...History arbitrary Harold Wilson. Born in 1916, Harold Wilson led an influential life in politics. After joining parliament in 1945, Harold was appointed the parliamentary secretary to the ministry of works; he quickly advanced to more pivotal roles within the labour party. In 1947 Wilson acquired a position in the cabinet as president of the board of trade; from here he circulated within the cabinet for a number of years as shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer and later, shadow foreign secretary from 61 to 62 before becoming party leader in 1963. In October of 1964 he was elected Prime minister of the United Kingdom, in which he attempted to reduce the constraints on society and increase opportunity, which led to many reforms within the education system for the better. His first term lasted from 1964 – 70 where he lost to the conservatives, but from 1974 onwards he took the role of prime minster under a minority government until 1976, when he resigned. He later died in 1995, aged 79. James Callaghan. James “sunny Jim” Callaghan had a coveted career in politics and rich history within the Labour party. While serving in all four offices of state (Prime minister, Chancellor of the Exchequer, home secretary, and foreign secretary) between 1964 and 76, he experienced a tumultuous economic climate eventually leading to his proposed resignation after the forced devaluation of the pound sterling. Towards the end of his prime ministerial reign he became much less popular within the...
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...Mordenization refers to a modwl of revolutionary transition of pre morden to a modern society .It can be linked with ubarnization or industrialization aswell as the spread of education . As Kendall (2007)notes ubarnization accompanied modernization . This process of mordenization has brought changes in many areas especially in Africa and it has proven to have advantages and disadvantages . It has managed to brought about change in the culture ,new business venture and aswell as infrastructure development . Although modernization has many relevance some focus mainly on the long term effects it has on a countries and people . In the early days in Africa people used to have a primitive society where they runned their society according to how their forefathers used to operate but this came to a comp;ete change when the westerners appeared in the picture .These were the soldiers of mordenizaton as they introduced new stuff to Africans and this can be viewed as technology . Modernization fueled the development of new forms of creative expression such as film and internet . This can be easily exported and viewed all over the globe . This was an advantage to African as this this gave them an opportunity to learn new things not just their backward of life. This is so because they will have access tio know and see what other people re doing and this can actually bring change to a society even to the whole country . New technology has revolutionized the pace and accuracy of production...
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...main contributors to Russia’s economic modernisation?’ Firstly, Extract A provides the interpretation that the emancipation of the serfs was the primary contributor Russia’s economic modernisation. This is evident when Falkus states ‘the emancipation of the serfs in 1861 removed a considerable barrier to industrial growth’. The extract states this as it goes on to say ‘serfdom was clearly incompatible with the requirements of an industrialising society’. This is supported by the facts that before emancipation, serfs were not allowed to leave their land and had to work for their Mir. Largely uneducated, there was no sense of prosperity within the serf’s population thus industrial modernisation could not occur. However, after emancipation, serfs were allowed to leave their land and go to prosperous environments such as cities (Moscow and St Petersburg), therefore industrialisation could thrive as now serfs believe there is opportunity for their lives to improve and not stay stagnant. On the other hand, although serfs could move from their land, redemption payments had to be paid. Thus any money earned from moving to cities and working in factories were largely deducted via these payments. This would imply that there was in fact no prosperous attitude as the emancipated serfs were just working to pay off debts and not to move up the classes. In Extract B, Bradley Woodworth provides the interpretation that Russia’s economic modernisation is ‘one that cannot be uniformly defined’...
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...Essay preview AS and A Level Sociological Differentiation & Stratification "Compare and contrast modernisation theory and dependency theory as explanations of development and under-development" The two theories, modernisation and dependency both give valid and just explanations for development and underdevelopment. There is a notable likeness in them both but there are also many differences and neither escape criticisms. Modernisation theory was before dependency theory and was developed in the 1950/60s; the theory is based on 4 main assumptions. Western societies are the most advanced in terms of technological, social and political terms, countries go through a series of stages on their route to becoming advanced, this path is a 'natural' form of development and there must be something preventing them from doing this and finally, these underdeveloped nations can advance without an changes taking place in the finance and trading patterns of the capitalist world. The modernisation theory is politically conservative as it sees nations being undeveloped because they lack the qualities that developed nations have, this is compared with the dependency theory who see this underdevelopment due to the exploitation of advanced nations. W.W. Rostow is one of the most notable modernisation theorists; he argued that there are a number of stages that a traditional society has to pass through to become a modern society. His work is combined with the four key elements above and his...
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...Modernisation emphasises the point that western capitals, values and practises are the basis for “modernising” 3rd world countries by helping them become sustainable .However this can only widen the gap between first and 3rd world resulting more 3rd world countries to depend more and more upon the first world for sustenance Modernisation is defined as the transition from the traditional society of the past to modern society as it is found today in the west .Modernisation presents the idea that by introducing modern methods in technology ,agriculture production for trade ,industrialisation dependant on the mobility of the labour force thus 3rd world countries will experience a boost in their economies .Many proponents of the modernisation theory were there such as Walter Rostov, Talcott Parsons Daniel Lerner felt that the rest of the world especialyy3rd world had to adopt the Western ways of life. As research was taken further into the modernisation theory it is seen that development could worsen women lives probably more than anything. In 3rd world countries women have been seen as major contributors to their household as primary subsistence farmers, producing crops for their families. However now, industrial societies due to modernisation, women are not able to own land and thus their rights are taken away by their husbands hence losing the important economic and social roles as subsistence food producers. Their household craft productions also decreases as the lose a significant...
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...their socioeconomic potential. Underdeveloped nations are characterised by a wide disparity between their rich and poor populations and unhealthy balance of trades. Modernisation theory is a functionalist view thats says of a country to be seen as modern it has to undergo an evolutionary advance in science and technology which in turn would lead to an increased standard of living for all. Parsons, 1979, stresses the need for cultural change in the LEDC’s as he believes that culture acts as a barrier. He saw modernity as being associated with societies that have their base in individuality and achievement as opposed to traditional societies which have their base in ascription. Parsons states that not only does there need to a political change but countries need to change socially and in order to do so cultural change is necessary. Through education a political elite could be created who would lead the country into social change through political policies and thus bring about modernisation. Nevertheless, It implies that traditional values and institutions have little or no value compared with their Western equivalents. However, there is evidence from Japan and the ‘Asian Tigers’ that the traditional (e.g. religion and extended family) can exist successfully alongside the modern. Bill Rostow, a modernisation sociologist suggested that development should be seen as an evolutionary process in which countries progress up a development ladder of five stages. Undeveloped societies...
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...To what extent was the Chinese economy modernised by the First Five Year Plan and the Great Leap Forward? 1952-1962 (30) The Chinese economy in the years 1952-1962 aimed to modernise according to communist ideals. During this period the economy modernised to a significant extent, however consequences followed which hindered the social welfare of China. Modernisation was devised through adopting Western policies in order to improve the use of machinery and materials to enhance the position of agriculture, which would provide the growing work force with sufficient supplies. Mao desired an independent China which was self-sustainable without International support e.g. from the USSR and to minimise foreign economic interactions. Once the economy was established in 1952, Mao initiated his expansion of heavy industry through the First Five Year Plan and the Great Leap Forward. The First Five Year Plan (1952-57) was launched and resulted in 9% economic growth between 1953 and 1957, which was comparable with the Soviet Union’s performance in the 1930s. Agriculture and mass collectivization of peasants, who dominated 80% of the Chinese population in 1949, were targeted in order to form a socialist society. The Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance signed with Russia in 1949 supplied China with the money and technical assistance to modernise her industry. Though the money received from Russia was minimal ($300 million over five years), Russia did provide 10,000 engineers...
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...for Women 1976-85) (see Tinker 1990) Emphasis on strategies that would minimize discrimination against women and their disadvantaged economic position. This approach was closely linked to and represented a modification of the modernisation paradigm: concern that the benefits of modernisation should be for women as well as men The solutions to women’s problems were generally envisaged as “technological fixes” of one kind or another. Focus on the better integration of women into existing development initiatives. Typical WID projects were income-generating activities with social and welfare components added (cf. Moser’s (1989; 1993) refined typology of WID approaches: welfare, gender equality, anti-poverty, efficiency, and empowerment) 3. Shortcomings of WID (and WAD) Criticism of WID By the mid-late 1970s it was becoming clear that women had often fared worse under modernisation and the development efforts of the past decade. WID focused on integration and advocacy for greater participation. It didn’t question why women’s position was often declining and what the sources and nature of women’s subordination and oppression were. It was often ahistorical and shared in many of the weaknesses of the modernisation paradigm. WID also tended to focus on women as producers and ignore or minimise their reproductive...
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...an economic sense, of defeating Nazi Germany in a successful military struggle shows that some of the economic implications enforced during the 1930s were at the very least marginally productive and gainful. In this essay, I shall highlight the extent to which the aforementioned policies can be viewed as successful. Stalin’s economic policies had one essential aim—the modernisation of the Soviet economy via two essential methods: collectivisation and industrialisation. Beginning in 1928, much of Russia’s economy (in terms of agriculture and industry) was brought directly under state control. Under Stalin, this was to be total. The way these radical were changes implicated has meant that the process was referred to as the ‘second revolution,’ a way of equating the importance of industrial/modernisation as that of the 1917 revolution. When Stalin introduced these drastic changes, he claimed that they marked a significant and vital stage in Soviet Communism as had Lenin’s actions during the October Revolution of 1917. It is understandable to claim that these comparisons show that the process of modernisation in Russia was intended primarily to...
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...reference techniques.I have read and understood Tutorial Letter CMNALLE/301 regarding technical and presentation requirements, referencing techniques and plagiarism.Your signature: (Digital Signature)Your name: Your student number: Date: 09 September 2012Witness: | Table of contents | Page | 1. INTRODUCTION2. QUESTION 1 – Modernisation Approach3. QUESTION 2 – Dependency Theory4. QUESTION 3 – Participatory Research5. QUESTION 4 – Information and Communication Technology6. CONCLUSION7. SOURCES CONSULTED | 1124578 | INTRODUCTION While development will mean different things to different stakeholders, it broadly refers to social changes that aim to improve living conditions in Third World communities by helping those communities to manage and improve their environment. Development communication refers to communication that promotes development. A variety of communication methods and media are designed and implemented in order to promote education, literacy, improved health care, better agricultural or industrial production practices – all of which contribute to development of Third World countries. QUESTION 1 - The modernisation approach assumes that development is a progress from tradition to modernity. • Define the concepts “tradition” and “modernity” “Tradition” describes simple, primitive societies that are close knit and likely to live in self-contained groups or villages, which are regulated by means of a...
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...rule of Alexander II and the State farms introduced under the early years of Stalin. Firstly, I believe that Russia under the rule of Alexander II created some of the key turning points in terms of developing ‘modern Russia’. One of these key turning points was the reform for the emancipation of the serfs on the 19th February 1861. This was a key turning point for the development of modern Russia because it was the first sign of freedom that Russia had seen in along time and was the first step in a long process of defining modern Russia. Arthur states in Harmsworth history of the world that 23 million therefore received liberty after these reforms took place, which in my opinion was a huge step in becoming modernised. This term modernisation I think is defined by Russia trying to catch up to the economic capabilities of the west, which they were currently, know where near the standard. In terms of this the emancipation of the serfs was clearly vital in developing Russia. Furthermore, Andrew D. White also infers that this was a crucial reform by saying that “serfs became slaves, even worse than that” because this implies that before this reform Russia were living in bad times and so this was the stepping stone towards a modernised future. Because of this I disagree with the statement that the October revolution was a key turning point, as it does not provide...
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...local cultures. Also, with looking at the reading mentioned previously and defining the term globalisation one can see that it would be quite the best of the global cultures which are taken and reinforced and revitalised into the local cultures, that is that my understanding of the term ‘global’ in the question is to mean ‘global cultures’. As we all know, it is a simple fact of history which is able to show that global cultures are where the best come from in order to revitalise local cultures. Globalisation is historical, and was present in the vast past of the world. It is through the history that we can see globalisation did exist and took several forms, history, politics, economics, religion, capitalism, social behaviour, modernisation, and imperialism. These were all present in history from the beginning. There was the developing of ‘The West’ which did create dominance of local cultures from those who claimed to be superior. We know that ‘The West’ was a social level of development, which first occurred in Europe. In Hall’s definition of ‘The West’ in,...
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...CPMR Research Report 5 Changing Local Government A Review of the Local Government Modernisation Programme Richard Boyle, Peter C. Humphreys, Orla O’Donnell, Joanna O’Riordan, Virpi Timonen CPMR 1 CPMR Research Report 5 Changing Local Government A Review of the Local Government Modernisation Programme Richard Boyle Peter C. Humphreys Orla O’Donnell Joanna O’Riordan Virpi Timonen 2 First published in 2003 by the Institute of Public Administration 57-61 Lansdowne Road Dublin 4 Ireland in association with The Committee for Public Management Research www.ipa.ie © 2003 with the Institute of Public Administration. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 1 902448 98 7 ISSN 1393-9424 Cover design by Butler Claffey, Dún Laoghaire Typeset by the Institute of Public Administration Printed by Future Print, Dublin 3 CONTENTS Executive Summary 7 Part 1: Chapter 1: 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 SETTING THE SCENE FOR THE STUDY Introduction Focus of report Study background and terms of reference Study approach and methodology Report structure 18 18 18 19 ...
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...countries as ‘the development of underdevelopment’. The problem of poor countries is not that they lack the resources, technical know-how, modern institutions or cultural developments that lead to development, but that they are being exploited by capitalist countries. Dependency theory has a very different approach from most models of development. • It incorporates politics and economics in its explanation. • It takes into account the historical processes of how underdevelopment came about, that is how capitalist development began in one part of the world and then expanded into other areas. • It sees development as a revolutionary break, a clash of interests between ruling classes and the working classes. • It believes that modernisation does not necessarily mean Westernisation and that underdeveloped countries must set goals of their own, which are appropriate to their own resources, needs and values. However, it is a largely economic theory (from a Western perspective) seeing the outcome as a form of economic determinism. World systems theory World systems analysis is identified with Immanuel Wallerstein (1974) and is a way of looking at economic, social and political development. It treats the whole world as a single unit. Any analysis of development must be seen as part of the overall capitalist world economy, not on a country by country approach. Wallerstein argued that an approach...
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...UK Constitution is uncodified which means the UK constitution is not organised into singular document, but written in alternative ways for example a Convention. I will talk about the following factors, Executive Power, Modernisation and Flexibility which is the way ill assess the UK’s Constitution Executive Power is a strength of the UK Constitution, due to the UK Constitution being unwritten and uncodified the government can be more powerful and decisive easier as they do have to follow a strict set of rules. For example the 1997 Government rearranged the House of Lords with reforms this was quickly done and this was due to the UK not having a constitution. However, the liberals state that not having a constitution and having a strong government threatens the individual rights, the position of minorities and the influence of public opinion. For example Tony Blair decided in 2005 to declare war on Iraq without consulting the people this led to backlash from the public and protests. However, the General Elections is to choose a representative, one of the perks of having a representative is they can use their specialist knowledge to make decisions on the public’s behalf. From this we can say Executive Power is a strength of the UK Constitution. Modernisation and being like other modern countries in Europe is a weakness of the UK Constitution. This means Britain is unlike other countries in Europe and is considered as behind and not having current modern politics. For example...
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