... Public law concepts have not kept pace. In the words of an author of the book reviewed here, reflecting on the concept of ‘the state’ and the problem of sovereignty: in political as in constitutional legal theory, we still need to cut off the King’s head,1 as we are still entrenched in the philosophical and constitutional language of the 19th century.2 But recently, with European integration and globalisation, change has also occurred in the traditional concepts of public law such as “state” or “constitution”. The book edited by Bamforth and Leyland is about this change over the last thirty years or so.3 “Public Law in a Multi-Layered Constitution” is a significant contribution to a better understanding of how public law is transformed, in Great Britain and elsewhere. The title of the book as well as its introduction (pp. 1-26) state that its central theme is the transformation of the British constitution into a “multi-layered constitution.” This is meant to refer to a constitution that “contains multiple, but inter-connected and sometimes overlapping European and national layers”,4 where “power (both legislative and political) has been spread away from the Westminister Parliament, both ‘upwards’ to the European Union and ‘downwards’ to the devolved assemblies.”5 The editors’ claim is that this restructuring of the constitutional architecture of the United Kingdom is occurring while there is also a rebalancing of the roles of the courts and parliament in holding the executive...
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...For other uses, see Constitution (disambiguation). A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.[1] These rules together make up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is. When these principles are written down into a single document or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to embody a written constitution; if they are written down in a single comprehensive document, it is said to embody a codified constitution. Constitutions concern different levels of organizations, from sovereign states to companies and unincorporated associations. A treaty which establishes an international organization is also its constitution, in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Within states, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom. Some constitutions, especially codified constitutions, also act as limiters of state power, by establishing lines which a state's rulers cannot cross, such as fundamental rights. An example is the constitution of the United States of America. George Washington at Constitutional Convention of 1787 signing of the U.S. Constitution. The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world,[2] containing 444 articles in 22 parts,[3][4] 12 schedules and 118 amendments, with 117,369 words in its English-language translation,[5]...
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... 3 2.1 Background 3 3 Consultation document proposals 3 3.1 Table of proposals 4 3.2 Evidence to support the proposals 5 4 Constructions and locations of care 6 4.1 Table of the constitution and the concepts of care 6 4.2 Some key concepts to illustrate the mutual constitution of personal lives and 7 social policy 5 Theoretical perspectives and normative assumptions, and the...
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...1. constitutionalism, constitutional supremacy and the rule of law 1. constitutionalism a. Constitution without constitutionalism? Keith E Whittington, constitutionalism [5] * Constitutionalism = the constraining of government in order to better effectuate the fundamental principles of the political regime. i.e. A system of effective restrains on governmental action. * Constitution (often) = the written document that formalizes the framework of government * => Constitutionalism should be distinguished from the mere possession of a constitution * Written constitutions may provide few effective constraints on government or may be ignored, and governments may be effectively constrained w/o a written constitution (e.g. Britain) * Constitutionalism often (does not mean it necessarily equals to) associated specifically with liberalism, protection of individual rights against the state. * => constitutional state identified not by possession of a constitution but by its effective protection of individual rights. * (but individual rights only one set of fundamental principles that might impose meaningful limits on power of the state) * Constitutionalism also used to constrain power holders to care for the common weal or adhere to particular conceptions of national identity or religious law * 3-fold classification of province of constitutionalism * Normative Constitutionalism (most touched-on area) * Concerned with...
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...Government & Politics Unit 2 * Constitution * Codified Constitution ✓ * Advantages & Disadvantages * Features * Uncodified Constitution ✓ * Advantages & Disadvantages * Features * Is Parliament Sovereign? ✓ * Arguments For and Against * Strengths and Weaknesses of the UK’s constitution ✓ * Constitutional Reforms – Coalition and 1997-2010 ✓ * What are they? * Are they effective? * PM & Cabinet * Features & Functions of the PM ✓ * What must a politician be to becoming PM * What can a PM do? * Functions of Cabinet ✓ * Factors that affect promotion and resignation of a minister ✓ * Powers and Constraints of PM ✓ * Theories of Executive Power ✓ * PM V Cabinet ✓ * Parliament * Functions of Parliament ✓ * What are they? * How effective are they? * Powers of Parliament ✓ * What are they? * How effective are they? * Parliamentary Reform ✓ * What are they? * How effective are they? * Relationship between Parliament and Government ✓ * Factors that affect it * How the coalition affects it Constitution: 2 Types of Constitution * Codified & Uncodified Codified Constitution * Constitution where the rules are written down in a single document. Example could be the USA...
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...Constitution is a basic document which sets out the framework for governance and exercise of power. It defines the powers of the institutions and sets out the relationship that exists between different state institutions. It also describes the powers within which these institutions have to work and what would be the nature of relationship of the individual with the state. At the time of establishment of Pakistan an Interim constitution was introduced in Pakistan which was a modified version of the India Act 1935.The task of framing the future constitution was assigned to the CA of Pakistan that came into existence on Aug 1947.We will discuss that what were the stages and what were the steps that were taken for framing the constitution of Pakistan. The whole process of constitution making started with the passing of the Objective Resolution. The Objective Resolution which was passed in March 1949 outlined the basic principles and foundations of the constitution. The principles that had to be kept in mind by the constituent assembly of Pakistan while framing the constitution. In a way the Objective Resolution not only identifying the objectives, the goals they wanted to achieve it was also setting out the priorities that had to be pursued. Once the Objective Resolution was passed by the Constituent Assembly then the steps had to be taken for the formulation of the constitution and the 1st step after the passing of the Objective Resolution was to set up the BPC (a committee comprising...
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...NAME: _______________________________________ CASE 8: Research In Motion: Managing Explosive Growth 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION |Timeframe |Country(s) Involved |Key Individuals & Titles |Company Type & Size | | | | | | 2. BRIEF SUMMARY OF CASE SITUATION |Business or Industry Description |Particular Company Situation | 3. INDUSTRY AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS |Dominant Economic Characteristics |Strategic Group MAP | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ...
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...the right hair, and covering nothing up but your crotch area. This interprets sexuality. The same goes for women. typical images for women are a big chest, a big behind, slim waist, long legs, skinny, oh and flawless. The stereotypes these advertisements perpetuate are that men are supposed to be taller, bigger, heartless, and tough. As for women, they have to be smaller, looked down upon, and even always being innocent. When it comes to race, a white boy has control over the white girl. But when it's a black boy and a white girl, the girl has the control. Go figure that race would have a part in advertisement. Another way race is involved in this is when it comes to colored women, they're seen as animals. They would dress up the colored models into an animal such as a tiger and have her pose as...
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...comparison between model in the past and the present, and how models become more restraints than before. Also we will talk about the advantage of using models and how they can make our life much easy. Models have evolved since the beginning of the century. There are many kinds of models for almost any system or item that exist. Each model uses short, long, simple or complex mathematics formula it depends of which case the models solve. However the models that are used in these recent years are very complex and have many numerous computations which make the only one that can handle it is the computer. These kinds of models are usually use in a wide variety of tasks, such as prevision of the decision made, and an effective answer to everyday problems. During time, models start to be more restraints than before. These kinds of restraints should have value or weight to make a model compatible with the case that model solve. There are several constraints or restraints in each models, one of the most important one is budget of the project. In other words the more wherewithal, the more model accuracy. Mark P. McDonald ( December 8, 2010). To use complex mathematical formula in the models it requires an educated staffs with a good knowledge of model branch, which make the model more expensive and take more time to solve it, comparing with computer time and cost. However the need of special educated persons is strictly required to conclude if the models created by computer...
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...superior performance in a given job, role, or situation.Competency modeling is the activity of determining the specific competencies that are characteristic of high performance and success in a given job. Competency modeling can be applied to a variety of human resource activities. This research paper will describe how organizations identify their core competencies and how they are applying this competency data to improve performance. It will also explain some emerging trends in competency modeling. Developing Competency Models Competencies enable employees to achieve results, thereby creating value. It follows that competencies aligned with business objectives help foster an organization's success. Organizations must understand their core competency needs - the skills, knowledge, behaviors, and abilities that are necessary for people in key roles to deliver business results.According to Boulter, et al (1998), there are six stages involved in defining a competency model for a given job role. These stages are: 1. Performance criteria - Defining the criteria for superior performance in the role. 2. Criterion sample - Choosing a sample of people performing the role for data collection. 3. Data collection - Collecting sample data about behaviors that lead to success. 4. Data analysis - Developing hypotheses about the competencies of outstanding performers and how these competencies work together to produce desired...
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...discovering similarity, maturity, and capability to measure, model asses and evolves the alignment level existing among business and technological assets of an enterprise. The top research issue for currently is the alignment between business processes and supporting software system. For the first time the issue was mention in the 1970 and then several studies and researches were conducted focused the alignment concerns. Actually this paper is aiming to review a proper analysis which considering the alignment topics. From the view of the business and technological alignment, it focuses on the degree of the information technology mission, objectives and plans, support and is supported by the business mission, objective and plans. To looking how the organization can achieve alignment, the traditional approaches have been used, however only a little contribution about how to identify and correct misalignment. To complete the alignment strategies, the modeling and measurement is a must. The phase of modeling is about the various entitled the alignment concept and the links between business and IT entities. Measurement of the alignment degree existing between the chosen assets for establishing if there is any improvement. The alignment is supported by an automatic support where it’s all the processes. There is several approaches was proposed to address issue from modeling to measurement. The approaches are Strategic Alignment Model (SAM) which used for financial service firms for determining...
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...Problems: 1. Essay: from either 2.2.3, 2.4 or 5.2 2. Setting up a model. (like one of the modules) (Review modules and cases-Try setting them up) 1. Given a problem statement and a set-up module, give an Analysis- (will be given a spreadsheet) QBA Sample Quiz click on files Log into Blackboard: QBA- Content Open file and save to desktop as “ lastname-id#(without @ sign)-9:40 ” When done, load files back into blackboard. Have until 11:00. MENTAL MODELS AND FORMAL MODELS Informal Modeling- Informal modeling= mental modeling * Continues on through the problem solving stage * Problem solvers conduct quick informal mental models @ various stages in the process. * Ask a series of mental questions * Helps relate cause and effect – in a simplified , incomplete way * Helps determine what might be feasible in a given situation * Always influenced by our implicit preferences for certain outcomes over others. * Useful but extremely limiting * Sometimes don’t provide sufficient insight. Formal models- * Provide same information as mental models * Links causes to effects and help evaluate potential solutions * Used to measure how well each solution...
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...1. MACRO ENVIRONMENT Social Forces Two publicly controversial issues in the modelling industry are slenderness and racial exclusion. Models do much more than promote the sale of fashion. The model look promotes and distributes ideas about how women and men should look. Models “do gender” professionally in ways that connect with social positions such as race, ethnicity and class, and there are many critiques of fashion models and their gendered and racial meanings. Modelling succeeds on the criticism of the female body and the gap between promoted beauty ideals and reality. As women gain political and social ground, beauty ideals are held to higher extremes of slenderness and perfection. Another social force for clients is they face uncertainty of changing consumer desires as they are highlighting the importance of healthy lifestyles and body types. Demographics For fashion models age is a very strong factor in the selection process. Models are usually discovered between the ages of 12 to 20 by agents or scouts. High fashion modeling agencies often demand height and body shape requirements and have strong preferences for standards. With cultural diversification of the Western world, ethnic diversity is becoming an important factor for all people in the modeling industry. Moreover, various races and backgrounds are becoming progressively noticeable. Anita Norris needs to be aware of the changing demographic trends in the modeling industry Technological Factors...
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...beauty whether it is appearance, their personality or the work they have done. Looking into celebrity culture, people follow it to help them feel beautiful or use celebrities as motivation. Celebrities are our role models and we try to follow them in the latest fashion like clothing, hair, make-up and acting. Teens especially want an iconic person to look up to and follow them for their selflessness deeds and actions. Celebrities like Tyra Banks, Oprah Winfrey, and Queen Latifah are example of iconic celebrities that many people look up to and try to mimic in order to feel self-fulfilled. Celebrity culture does help define our view of beauty for men and women worldwide. The celebrity culture is in our lives every day, people try to copy them in any way possible because they are they’re our role models. Tyra Banks is an exceptional model that has been through many difficulties as an African American model. She faced racism as a child when she first began her modeling career. As she was getting older she began to put aside all the harsh comments and continued her passion for modeling. Tyra Banks was the first black young woman in the modeling business. As she was growing up, she became very famous because of her age, origin, and difficulties she faced as a young model. Many teens started to look up to her and wanted to be just like her. Tyra was tall, skinny, and smart, she was the perfect package. Many people liked her because of her beauty; boys would love her, while many girls...
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...body image, which can lead to unhealthy behaviors as women and girls strive for the ultra-thin body idealized by the media. This essay will attempt to prove that the media has a brutal effect on a women’s confidence. First, the media portrays that beauty is a necessity for all women. Unfortunately, the media pushes an unnatural body type, making natural beauty impossible to accept. The average American woman is 5\'4\" tall and weighs 140 pounds. Where as, the average American model is 5\'11\" tall and weighs 117 pounds ( Nikki Katz). Society is being brainwashed by the media. In fact, studies show that more than sixty percent of women do not like what they see in the mirror (Rutherford). Also, at young ages girls are impacted by the physical appearance of Barbie. Many people do not understand that looking like Barbie is physically impossible. Moreover, the models women see in magazines are completely flawless, and have incredible bodies. The majority of society could never look as good as the models they see. To summarize, women are discouraged with their bodies because the media only show beautiful...
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