...DETERMINING EFFECTIVESS OF DELTAMETHRIN AND CARBOSULFAN, AND THEIR SYNERGIST EFFECT IN CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES BY OCHIENG’ JAMES WYCLIFFE S12/21157/12 A research proposal submitted to the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Science & Technology of Egerton University. EGERTON UNIVERSITY 2015 DECLARATION I, Ochieng’ James Wycliffe, hereby declare that this proposal is my original work and has not been presented for award of a degree in any other university. Candidate: Sign ……………………………… Date……………………………….. …. RECOMMENDATION Supervisors: This proposal has been submitted for examination with my approval as supervisor Dr. Vincent Adunga, Department of Biochemistry and molecular Biology, Egerton University. Sign: …………………………………………Date: …………………………………… ABSTRACT The development and spread of insecticide resistance in the population of Anophene species, a major vector of malaria in Kenya, presents a serious threat to the progress made in malaria control interventions. This has significantly contributed to negative gains in eradication of mosquito population that spread malaria hence increased cases of deaths due to the disease. With this resistance to insecticides on the rise, surveillance of the target population for optimal choice of insecticides is a necessity. The objective of this study is thus to assess the level of insecticides...
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...Combined solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus). Specifically, it sought to find out how these two solutions (lemongrass and garlic) can effectively kill mosquitoes. It aimed at looking for an organic and safe measure in treating the abundance of mosquito. Ideally, the researcher’s study promotes a tandem between science and creation’s conservation. The materials composing the solution were 40 mL of the combined solution of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Garlic (Allium sativum). The set up was composed of experimental and control group. The experimental group was being sprayed using a specific commercial pesticide. On the other hand, the control group was being sprayed using the organic mosquito killer. Data were collected to gather relevant information. In the light of the findings of the study, it was found out that the solution composing of 40 mL solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) extract can kill mosquitoes in a short span of time compared with the commercial one. It took only _________before the mosquitoes died. II CHAPTER I Mosquitoes are vector agents that carry disease causing viruses and parasites that lead to life-threatening diseases from one person to person without catching the disease themselves. It prefers...
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...catalyst can absorb formaldehyde and other toxic gases,is a new generation of environmentally-friendly and efficient mosquito killer. Ⅱ. Advantages 1.Low Noise: Ultra-quiet fan to minimize the noise .Mosquitoes are attracted to the repository and are air-dried and dehydrated to death. There is no “Pa-pa” sounds like using electroshock mosquitoes catchers, and there is no high voltage, so its very safe and quiet. 2. Purifying air: High concentrations of photocatalyst can absorb more harmful gases. 3. Disinfection:UV light can kill harmful bacteria in the air. 4.Super anti-mosquito effect: Live mosquito which was captured in the mosquitoes storeroom will send out chemical information to attract the same, can continuously capture the surrounding blood-sucking female mosquitoes,To interrupt the mosquito breeding cycle group, completely eliminate mosquitoes. 5.Long life:This device use long-life CCFL tube. Soft light does not affect sleep, and may also offering nightlight. Ⅲ.How to use? 1.Plug the electrical plug into the power socket,connect the power to use this product.When not in use, cutting off electricity source or unplug the plug can be. 2..Before cleaning the device, please remove the plug from the outlet to disconnect the electricity appliance, put off the mosquitoes storeroom and clean it, and then put it back and twist it. 3.When the device is used in the house, please arrange the mosquito-killing time several hours before sleeping so that...
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...Head: Control and prevention of Mosquitoes –born diseases Mosquitoes carry a variety of diseases can can be easily transmitted to people animals birds and all living organisms. Some of the known diseases carried by mosquitoes are the (EEE, “triple E”) which is very rare but can be deadly. The West Nile Virus which is also a mosquito diseases is also a serious health problem. Cases of EEE are told of every year in New York city and other United States states. It is easier to contact the EEE from late July through September. Yellow fever and Malaria are mosquitoes related diseases mostly common in Africa and still very deadly in some areas because of lack of a vaccine. The most effective way to avoid West Nile virus disease is to prevent mosquito bites. Be aware of the West Nile virus activity in your area and take action to protect yourself and your family. However, there are a variety of diseases that may be spreaded by mosquitoes. But it is always advisable to take preventive measures to protect yourself from mosquitoes bites. For example, West Nile virus is a disease transmitted to people, horses, and birds. It is the most commonly reported mosquito-transmitted disease in the US. Most people infected with West Nile virus show no symptoms, but some people will have a severe illness. West Nile virus was found in Minnesota in 2002. For this reason, , Environmental protection agency (EPA) is the Control and Prevention of Mosquitoes - Born Diseases. There are ...
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...The West Nile is a virus that is often spread to people through the bite of a mosquito. The virus causes illness that ranges from mild to severe flu-like illness. The West Nile virus occur throughout the summer and fall seasons in North America. There have been reports of the virus in all states in the United States and there are no vaccines or medications available to treat the virus. Though The primary hosts of West Nile Virus are birds, so that the virus remains within a "bird-mosquito-bird" transmission cycle, it is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes mostly species of the genus Culex. Humans are infected with the West Nile Virus when bitten by an infected mosquito. According to the CDC, 47 states have reported the West Nile Virus as...
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...Chapter I INTRODUCTION Mosquitoes are the most common virus carrier and unfortunately they can be found everywhere. To protect from posting danger and sickness, some result to using traps others use sprays- which can be harmful to health too. With this, the researchers come up with the idea of Decorative Mosquito trap. This trap aims to eliminate mosquitoes without the health risks from chemical sprays and the electrocutions from other trap. The Decorative Mosquito Trap is made of UV Light that can attract mosquitoes and Fan to trap those mosquitoes and Electric Rod Shock net to kill mosquitoes. This Decorative mosquito trap is easy and it is rechargeable type that you can use even there is no electricity. This Decorative Mosquito...
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...1.1. Background Information Aedes mosquitoes are the vectors that cause the mosquito-borne disease such as Dengue fever (DF) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF). The cases of dengue are keeping increasing from time to time and this has made it become a serious international concern. Initially, in the 1950’s only 5 countries documented dengue but up until now the dengue cases were reported in more than 100 countries (Guha –Sapi & Schimmer, 2005). Dengue can be transferred when the mosquitoes infected with one of the four dengue virus serotypes known as DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4 (WHO, 2014). There is no vaccine or any exact medication to treat dengue. In Malaysia, dengue fever cases are not something bizarre. Selangor is one of the states that had reported with high...
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...the Philippines Department of Education Region V (Bicol) Schools Division of Albay Bacacay East District Tanagan Elementary School Bacacay [pic] Science Investigatory Project presented to the Panel of Judges of 2015 Division Science Fair September 17, 2015 Camalig North Central School Camalig, Albay Presented by: ALEX BENDO Researcher ROCKY RABINO Research Adviser 2 Abstract Purpose One of the best ways to keep a yard clear of biting mosquitoes is to use a mosquito trap. When set up properly, just one or two of these ingenious devices can kill thousands of mosquitoes and all but wipe out a local population. The style of trap varies by brand, but generally they range from indoor units the size of air purifiers to large units that resemble barbecue grills. Some run on electricity, while others are powered by propane tanks. You can easily reduce the number of mosquitoes on your property with a plastic bottle trap that will attract and kill the mosquitoes. The liquid in each trap will last about two weeks, and then, it can be easily replaced. For increased effectiveness, place multiple traps around your house or property. Procedure Used Get a large 2 liter Coke/Pepsi/Fanta, etc plastic soda bottle. This is the kind that takes a couple of hands to hold onto. Empty the bottle by drinking or draining. Take the cap off and throw away. Just below the point where the neck of the bottle straightens out onto the body of the bottle, cut...
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...Audibility Capacity of Mosquitoes Male mosquitoes have a highly developed sense of hearing, though it is much different from that of humans. Male mosquitoes rely on their sense of hearing for breeding purposes. Because of the link between hearing and mating behavior, as well as their impact on human health, the hearing abilities of mosquitoes has been the subject of much study. The limit of mosquito hearing is approximately 2,000 Hertz. Mosquito Hearing Mosquitoes are equipped with two feathery antennae on their head, and they use these to hear. The antennae are attached at the base to circular structures called Johnston’s organs. Mosquitoes engage in an active, metabolically driven hearing; the antennae filaments are tuned, and adjusted to various frequencies and sound levels. For a long time, females were thought to be deaf, but a 2006 study by Gabriella Gibson and Ian Russell, published in “Current Biology,” demonstrated that females can hear. Flight Tones The buzzing sound of mosquitoes is caused by the vibration of their wings, and is termed a flight tone. The flight tone of female mosquitoes is about 400 Hertz, and males have hearing that is tuned selectively to the frequency range of 300 to 400 Hertz. When a male perceives a female’s flight tone, he actively pursues her for mating. Courtship Mosquitoes have exquisite control over their wings, and by changing the rate they beat their wings, they can change the frequency of the buzzing. The study by Gibson and...
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...Voting on Malathion in Genericville Name SCI/275 July 15, 2012 Instructor Genericville has faced the problem of mosquitoes for quite some time now. An unfortunate result of living in a community where pests such as mosquitoes are common is disease. Recently, Genericville suffered the loss of a prominent citizen as a result of West Nile Virus (WNV). West Nile Virus is transmitted by mosquitoes, which is often fatal (Berg, 2007). In Genericville an average of 50 cases of WNV are diagnosed every year. However, the proposed number of cases diagnosed after the aerial spraying of Malathion could reduce the average number of diagnosed WNV cases to five. This would reduce the number of fatalities from WNV to a less than 20% risk. Though a fatality seems unlikely to many living in Genericville, one can be assured that that percentage is quite high when the fatality occurs within one’s own family. Unfortunately, a resident of Genericville has recently lost a family member to WNV. This resident has volunteered to fully finance the procedure. This offer will reduce the financial concerns of many Genericville residents. Though many residents would prefer to see the money spent elsewhere, the donor has specified that the money is to be spent on the aerial spraying of the pesticide only. Though many are concerned of the health implications Malathion could pose on the environment, there is importance in comparing the risk of health concerns as a result of Malathion...
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...community lately and in need of attention to find the best solution. There has been an extreme increase of mosquitoes at the Missouri City Texas community areas. Due to these mosquitoes, there will be an increase chance of illness (west nile virus, malaria, dengue fever, dog heartworm and mosquito-borne diseases etc…..) that can lead to death, skin irritation, abrasion, allergy reaction etc. Parents, children, and community member will have to decrease outdoor activities. My propose is that Missouri city need to make sure that the adequate closed drainage treatment, control and maintain from the storm , drainage and sewage water against mosquitoes breathing. I have some information of my personal experience from the proposal to give you a better insight on the concern in my community. In my personal life experience, I have notice that there were significant decreases of outdoor activities in my children and others children in the neighborhood. When I hosted an outdoor fun event for my neighborhood, but due to so much mosquitoes the event was cancel earlier than it supposed to. Everyone in the party stated that the reason they would not allow their children out door was due to the increase of mosquitoes. I heard some family has move out of the areas due to increase of mosquitoes with open drainage and move into are with good drainage system that has less outbreak of mosquitoes. In the state of Florida and Massachusetts there has been similar legislation that has been introduce...
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...of the eye, skin, nose, throat or lung. Vomiting or central nervous system depression may occur if very high levels of petroleum solvents are ingested. There are no studies examining whether the use of Malathion to control mosquitoes has caused any long-term health effects in humans. Malathion is applied at very low concentrations to control mosquitoes. It is unlikely that adverse health effects will occur as a result of this use for most people, but some individuals may experience health effects. For these reasons, individuals should consider taking steps to minimize their exposure to Malathion if it is applied to control mosquitoes. Some pesticide residues may still be present on outdoor surfaces after spraying. Some studies showed that the amount of chemicals transfer to skin decrease when there is more time after spraying and contact. It also shows that the chemical is less likely to contact dry skin verses wet skin. Some who may experience excessive exposure would be farm workers and those who work in the areas being sprayed. Most people would not be expected to experience any symptoms when Malathion is sprayed for mosquito control. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency concluded that the use of Malathion to control mosquitoes was unlikely to be linked to short-or long-term effects in either children or adults. However, there could be some individuals who may be...
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...ratio was decreased compared to the peak infection number. In both the sample and New York City simulations the rate of change was much greater between the 2:1 to 1:1 ratios than from 5:1 to 4:1. This evidence suggests that as more mosquitoes are killed off, the viral peak infection number decreases exponentially. Graph 1 displays the information from table 2. The X-axis represents the number of mosquitoes removed while the Y-axis shows the peak infections. Graph 1 - Peak infections from various ratios in the Sample Simulation Graph 2 displays the information from table 3 in New York City. The X-axis represents the number of mosquitoes removed while the Y-axis...
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...“Over one million people die from mosquito-borne diseases every year” (OXITEC, 2016). A mosquito is an insect which lives around the world especially in tropical and subtropical countries. The mosquito has both positive and negative effects. As part of positive effects, larvae of mosquitoes are food for fish, and mosquitoes help pollinate some flowers, when they consume nectar. In contrast, mosquitoes make people annoyed and cause many diseases. World Health Organization (2016) explains that the mosquito is the greatest menace which causes many diseases and they are responsible for more than million deaths and cases every year. There are many diseases that cause by mosquitoes but the diseases are commonly found and get people’s attention such...
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...at risk from malaria (that's equal to one out of every twenty people on the planet). Mosquitos are the well-known carrier of this disease. Malaria is a complex single-celled microbe called a protozoan, it has the ability to dodge the immune system more effectively than most bacteria or viruses. This is one reason why it is harder to formulate an effective vaccine to battle against malaria. Adelman, Zach1. "Let's Kill The Mosquito." MIT Technology Review 119.3 (2016): 11. Applied Science & Technology Source. Web. 17 July 2016. A recent development of a technology called the "gene drive" had presented the possibility of eradicating an entire species of mosquito. This gene destroys the female mosquito chromosomes which prevent female mosquitoes from flying or it would determine whether a mosquito becomes a male....
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