...Water as a green additive to enhance the ring opening of naphthalene Qian Wang, Honglei Fan, Suxiang Wu, Zhaofu Zhang, Peng Zhang, Buxing Han* Received (in XXX, XXX) Xth XXXXXXXXX 20XX, Accepted Xth XXXXXXXXX 20XX DOI: 10.1039/b000000x Abstract: Use of water as a reaction medium or additive to enhance reaction efficiency is an important topic in green chemistry, and ring opening and contraction reactions of aromatics are crucial for upgrading diesels. In this work, we investigated the effect of water on the yields of ring opening and contraction reactions. A series of catalysts, such as Rh2O3/HY zeolite, Mo-Ni oxide and their physical mixture, were used as the catalysts. The influences of water amount, hydrogen pressure, reaction temperature and reaction time on the yields of the naphthalene ring opening and contraction products (ROCP) were studied. It was found that Rh2O3/HY and Mo-Ni oxide showed excellent synergistic effect for catalyzing the reaction, and water could be used as green and efficient additive for enhancing the yield of the ROCP. At the optimized condition, the yield of the ROCP could reach 63.3%, which was much higher than those reported in the literature. The mechanism for effect of water on the reactions was investigated on the basis of control experiments. Keywords: Naphthalene, hydrogenation, ring opening, water, green additive Introduction Currently, consumption of diesel is fast growing because of its higher energy content and less...
Words: 4689 - Pages: 19
...Introduction: Polymer is a kind of long, large molecules which have a repeating pattern according to the monomers they are made of. Each pattern These sub-units are typically connected by covalent chemical bonds and each polymer consists roughly of between a thousand and a million monomers. The polymers were commonly found in the nature (e.g. animals, plants). Meanwhile, the polymers were produced synthetical a lot to create different kinds of plastics. Vinyl, neoprene, polystyrene, nylon are very common synthetic polymers and Polyaniline (PANI) is also a conducting polymer. Polyaniline is among a family of conductive polymers, and has properties similar to some metals. It was discovered as “aniline black” in an organic form as part of melanin, a type of organic polymer in 1934. Melanin does many things in nature, including protecting the skin by regulating UV exposure through a polyaniline interaction. In a natural form, polyaniline is usually found folded with other polymers. In the late 1990s it became evident that polyaniline was a flexible and highly useful polymer, and could be used in applications ranging from intelligent windows to computer chips. Polyaniline is a unique type of polymer because it is a type of semiconductor. Polyaniline can be configured to conduct across a wide range, from being utterly non-conductive for insulation use to highly conductive for other electrical purposes. Polyaniline, like other polymers, is highly flexible, which makes it appealing...
Words: 657 - Pages: 3
...1 1 Fundamentals of Semiconductor Electrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry Krishnan Rajeshwar The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 1.5.5 1.6 1.7 1.7.1 1.7.2 1.7.3 1.7.4 1.7.5 Introduction and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electron Energy Levels in Semiconductors and Energy Band Model . The Semiconductor–Electrolyte Interface at Equilibrium . . . . . . . . The Equilibration Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Depletion Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mapping of the Semiconductor Band-edge Positions Relative to Solution Redox Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface States and Other Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charge Transfer Processes in the Dark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current-potential Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dark Processes Mediated by Surface States or by Space Charge Layer Recombination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate-limiting Steps in Charge Transfer Processes in the Dark . . . . . Light Absorption by the Semiconductor Electrode and Carrier Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light Absorption...
Words: 180197 - Pages: 721
...tKapitel 1, Grundstoffer og kemiske forbindelser 1.1 a) Ag nr 47, latin: argentum, Argentina b) Sc nr 21, scandium, Scandia, latin for Skandinavien Eu nr 63, europium, Europa Am nr 95,americium, de amerikanske kontinenter Yb nr 70, ytterbium, Ytterby i Sverige Hf nr 72, hafnium, Hafnia latin for København Cu nr 29, kobber, Cypern c) Cl nr 17, chlor, græsk: gulligt – grøn Br nr 35, brom, græsk: bromos = stank Cr nr 24, chrom = krom, græsk: chroma = farve P nr 15, phosphor = fosfor, græsk: phôs = lys phoros = bærende Os nr 76, osmium, græsk osme = en lugt Rb nr 37, rubidium, latin rubidus = mørkerød (rubiners røde farve) d) Cm nr 96, curium, Marie og Pierre Curie som fandt radium No nr 102, nobelium, Nobel institut i Sverige, Alfred Nobel som opfandt dynamit Es nr 99, einsteinium, Albert Einstein som udtænkte relativitetsteorien Md nr 101, mendelevium, Dmitrij Mendelejev som opstillede det periodiske system Bh nr 107, bohrium, Niels Bohr, atomets opbygning og kvantemekanik e) He nr 2, heliun, græsk Helios = Solen Np nr 93, neptunium, planeten Neptun Pu nr 94, plutonium, dværgplaneten Pluto Se nr 34, selen, græsk: Selene = Månen Te nr 52, tellur, latin: Tellus = Jorden U nr 92, uran, planeten Uranus 1.2 a) og b) Guld Au nr 79, aurum, latin: gul, glødende daggry (Sol) Sølv Ag nr 47, argentum, latin fra gammel græsk: hvidt, skinnende (Månen) Kviksølv Hg nr 80, hydragyron, græsk: vandsølv, flydende sølv, (Merkur) ...
Words: 5371 - Pages: 22
