...and women are equally as bad, because of the love each had for the other they lied to hide the truth. 2. In the story "A Scandal in Bohemia", identify an important clue and a deduction based on it by Sherlock Holmes. State the clue and the deduction each in one concise and clear sentence. Formulate Holmes' reasoning in terms of Modus ponens or Modus tollens or Disjunctive or Hypothetical forms of deduction. Clarification: Make sure not to switch your clue and deduction when you analyze Holmes' reasoning. Remember, the clue is the premise or reason or the observation and the deduction is the conclusion Holmes draws from the premise, reason, or observation. Modus Ponens (proving mode): If you do modus ponens for Holmes' deductions, then the clue must go into the "if..." part and the deduction or conclusion must go into the "then..." part. You then affirm the clue in the second premise and then affirm the deduction in the conclusion. For example, "If Helen Stoner had a railway return ticket in her hand(clue), then she arrived by train (deduction or conlusion)." Helen Stoner had a railway return ticket in her hand. So, she arrived by train. (ANSWERS) Modus Tollens (disproving mode): Example: Watson left shoe had six almost-parallel cuts caused by the hands of someone awkwardly trying to scrape mud from the sole. If Watson was active in medical practice, then he must have been out in vile weather. Watson had been getting soaked ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------...
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...1. Ad hoc (for a particular purpose/temporary) The selection of these five candidates has been done on an ad hoc basis. 2. Bona fide (genuine/real) It is important to prove yourself as bona fide citizen of the country to apply for a passport. 3. Bon voyage (good journey) He went to the airport to bid his friend bon voyage. 4. Elite (a group of powerful/talented people) Our cultural program will attract the elite of the city. 5. Entrepreneur (a person who sets up a business) The Government is providing lot of facilities to young entrepreneurs. 6. Modus operandi (a particular way of doing something) The police took a long time to understand the modus operandi of the criminal. 7. Post mortem (examination after death) The body of the accident victim was sent for post mortem. 8. Per capita (per head) The per capita income in India is still very low. 9. Per annum (per year) The new business is earning a profit of ten million per annum. 10. Millennium (a period of 100 years) Such news is heard once in a millennium. 11. Resume (curriculum vitae) One of the essentials while applying for a job is to prepare a good resume. 12. Vice versa (in the opposite way) We want to translate our literature from French to English and vice versa. 13. Ditto (the same) She looks ditto like her brother and even acts like him. 14. Finesse (delicate skill in guiding relations between people) She is famous for her finesse among her friends. 15. Décor (style of decoration) I was highly impressed...
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...Predicate Calculus Examples : Ex1 : It rained on Tuesday . weather(tuesday , rain) Ex2 : It rained every days. weather(X , rain) ( day(X) Ex3 : mother(layla, adel) mother(layla, suha) father(adam, adel) father(adam, suha) (X(Y father(X,Y) ( mother(X,Y) ( parent(X,Y) (X(Y(Z parent(X,Y) ( parent(X,Z) ( brother(Y,Z) In this example we use the predicate mother and father to define a set of other relationships such as parent and brother. Predicate calculus semantics : provide a formal basis for determining the truth value of Well Formed Formula (WFF) . The truth of expressions depends on the mapping of constants, variables and functions into objects and relation in the domain of discourse. First order predicate Calculus : It is a language allows quantified variables to refer to objects in the domain of discourse and not to predicates or functions. Ex3 : if it doesn't rain tomorrow . Tom will go to the mountains. ~weather(rain, tomorrow) ( go (tom, mountains) Ex4 : All person play football are tall (X(Y (person(X) ^ play(X,Y) ^ football(Y) ( tall(X) Ex5 : some person like anchovies. (X (person(X) ^ like (X, anchovies)). Ex6 : No body likes taxes. ~ (X likes(X, taxes) or (X ~likes(X, taxes). Ex7 : Suppose we want to model the blocks world of figure below to design a control algorithm for a robot arm : on (c, a). on (b, d). on-table ( a ) on-table ( d ) clear ( b ) ...
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...before stealing it. Of course the point of this would be so that the alarm would not go off and not bringing attention to the car thief. According to our textbook, MO is refined to lower the risk of apprehension (Fulero & Wrightsman, 2009). In contrast, the signature reflects unique, personal aspects of the criminal act, often the reflection of a need to express violent fantasies (Fulero & Wrigtsman, 2009). For example, a rapist may consistently engage in the same specific order of sexual activities with each of his victims. Douglas and Munn (1992) concluded that “the signature aspect remains a constant and enduring part of each offender … it never changes” (p.5). I believe more criminals are more likely to take the route of modus operandi because they are not trying to get caught so they attempt to take precautions versus criminals who try to leave a signature that purposely leave...
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...the simplest form: (a) In 2003 George W. Bush was the president of the United States (c) Fifteen is an even number (f) As of June 30, 2003, Christine Marie Evert had won the French Open a record second times. 2.2.2) Verify the first Absorption Law by means of a truth table. p v (p^q) <=> p p | q | p^q | pv(p^q) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | p ^ (pvq) <=> p p | q | pvq | p^(pvq) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.3.4) For each of the following pairs of statements, use Modus Ponens or Modus Tollens to fill in the blank line so that a valid argument is presented. a) If Janice has trouble starting her car, then her daughter Angela will check Janice’s spark plugs. Janice had trouble starting her car. (Modes Ponens) b) If Brady...
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...Traci Wallace Literature 201 Beowulf- Character Analysis For this analysis I chose to contrast Beowulf with The Odyssey’s, Odysseus. Both of the protagonists in these stories have very similar traits and cultural ideals, while maintaining subtle differences. They are both strong and intelligent. They are both boastful, but never without just reason. They are both an ideal representation of the attributes that were praised by their individual societies. However, there are many notable differences in their modus operandi. One of the most notable being their libidos, or absence of. Odysseus was a great leader whose shrewd intellect enabled the Greeks to defeat the Trojans in the war. Beowulf was known to be a great warrior and acute thinker to his fellow Geats and proved to be just as shrewd in assisting the Danes. At the very beginning of the story of Beowulf we are immediately introduced to a shared ideal amongst the Germanic and Greek culture; the importance of family lineage. Much like it is vital for the author to explain the back story of Hrothgar’s lineage and often times refer to Beowulf as “son of Ecgtheow”, it is also vital for Odysseus to give his father’s name when confessing himself to Polyphemus and the loyalty Telemachus shows to his father. One area of difference between the two would be whether are not they exhibit values of “fair-fighting”. While they were both very witty and intelligent, their tactics for using it differed slightly. Beowulf was a much more...
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...Directors and managers of Indian firms are the most vulnerable to cybercrimes, according to the Cybercrime Survey Report 2015 published by consulting firm KPMG. The survey had over 250 respondents, 64% of whom said directors and managers were the most vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Over 80% said that there was external involvement in cyber-attacks on their firms. Commissioner of police Javed Ahmed released the survey report at Prerna Hall on Monday. The survey attempts to find out how prepared organisations in India are to deal with cybercrime and cyber incidents by unearthing their extent and modus operandi and highlighting preventive measures. The 250 respondents included top executives from industries such as oil and gas, IT, manufacturing, telecom, infrastructure, pharmaceuticals and chemicals, among others. While 94% of respondents indicated that cybercrime was a major threat, only 41% said tackling it was part of their firm’s board agenda. This indicates that most companies are yet to fortify themselves against the threat of cybercrime, which still does not feature in most firms’ top 10 organisational priorities. Most companies do not have response plans for cybercrimes; 58% of respondents said that spending on cyber defences comprised less than 5% of their firm’s total IT budget. Javed said, “The advancement and adoption of technology has enabled criminals to leverage it to carry out crimes. It is critical for citizens, both corporates and individuals, to be aware...
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...Two ways to secure a WLAN, and the ramification if the WLAN is breached. Sebastian Bach Two ways to secure a WLAN, and the ramification if the WLAN is breached. There is an added vulnerability when securing a WLAN than there is with a LAN. The multitude of packets floating around going from one or more access points to a variety of electronic devices can be a tempting arena for those wanting to gain illicit access. There are several ways to increase the security level of a WLAN. The most basic of these would be a router with an integrated firewall. This is almost exclusively found in residential settings. Keeping to the same architecture, firewalls can be quite complex in their modus operandi. Where basic firewalls work on the first three or four layers of the OSI model, the more complex firewalls operate on all seven levels of the OSI model. Often times accompanying these higher end firewalls, there is what is known as a bastion. A bastion is located on the public side of the firewall and acts as bait for would be attackers. The thought behind a bastion is to get the would-be attackers to go there, thinking they have accessed the protected network. Bastions are completely unguarded to make this process easier. Another method of making a WLAN secure is to encrypt data that is on the network. If this is done, the users will authenticated, which will yet again further strengthen the WLAN. For this it is recommended to utilize either WPA or WPA 2 wireless encryption...
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...Action Item 3 RULES Modus Ponens 1) If p, then q. 2) p. ------------------- 3) Thus, q. If there is fire, then there is smoke. There is a fire, therefore, there is smoke 1) If there is fire, then there is smoke. 2) There is fire. _____________________________ 3) Therefore, there is smoke. F = There is fire S = There is smoke 1) →F→S 2) S ______________ 3) Therefore, F Modus Tollens 1) If p, then q 2) Not q ___________ 3) Thus, not p If I am sad, then I cry. I do not cry, therefore, I am not sad. 1) If I am sad, then I cry 2) I don’t cry ------------------------------------- 3) Thus, I am not sad. B = I am sad C = I cry 1) →B→C 2) ~C ----------------- 3) Thus, ~B Hypothetical Syllogism 1) If p, then q 2) If q, then r ______________________ 3) Thus, if p, then r If I do not get gas, then I cannot go to work. If I cannot go to work, then I will not get paid. Therefore, if I do not get gas, then I will not get paid. 1) If I do not get gas, then I cannot go to work. 2) If I do not work, then I will not get paid. --------------------------------------------------------- 3) Therefore, if I do not get gas, then I will not get paid. A = I get gas B = I can go to work C = I get paid 1) →~A→~B 2) →~B→~C ------------------------------- 3) →~A→~C Disjunctive...
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...Deductive Argument Raju Thapaliya HUMN210-H6WW (WI13) Mariam Abbott Franklin University 11thApril, 2013 Example no.1: 1) If p, then q. 2) p. ------------------- 3) Thus, q. This form is called modus ponens ("the mode of putting": put p, get q ). Taking p to stand for "I study", and q to stand for "I get good grades". 1) If I study, then I get good grades. 2) I study. -------------------------------------------------------- 3) Thus, I get good grades. Example no.2 1) If p, then q. 2) Not q. -------------------- 3) Thus, not p. This form is called Modus tollens (" the mode of taking": take q, take p)."Not-q" simply stands for the denial of q, that is for the sentence "it is not the case that q."The same is true for "not-p." 1) If I study, then I get good grades. 2) It is not the case that I get good grades. -------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Thus, it is not the case that I study. Example no.3 1) If p, then q. 2) If q then r. ------------------- 3) Therefore, if p then r. This form is called Hypothetical syllogism For instance 1) If I study, then I get good grades. 2) If I get the good grades, then I pass the course. -------------------------------------------------------- 3) Therefore, If I study then l pass the course. Example no.4 1) p or q. 2) Not- p. ------------------- 3) Therefore, q. This form is called Disjunctive syllogism. For instance 1) Either I study or I get good grades...
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...Both allegations are based on email exchanges, which many observers say are dubious evidence that won’t hold up in court. Both BP and Barclays say that they will fight the accusations. Regardless of the outcome, regulators have become aggressive market monitors. That atmosphere is one reason why traditional regulated utilities got out of the “trading” game. To be clear, those power companies have always “marketed” their physical assets. That is, if they own electric generation and they have fulfilled the needs of their local populations, then they try to sell their excess electrons where they can fetch the most money. Or, conversely, companies in the market to buy electricity, can shop for generators to supply their needs for the least money. Speculative trading, however, is a different matter. That is, those local utility companies have opted to stop making financial bets, or trying to hugely profit from price volatility. The ones on the trading field now, says Reames, are the large European utilities that are making investments in the North American market: E.ON and Electricite de France, as well as some of the major oil producers and the mega-banks. E.ON, for example, will get going by year-end on the power side and in early 2014 on the gas side, from Chicago. “Nearly all U.S. utilities have decided to get out of that arena,” adds Bob Bellemare, chief operating officer of the Mykrobel, a consulting firm. “They are sticking to their knitting and managing physical...
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...Valid deductive argument: an argument in which assuming the premises are true, it is impossible for the the conclusion to be false, conclusion necessarily follows the premises. Invalid Deductive argument: argument in which the premises are true, it is possible for the argument to be false, conclusion doesn’t necessarily follow the premises. Sound Argument: When an argument is shown to be valid and all premises are true then it is sound. Unsound argument: when an argument is invalid or at least one of a valid arguments premises are false. Cogent Argument: An inductive argument is cogent when the argument is strong and the premises are true. Uncogent: an argument is un-cogent if either the argument is weak or it has at least one false premise. Strong Argument: given premises are true it is unlikely for conclusion to be false. Weak argument: argument is weak when assuming premises are true that it is likely the conclusion is false. Tautology: A statement that is necessarily true. “Ethan is tall or he is not tall”. Contingent Statement: statements that are either true or false, their truth tables have both true and false values. Non-contingent statement: statements thats truth values don’t depend on truth values of components. “Tautologies, self-contradictions”. Self-contradiction: a statement that is necessarily false. “2 is an even number and the number 2 is not an even number. Contradictory statements: statements that have opposing values on every line of their respective truth...
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...questions, and 2 short-answer questions. Make sure to read the whole question before answering. The short-answer questions have multiple parts. Make sure to fully answer every part of the question. The Midterm covers all the material discussed in class so far. What you need to know: Logic • • • You should know what the following are: proposition, argument, premise, conclusion, circular argument, conditional statement, antecedent, consequent. You should be able to give precise definitions of validity and soundness, and be able to evaluate whether an argument is valid or sound. You should be able to recognize the following forms of an argument, and know whether they are valid: Affirming the Antecedent (Modus Ponens), Denying the Consequent (Modus Tollens), Denying the Antecedent, and Affirming the Consequent. Ethics • • • • • • • You should know what the following words mean: ethics, right, wrong, permissible, obligatory, impermissible. You should know the difference between ethics and axiology, and the difference between ethics and law. You should understand: Ethical Relativism, Personal Relativism, and Cultural Relativism. o You should understand the objections to these views that we discussed in class. o You should understand and be able to assess the Cultural Differences Argument and the Provability Argument. You should understand: Divine Command Theory, the Euthyphro Dilemma, and the limitations of religious guidance in ethics...
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