are weakly correlated with actual post-acquisition operating performance. * University of Chicago and NBER, University of Chicago, and Harvard University, respectively. We especially thank Shel Erikson, Thomas Hix, William Berger, Michael Grimes and Joseph Chamberlain...
Words: 2393 - Pages: 10
...Modern Political Science Ruslan Ulizskiy (MPF 151) 30.11.2015 Essay on methodology used in the article “The Effects of U.S. Foreign Assistance on Democracy Building, 1990-2003” (Steven E. Finkel, Aníbal Pérez-Liñán and Mitchell A. Seligson) The article “The Effects of U.S. Foreign Assistance on Democracy Building, 1990-2003” was written by Steven E. Finkel, Aníbal Pérez-Liñán and Mitchell A. Seligson and published in World Politics (Vol. 59, No. 3) in 2007. The research was focused on the effectiveness of democracy promotion programs by United States. The aim of this article is to make the first detailed investigation into the U.S. contribution to democratization worldwide between 1990 and 2003. And the research puzzle for authors is an interconnection between providing of democracy funds and following democratic outcomes in receiver countries. Authors assumes that U.S. promotion of democratization in different countries is useful: foreign assistance could be helpful and democratization could be heterogenic. Thus, the first hypothesis suggests that foreign NGO can stimulate democratic development. Although there isn’t proper analysis of specific mechanisms which allows international forces facilitate democratization within countries, authors argue that democracy can be promoted by international forces both indirectly and directly. Concerning the matter of causality, indirect promotion works through changing some of structural parameters, which could be prerequisites...
Words: 689 - Pages: 3
...to have an operative theory of mind (Chandler, Fritz & Hala 1989). The connotations of these standard false-belief tasks act as an indicator for specific age boundaries, in which children are meant to start attributing mental states to others, through their understanding of false belief (Perner and Ruffman, 2005; Fodor, 1992; Mitchell,1996). The implications of these standard false-belief tasks will steer this discussion to focus on the extent at which theory of mind can be considered as innate with reference to genetic, social and cultural evidence. According to Whiten, (1993 pg. 3) “a theory of mind remains one of the quintessential abilities that makes us human” .Yet prior to Baron-Cohen’s (1989a) study, the traditional view held by most child developmental psychologists, (Piaget, 1983) was based on the idea that, any understanding of what goes on in another person’s mind has to be a calculated and difficult thing (Appleton and Reddy, 1996). Hence, in order to work out this complicated concept, an individual would need a sophisticated set of intellectual skills which is not found in infancy and develops around the ages of 3-4years (Mitchell, 1996). However as Reddy (2007; p.122) states, “Babies get self-conscious earlier than expected...they experience positive embarrassment...positive shyness”. The fact that they can recognise themselves in the mirror...
Words: 3406 - Pages: 14
...bullfighting spectacles that went on in the Greek culture at that time (Mitchell, 1986). As time went on, the custom spread throughout Europe. According to a paper by Casas Gaspar (1950), there is evidence that supports the ideas that the pagan religions in Spain used bullfighting as a type of sacrificial fertility ritual. Examples of bulls bringing about changes from women to men, homosexuals to heterosexuals, and miraculous tales of unexpected fertility can be found in a large number of Spanish folktales. Other historians believe that the bullfight originated as a way of sacrificing to the gods, as well as demonstrating one’s bravery and dedication to his faith. As paganism declined, the sacrifices stopped, but the practice continued (Mitchell, 1986). Alvarez de Miranda, one of the leading historical researchers on the Spanish bullfight, wrote in 1962, “The great paradox of Spanish bullfighting is that only when it ceased to be a sacral question did it begin to be a sacrifice.” Bullfighting resurfaced with more popularity in the beginning of the 11th century as a form of entertainment at the weddings of Spanish aristocrats (Douglass, 1984). It continued as a small-scale spectacle for the wealthy for the next 700 years, until a group of slaughterhouse employees became the first professional bullfighters. They discovered early on that was a great deal of money to be made by exhibiting their courage in public (Mitchell, 1986). Since then, bullfighting has become a significant part of...
Words: 1643 - Pages: 7
...these. In clarifying the path, they may be directive or give vague hints. In removing roadblocks, they may scour the path or help the follower move the bigger blocks. In increasing rewards, they may give occasional encouragement. This variation in approach will depend on the situation, including the follower's capability and motivation, as well as the difficulty of the job and other contextual factors. The theory proposes four different kinds of leadership styles. They are directive or instrumental, supportive, participative and achievement-oriented leadership styles. An effective leader is one who knows which style to use and when to use it. House and Mitchell (1974) defined four kinds of behavior in more specific terms: Directive leader behavior is behavior directed toward providing psychological structure for subordinates know what they are expect to do, scheduling and coordinating work, given specific guidance, and clarifying policies, rules, and procedures. Directive behavior is one form of path-goal clarifying behavior. No authoritarian and no punitive directive leader behavior was asserted in the seminal path-goal theory paper to reduce subordinate role ambiguity, clarify...
Words: 1169 - Pages: 5
...A Psychoanalytic Approach to “The Yellow Wallpaper” The short story “The Yellow Wallpaper” first appeared in the January 1882 publication of The New England Magazine, a monthly literary magazine published in Boston. Authored by Charlotte Perkins Gilman this short story was not well received at printing and was not reprinted until twenty-eight years later in William Dean Howell’s collection,The Great American Short Stories in 1920. As part of the collection it gained some popularity for a time and then just died out again. Unfortunately this was the extent of the life of her work while she was still alive. However in 1973 the story was reissued by the Feminist Press with an exceptional commentary by Elaine Hedges and finally became popularly rediscovered. Elaine Hedges explained the work as a “pioneering masterpiece of feminist literature” (Pompele 61). Since the publication, theorists using a Feminist approach most overwhelmingly study the story.Gilman’s emphasis on the importance of language and text, and the fact that “The Yellow Wallpaper” is a tale of mental breakdown, make Lacanian psychoanalytic a natural way to consider the work in order to help readers understand the author’s use of language as a manifestation not of herself but the “other” as a means to safely express herself. As an autobiographical story there exist very undeniable connections between Gilman’s personal life and that of the narrator. A study of “The Yellow Wallpaper” is quite remiss if not...
Words: 2171 - Pages: 9
...Recently, Malcom Wright presented a daunting challenge to the marketing discipline[1] – to justify the ongoing use of segmentation and target marketing. Although his article was written in response to what he characterized as a “startling” argument by Mitchell that zodiac signs be used for segmentation[2], he used the occasion to attack the concepts of segmentation and targeting per se. Although Mitchell’s example of zodiacal segmentation was perhaps light-hearted, his argument is not. Mitchell posits, as do most marketing academics and practitioners, that the firm will be better off – in terms of greater unit sales at (possibly) higher prices and/or lower cost of sales – by emphasizing our approach to certain groups of people and deemphasizing our approach to others. Wright’s argument In essence, Wright totally denies the validity of segmentation and targeting on two grounds. The first ground is that, for segmentation to have validity, the segments are associated with a stable set of preferences. The second ground is that, even if segmentation works, we need to prove that targeting these segments provides a superior return to the firm than does shotgun marketing. He holds[1] that neither ground has been proven, either by Mitchell or by marketers in general. But is he correct? Target marketing defined and explained Not all customers are alike. As unprofound...
Words: 3377 - Pages: 14
...MEMORY-WORK: AN INTRODUCTION Jennie Small University of Technology, Sydney Research methodology, from the perspective of Critical social science, is considered as: inherently political, as inescapably tied to issues of power and legitimacy. It is assumed that methods are permeated with assumptions about what the social world is, who the social scientist is, and what the nature of the relation between them is (Lather, 1991, p.12). Critical social science moves away from description of behaviour as enduring social fact to attempting to understand how behaviour is produced, thus recasting behaviour as “the effects of contingent and contested processes of change” (Churchman, 2000, p.100 citing Scott). Feminists and those working within a social constructionist paradigm have debated whether there are research methods specific to such approaches. In other words, is there a social constructionist or feminist method? Schwandt (1994), in discussing constructivist, interpretivist approaches to human enquiry, commented that “what is unusual about the approaches cannot be explained through an examination of their methods. They are principally concerned with matters of knowing and being, not method per se” (p.118). Feminists have also considered that it is the methodology and outcomes rather than the methods which define the research as being feminist. Nonetheless, while feminists have adopted a variety of methods, they have tended to prefer qualitative...
Words: 6123 - Pages: 25
...as much money as possible for the charity and to run a successful event. I think we managed to do all three of those objectives because we managed to raise £1038 from the Quiz Night and the feedback we got from the event was positive. The guests praised our attitude, the food, and our behaviour during the event. However the only two complaints they had were the heating in the hall and the difficulty of the questions. During the actual event everyone was given jobs to do and I think we all did them to a good standard. I was a kind of host as I did a presentation in the beginning of the event and gave people information as to why we were doing the event. Mitchell and Bradley were in charge of selling and organising the raffle and silent auction which they did brilliantly. Sandie and Danielle sorted all of the fish and chips and set them out on the tables in the canteen in the different teams. Before the event, the set up was done very quickly. We all took tables up to the hall and measured the correct distance between the walls and all the tables and chairs. I placed all the bits of paper and place names etc. on the tables so it all looked nice. Then we set up the instruments for the band and prepared the presentation so everything would flow smoothly. I think I performed well on the quiz evening, I thought I contributed a lot in the evening and did a lot of jobs and helped other people as well. I was nervous about doing the presentation on my own at the beginning of the...
Words: 589 - Pages: 3
...Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder By Lakisha Mitchell Nash Community College Learning with Behavior Disorders Catherine Jancso EDU 222 10-22-11 Abstract This paper explores the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a condition that can affect children and adults. ADHD in children can cause trouble with focus, patience, and over activity. ADHD is the most common childhood disorder and usually appear early in life often between the ages of 3 and 6. Children that are diagnosed with ADHD usually have problems at home, school and in their social life. ADHD symptoms fall into three categories: inattentive, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The American Academy of Pediatrics has guidelines to help diagnose ADHD. The child’s pediatrician may suggest a combination of medication and behavioral therapy as part of a total treatment. Education of the child’s family is an essential component of any treatment plan, which includes special education programs, psychological intervention and drug treatment. Diagnoses, treatment, keeping track of progress are the three phases of managing ADHD. Studies show that long-term treatment with a combination of medication and behavioral therapy is far superior to just medication treatment. ADHD has nothing to do with intelligence or talent. Many children with ADHD...
Words: 1093 - Pages: 5
...learning disabilities there is still a long way to go before technology provides a level playing field for these challenged individuals. Many of the issues with existing assistive technology revolves around clumsy, inefficient interfaces that struggle to find a balance between ease of use and sufficient complexity to ensure that the proper sequence of instructions is implemented. Machine learning is on the cutting edge of programming practices and presents some significant improvement possibilities in the areas of natural language processing, pattern recognition, and interface design. Machine learning has the potential to play a significant role in allowing assistive technologies to be more adaptive to persons with diverse sets of needs. This paper will attempt to define some specific areas of assistive technology that could benefit most from the application of machine learning. We will frame the definitions by aligning specific learning disabilities with current and future assistive technologies and then examining how the implementation of machine learning could improve upon them. Introduction The need for assistive technologies is undeniable with as many as 8 to 10 percent of children that are under the age of 18 in the United States having one form of learning disability or another.(NINDS) Experts believe that this statistic will continue to trend up making the area of assistive technology a field of study with...
Words: 2619 - Pages: 11
...Public Disclosure Authorized WPS6107 Policy Research Working Paper 6107 Public Disclosure Authorized Financial Literacy around the World An Overview of the Evidence with Practical Suggestions for the Way Forward Lisa Xu Bilal Zia Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Development Research Group Finance and Private Sector Development Team June 2012 Policy Research Working Paper 6107 Abstract Financial literacy programs are fast becoming a key ingredient in financial policy reform worldwide. Yet, what is financial literacy exactly and what do we know of its effectiveness? This paper collects insights from the literature thus far and summarizes global evidence on financial literacy, its correlates, and existing and upcoming causal investigations. The authors conclude with a synthesis of policy advice and practical suggestions for the way forward in this fast growing area of research. This paper is a product of the Finance and Private Sector Development Team, Development Research Group. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://econ.worldbank.org. The author may be contacted at bzia@worldbank.org. The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development...
Words: 19492 - Pages: 78
...Leadership Analysis Paper Lorrie Wesoly December 5, 2013 Clinical Social Work Supervision Southern Connecticut State University Jeanjulia Van Der Maelen In the book the TaoTe Ching, Lao-tzu wrote " What is a good man but a bad man's teacher? What is a bad man but a good man's job? If you don't understand this you will get lost, however intelligent you are. It is the great secret" (Tao Te Ching, 1988, Stephen Mitchell). The Tao Te Ching is a classic book about Taoist spiritual teachings. There are many translations of the title and the book itself. However, for this purpose I refer to it as "The Classic book on the Way of Virtue. (David James Lee) In English the word 'virtue' relates to the sense of personal character, inner strength or personal integrity. It is this definition of virtue that I consider to be the core of good leadership especially in the field of social work. Tafvelin (2012) found: Social work leadership has attracted growing attention in both social work practice and research. As social service organisations have changed in a variety of ways during the last decades, knowledge of how leaders should act in these transformed organisations is crucial. However, few empirical studies have examined what kind of leadership these changed organisations benefit from and how the continuing organisational change might affect the impact leaders have. Clinicians who become supervisors may find it challenging to transition into a leadership...
Words: 3382 - Pages: 14
...The Evolution of Wi-Fi Charles Williams Albert Acuna ISSC340 American Military University Abstract From the creation of the IEEE standard in 1997 to current times Wi-Fi has evolved dramatically over the years. An idea to provide connectivity to devices with the absence of cables was adopted globally. Each year brings about new ways of utilizing wireless technology. This study aims to cover Wi-Fi from inception to present day and prospects for the future. The Evolution of Wi-Fi What exactly is Wi-Fi? A popular misconception is that Wi-Fi stands for “wireless fidelity”, however, it can be described as, a technology that uses radio waves to provide internet and network connectivity. The Wi-Fi Alliance, a non-profit organization founded by six companies in 1999, defines Wi-Fi simply as “connectivity”, connectivity in a way that provides freedom and the ability to move about without being tethered by cables, or stuck at a workstation. Wi-Fi symbolizes the ability to transfer data from one source to the next via a wireless link. Any product that houses the radio technology 802.11, a standard that has received widespread adoption, is considered a wireless device. The standard was developed in 1997. Fathers of Wi-Fi With any popular invention or supposed novel idea controversy seems to always linger in the background. When we think of the printing press we think of Johannes Gutenberg, however roots of printing with movable type can be traced back 350 years before...
Words: 3375 - Pages: 14
...been studied at the level of the individual, the group, and the organization. Some motivation researchers have employed cognitive models, which emphasize the role of thought processes in determining motivation and behavior, while other researchers have adopted non-cognitive paradigms, which focus on factors such as personality traits, affective states, and environmental determinants. This paper focuses specifically on research about motivation and behavior in the workplace. It discusses motivation theory, which has broad applicability across contexts, as well as the empirical research conducted in workplace contexts. In reviewing this literature, particular emphasis is placed on research about motivation and behavior as they relate to individual performance. A central aim of motivation research is to explicate the complex relationships that exist among motivation, behavior, and performance—such knowledge is critical for managers tasked with getting the most out of their employees, as well as for educators charged with engendering student success. Indeed, an important objective of this paper is to identify insights in the research about workplace motivation that may be transferrable to non-workplace contexts such as postsecondary education. Although a vast literature exists about motivation and behavior in educational contexts,...
Words: 12751 - Pages: 52
