...Epidemiology of Mononucleosis Lori Lindner Grand Canyon University: 427V March 14, 2015 Epidemiology of Mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis is a common clinical syndrome associated with Epstein-Barr virus (Singer-Leshinsky, 2012). Individuals infected with the Epstein-Barr virus can be asymptomatic or develop one of several infections which include infectious mononucleosis. A person with mononucleosis can be asymptomatic or symptomatic. Infectious mononucleosis is an acute and self limiting virus which is usually has no lasting side effects (Morris and Edmunds, 2002). However in some uncommon cases, infectious mononucleosis has caused neurologic and malignant complications (Marshall and Foxworth, 2012). Description of Mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis, also known as the “kissing disease” is a highly infectious viral disease that most commonly occurs in adolescents and young adults in North America (Ilardi, 2009). Mononucleosis is transmitted by oral secretions and blood from one person to another. This is the reason for the nickname “kissing disease”. Symptoms of mononucleosis usually appear four to seven weeks after an individual has been infected. The symptoms include: constant fatigue, fever, sore throat, loss of appetite, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, sore muscles, swollen liver or spleen, skin rash and abdominal pain. Patients can present with all or a combination of these symptoms and the severity varies from no symptoms at all to debilitating...
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...Epidemiology Paper: Mononucleosis Naomi R. Walsh Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V January 25, 2014 Epidemiology Paper: Mononucleosis Mononucleosis (mono) is most commonly known as the kissing disease. Mono usually occurs in adolescents and young adults. The virus that causes mono is carried in saliva and passed though such activities as kissing, coughing, sneezing, and sharing of cups and eating utensils. Mono is not a fatal disease, but it can cause weeks of uncomfortable symptoms. Although there is no cure for mono, there are many type of therapies that can help to alleviate some of the symptoms. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2012) Description and Demographic Mononucleosis is a disease caused by one of the most common human viruses in the world, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, “mono effects about 45 of 100,000 people, mostly teens and young adults” (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2013). A person with mono is contagious for several days before symptoms begin to appear and for some time after. The virus is spread through saliva by kissing, sharing drinks and food, sharing cups and utensils, sharing toothbrushes, and sharing toys that have drool on them. Many people are infected with the virus and have no symptoms; those that do suffer symptoms are usually teens and young adults. Once the virus is picked up it has an incubation period of four to six weeks (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2012) . The most common symptoms...
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...Mononucleosis: The ugly truth about the Epstein-Barr Virus. By Kandice Owens NRS-427V Professor: Misty Stone The Epstein-Barr virus, a virus in the herpes family that is usually responsible for the sometimes chronic symptoms of mononucleosis, is a lifelong viral infection that can lead to major problems down the road. There are no vaccines or known cures to this virus but proper prevention and a healthy immune system are the best defense. While the Epstein-Barr virus causes about 90% of the cases of Mononucleosis, a minority of cases are caused by human cytomegalovirus, another virus in the herpes family. Community health nurses have a responsibility to educate about ways to prevent this infection and manage its ramifications. Mononucleosis is spread via the transfer of bodily fluids infected with the Epstein-Barr virus, especially saliva, from an infected host to another susceptible person. This often occurs during kissing, resulting in the virus's nickname of "Kissing Disease" among patient's. But it can also be transmitted by the sharing of drinks and utensils, via blood or semen during sexual acts or from blood transfusions or organ transplants. By the age of 40, 95% of adults have been exposed to, and carry, this virus forever in their system. Once the virus is acquired, it usually takes four to six weeks for symptoms to appear but children are often asymptomatic. Although the active infection of mononucleosis usually clears up in about 1-2 months, Epstein-Barr...
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...Communicable Disease Chain: Mononucleosis/ Epstein Barr Virus LaTasha R. Uszakiewicz Grand Canyon University Author Note [Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.] Communicable Disease Chain: Mononucleosis/ Epstein Barr Virus Mononucleosis is a contagious disease caused by a virus. The most common virus causing mononucleosis is the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), but it can be caused by others. The Epstein-Barr virus or (EBV) is also known as human herpesvirus 4, is categorized as a gamma herpes virus that occurs only in humans. Infectious mononucleosis is also called “Mono” or “the kissing disease” because it is most often seen among teenagers or young adults between the ages of 15 to 17.” EBV infectious mononucleosis has also been linked to the cause of viral pharyngitis. According to the CDC, “at least 25% of teenagers and young adults who get infected with EBV will develop infectious mononucleosis” with approximately 12% of susceptible college-aged young adults converting each year and half of whom will develop acute infectious mononucleosis. Mononucleosis/EBV Pathophysiology There are more than 3 million US cases per year of mononucleosis. The virus is most often spread by saliva or close intimate contact, semen during sexual contact, in some rare cases via blood transfusion and is linked to the Epstein-Barr virus. It is rare that mononucleosis will be caused by any other virus such as the cytomegalovirus (CMV), Hepatitis A, B, or C,...
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...Epidemiology: Mononucleosis Tina Taber Grand Canyon University: 8 October 2014 Epidemiology is a science that uses quantitative, scientific, and research methods to study the causes of disease, how it is transmitted and preventive measures that can be taken to stop the transmission. Healthcare officials then use the information to help guide the public to optimal health. This paper will take a look at the disease Infectious Mononucleosis and how the community nurse can help fight against it and other infectious diseases. Mononucleosis, also known as the “kissing disease”, is an infectious disease that is mainly found in young adult college students or teen-agers from ages 15-17. Older adults can also get it but it is usually not found in them unless they are immunocompromised. According to the CDC, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis, but other viruses can also cause this disease. (CDC, 2014) It is transmitted through the infected person’s salvia, mucous from the nose and throat and sometimes tears, close contact, and sharing drinks and utensils can spread the disease. Mononucleosis can have an incubation period anywhere from 33-49 days, and then symptoms appear around 4-6 weeks. It usually begins slowly with fatigue, a general ill feeling and sore throat. Other symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, muscle aches, and loss of appetite, and possibly a swollen spleen. The treatment for Mononucleosis is usually plenty of...
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...The Kiss Of Death Everyone has shared a kiss with either their parents, significant other, or their children. Imagine if that kiss could potentially lead to the rupture of the liver or spleen from something appearing so harmless. Mononucleosis (mono) is a contagious disease spread through saliva, kissing, cough or sneeze, or sharing food or drinks (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research [MFMER], 2016). In order to fully understand how Mono affects a person, one needs to look at the causes, symptoms, how it is transmitted, what complications come from it, and how it is treated. It will be discussed the mortality rate, morbidities involved, the incidence of obtaining Mono, and how prevalent it is. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014), the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the most common cause of Mono with symptoms appear four to six weeks after someone gets infected by EBV. The symptoms for Mono include fatigue, a sore throat that may not get better with the use of antibiotics, fever, swollen lymph nodes in the neck or arm pits, swollen tonsils, headache, skin rash, and possibly a soft and swollen spleen (MFMER, 2016). Enlarged spleen or liver are less common but may continue to be enlarged even after the patient has less fatigue (CDC, 2014). Symptoms usually go away roughly around four to six weeks, some people may still have fatigue for several more weeks, and some symptoms can last up to six months or longer (CDC, 2014). According...
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...July 26, 2014 Epidemiology on Mononucleosis Mononucleosis is a viral disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), that affects people between the ages of ten and thirty-five, but anyone at any age can contract the disease. This disease is found mainly in adolescents. It is also known as “the kissing disease”, and it is indistinguishable from other members of the herpes virus group (123helpme, 2014). The most frequent mode of transmission is intimate salivary contact. It can also be transmitted from shared drinking and eating utensils, toothbrushes, etc. Mono is not likely to spread by sneezing or from hard surface contact. It is also known as Glandular Fever, because it affects the lymph nodes in the neck, arm pits and groin. It may last anywhere from one to eight weeks, and some people suffer from mononucleosis for months at a time. It is all dependent of one’s immune system. Recuperation is a slow process, which can demand twice as much sleep and resting periods. This disease can drain strength and energy and as well muscle loss. Balance is also affected. Usually exposure to this virus happens at late adolescence for half the population. The peak incidence for girls is 14-16 and boys 16-18. After initial contact with the virus, there is an incubation period of 4-6 weeks and then the symptoms start appearing. Symptoms include fever, sore throat and lymph adenopathy. Fevers may reach as high as 102 degrees Fahrenheit and may remain high for 3-4 weeks. Other symptoms...
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...MONONUCLEOSIS Also known as “MONO” Mononucleosis is a common illness that can leave you feeling tired and weak for weeks or months. It goes away on its own, but lots of rest and good self-care can help you feel better. Illness usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Often seen in teens and young adults, children can get the virus, but it often goes unnoticed because their symptoms are mild. Mono can be spread through contact with saliva, mucus from the nose, throat and sometimes tears. This is known as the kissing disease. However, Mononucleosis isn’t as contagious as some infections, such as the common cold. If you have mono, it’s important to be careful of certain complications such as an enlarged spleen. Rest and adequate fluids are key to recovery. Epstein-Barr is a very common virus. About 85% to 90% of American adults have developed antibodies by the time they are 40 years old. Which means that they have been infected with the virus at some point in their lives. This Disease is usually diagnosed based on the patient’s symptoms such as: Fever, swollen tonsils, and swollen lymph nodes in your neck and arm pits, skin rash and strep throat that doesn’t get better with antibiotic use. The doctor may order blood tests, particularly the mono spot test. Other blood tests, such as a complete blood count, might be done to see if the number of lymphocytes is higher than normal. Occasionally, titers of antibodies against the viruses that cause mono may need to be...
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...My major focus and point of discussion for my report is Cytomegalovirus (CMV). I chose this Contagious Disease because it hits very close to home. This disease is also linked to other members of the herpes virus family that cause chickenpox, infectious mononucleosis, fever blisters (herpes simplex type I) and genital herpes (herpes simplex type II). Like other herpes viruses, CMV infection can become dormant for a while and may reactivate later. The virus is carried by people and is not associated with food, water or animals. The high numbers of multiple people infected with Cytomegalovirus is about 50-80 percent at some time during their lives. In my report I will focus on key pints such as: • What is Cytomegalovirus (CMV)? • How is CMV spread? • What are the symptoms of CMV infection? • How long can a person carry CMV? • How it’s diagnosed and what treatments are available? • Precaution and Prevention of CMV. In a recent article that was brought to my attention by a colleague referencing Cytomegalovirus; it goes on to explain that CMV is associated with cardiovascular diseases, in line with risk factors such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Several viral infections are linked to hypertension, including human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) and HIV-1. By focusing on this subject, I hope to convey to my audience the importance of this topic and also the severity in immune-compromised and pregnant patients. Key Points: • What is Cytomegalovirus (CMV)? Cytomegalovirus...
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...Herpes Virus The herpes family of viruses includes 8 different viruses that affect human beings. The viruses are known by numbers as human herpes virus 1 through 8 (HHV1 - HHV8). Human herpes virus 1 Human herpes virus 1 (HHV1) is also known as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1). It is typically the cause of cold sores around the mouth. HHV1 can also lead to infection in the genital area causing genital herpes usually through oral-genital contact, such as during oral sex. HHV1 infections are contagious and are usually spread from skin-to-skin contact with an infected person through small breaks in the skin or mucous membrane. The HHV1 virus is more likely to be spread through things like sharing eating utensils, razors, and towels from a person who has an active lesion. Human herpes virus 2 Human herpes virus 2 (HHV2) is also called herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2). It typically causes genital herpes, a sexually transmitted infection. However, it can also cause cold sores in the facial area. Like HHV1, the HHV2 infection is contagious and is spread by skin-to-skin contact. The main route of transmission is through sexual contact, as the virus does not survive very long outside the body. Human herpes virus 3 Human herpes virus 3 (HHV3) is also called varicella-zoster virus. HHV3 causes chickenpox. It can also cause a recurrent virus infection of the skin, which is called herpes zoster or shingles. Shingles occurs when dormant varicella-zoster virus from an initial bout of chickenpox...
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...geriatric medicine. As a physician you will be faced daily with the concepts of microbial disease and antimicrobial therapy. Microbiology is one of the few courses where much of the "minutia" is regularly used by the practicing physician. This book attempts to facilitate the learning of microbiology by presenting the information in a clear and entertaining manner brimming with memory aids. Our approach has been to: 4) Create a conceptual, organized approach to the organisms studied so the student relies less on memory and more on logical pathophysiology. The text has been updated to include current information on rapidly developing topics, such as HIV and AIDS (vaccine efforts and all the new anti-HIV medications), Ebola virus, Hantavirus, E. coli outbreaks, Mad Cow Disease, and brand-new antimicrobial antibiotics. The mnemonics and cartoons in this book do not intend disrespect for any particular patient population or racial or ethnic group but are solely presented as memory devices to assist in the learning of a complex and important medical subject. We welcome suggestions for future editions. 1) Write in a conversational style for rapid assimilation. 2) Include numerous figures serving as "visual memory tools" and summary charts at the end of each chapter. These can be used for "cram sessions" after the concepts have been studied in the text. 3) Concentrate more on clinical and infectious disease issues that are both interesting and vital to the actual practice of medicine. MARK...
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...What is Sexually Transmitted Disease? What are the Common Sexually transmitted diseases? What are the Cause of Each Sexually Transmitted Diseases? What are the signs/symptoms and Diagnosis? What is the complications? What is the Effect of sexually transmitted disease? \ S exually transmitted infection is a broader term than sexually transmitted disease. An infection is a colonization by a parasitic species, which may not cause any adverse effects. In a disease, the infection leads to impaired or abnormal function. In either case, the condition may not exhibit signs or symptoms. Increased understanding of infections like HPV, which infects most sexually active individuals but cause disease in only a few has led to increased use of the term STI. Public health officials originally introduced the term sexually transmitted infection, which clinicians are increasingly using alongside the term sexually transmitted disease in order to distinguish it from the former. STD may refer only to infections that are causing diseases, or it may be used more loosely as a synonym for STI. Most of the time, people do not know that they are infected with an STI until they are tested or start showing symptoms of disease. Moreover, the term sexually transmissible disease is sometimes used since it is less restrictive in consideration of other factors or means of transmission. For instance, meningitis is transmissible by means of sexual contact but is not labeled as an STI...
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...NINTH EDITION Burton’s MICROBIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biotechnology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Acquisitions Editor: David B. Troy Product Manager: John Larkin Managing Editor: Laura S. Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees...
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...Essentials Ruth E. McCall, BS, MT (ASCP) Retired Program Director and Instructor Central New Mexico Community College Albuquerque, New Mexico President, NuHealth Educators, LLC Faculty, Emeritus Phoenix College Phoenix, Arizona Fifth Edition Cathee M. Tankersley, BS, MT (ASCP) Acquisitions Editor: Peter Sabatini Product Manager: Meredith L. Brittain Marketing Manager: Shauna Kelley Designer: Holly McLaughlin Production Services: Aptara, Inc. Fifth Edition Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Two Commerce Square 2001 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via website at lww.com (products and services). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress...
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...WATCHING MARIA 2160-CUTS WATCHING MARIA Gavin D. Cutshall 2160-CUTS Copyright © 2000 by Gavin D. Cutshall. Library of Congress Number: ISBN #: Hardcover Softcover 00-191612 0-7388-2985-4 0-7388-2986-2 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. This is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places and incidents either are the product of the author’s imagination or are used fictitiously, and any resemblance to any actual persons, living or dead, events, or locales is entirely coincidental. This book was printed in the United States of America. To order additional copies of this book, contact: Xlibris Corporation 1-888-7-XLIBRIS www.Xlibris.com Orders@Xlibris.com 2160-CUTS This book is dedicated to my wife, Nancy Cutshall. Thank you, in every way possible 2160-CUTS PROLOGUE July 17, 1996 Maria methodically unpacks her bag and sets the contents down on the salty sand of La Jolla Shores. Everything she needs is placed within reach; a blanket is laid down without a wrinkle, a large towel is placed by the blanket, and a pink bottle of sunscreen is ready to be applied. She even has a small cooler with her, packed with snacks in case we get hungry. Also from the bag she pulls out a contact lens case and a bottle of generic...
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