...Joints - Classification by Movement Joints can be classified by how much movement they allow. * Synarthroses: Immovable joints. Specific examples of synarthroses are suture joints (the joints in the skull) and synchondroses (the type of joint found in growth plates). * Amphiarthroses: Slightly moveable joints. A specific example of an amphiarthrosis is a symphysis (such as the joint between two vertebrae). * Diarthroses: Freely moveable joints. Specific examples of diarthroses are typical synovial joints such as the shoulder and wrist. * Fibrous Joints * Fibrous joints are connected only by fibrous ligaments. A ligament is dense connective tissue that connects bone to bone (as opposed to tendons, which connect muscles to bones). Ligaments are named based on their position or based on the bones they attach. There are 3 distinct types of fibrous joints: 1. Suture Joints 2. Gomphoses 3. Syndesmoses Cartilaginous Joints | The next broad classification of joints we will discuss are cartilaginous joints. Cartilaginous joints are joined by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. The cartilage of cartilaginous joints is avascular and anervous except at the margins. Hyaline cartilage is slippery and strong when compressed, but has little tensile strength (strength against being stretched). Fibrocartilage, on the other hand, is tough and strong both when compressed and when stretched (high tensile strength). There are two distinct types...
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...Joints and Movements The Joints Definition: A joint (articulation) is point of contact between bones or between bone and cartilage. Joint Classifications Joints are classified by: * The degree of movement they allow * The structure of the joint The three types of joints that we will look at are: 1. Fibrous joints 2. Cartilaginous joints 3. Synovial joints Fibrous Joints These joints are also called "fixed" or "immoveable" joints, because they do not move. These joints have no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous connective tissue. The skull bones are connected by fibrous joints. Cartilaginous Joints These joints also have no joint cavity and the bones are connected tightly to each other with cartilage. These joints only allow a small amount of movement, so are also called "partly" or "slightly moveable" joints. The vertebrae are examples of cartilaginous joints. Synovial Joints Most of the joints in the body are synovial joints. These joints are "freely moveable" and are characterised by being surrounded by an articular capsule which contains the synovial fluid. Synovial fluid lubricates the joints, supplies nutrients to the cartilage and it contains cells that remove microbes and debris within the joint cavity. Because of the larger range of movements of these joints, there is an increased risk of injury eg dislocations. Synovial joints are located predominantly in limbs. Many synovial joints also have ligaments either inside...
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...EXPANSION JOINTS T. N. GOPINATH 1. INTRODUCTION When piping lacks inherent flexibility due to routing and/or develops large reactions or detrimental overstrain on the strain sensitive equipments, the Piping Engineer considers provision of expansion joints to overcome the same. Expansion joints are also provided to isolate the vibrating equipment from piping and also to facilitate free movement of the equipment mounted on load cells. 2. TYPES OF EXPANSION JOINTS The expansion joints can be slip type or the bellows type. 2.1 Slip Type of Expansion Joint In slip type of expansion joint one pipe slides into another and the assembly is sealed by means of packing between the sliding pipes. This device has the limitation that it permits only axial movement in the direction of pipe axis. Small amount of lateral and/ or angular movement will cause binding and eventually leakage. It is extremely difficult to seal it off completely. The limitations on packing makes it suitable only for very low temperature and low pressure services. Fig 2.1 indicates the general arrangement of a slip type expansion joint. [pic] Fig 2.1 2.2 Bellow Type Expansion Joint The bellow type expansion joint is extensively used as the most efficient and functionally reliable elongation compensator and/ or vibration isolator. These are capable of compensating for large amounts of axial and/...
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...Type of Joint | Location | Structure | Function | Fibrous | The fibrous joints are sort of connective sutures in the skull and pelvic girdle of the horse. These joints generally allow little to no movement. | Fibrous joints are made up of connective tissue. There is no cavity or space between the bones generally allowing no movement. There 3 types of fibrous joints; sutures, syndesmoses and gomphoses. | These joints are not joints that allow movement between any of the bones within the horses body. These joints are purely just joints that hold other sections of bone together but only structurally such as holding the skull together. | Cartilaginous | The cartilaginous joints are joined by cartilage such as the joint between the sternum and rib and also between vertebrae of the spine. These joints only allow slight movement. | These are joints joined by cartilage to one another. There are two types of cartilaginous joints; synchondrosis and symphyses. The first are found in developing bones usually in young horses and hyaline cartilage covers the end of the bone but the connection is made through fibrocartilage. | These joints allow very little movement but does allow some. These primarily are in place to provide structure, support, stability and protection of the bone. They reduce friction and also acts as a shock absorbed for any sudden blows. | Synovial | These joints meet together in a joint capsule such as where the carpus and radius meet. | These are the only joints...
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...The skeletal system: Have you ever wondered what keeps your body in shape, or what supports it? What it is is a very complex system of bones. A bone is a structure that severs as a unit for the formation of this mass frame composed of hundreds of bones, called the skeletal system. The skeletal system is composed of about two hundred and six bones in total. Each bone is connected to another bone through ligaments or tendons. Ligaments are segment of tough connective tissue that joins bones together or sever to keep an organ in place. Tendons are cables of though fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone. There are two parts to the skeletal system: the axial skeletal system, and the perpendicular skeletal system. The axial skeletal system is the portion of the skeletal system that supports the head, neck, and trunk. The axial skeletal system consists of the cranium, vertebral column, the rib cage, and the thoracic cage. The Appendicular skeletal system consists of the limbs and the upper and lower part of the body such as the femur, the carpals, tarsals, humerus, and several more. Bones have many purposes in the body that help it function properly. One purpose is to maintain the body's framework and hold it upright. Without the skeletal system, the body could not function properly, because the body would be a big puddle of organs tissue, veins, and muscles basically. The organs must not have any pressure in them to function properly, and the skeletal system relives the organs from...
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...synovial joints. All synovial joints are freely movable joints and are characterized by a presence of a closed space called synovial cavity. A thin layer of hyaline cartilage, lubricated by a fluid-secreting sheath called the synovial membrane, covers the articulating surfaces of the bones. The fluid secreted is a mucopolysaccharide, highly viscous fluid that plays an important role in reducing friction between bones during joint movement. The outer layer of the joint cavity is a tough membrane of collagen fibers, which is firmly attached to the surface of the bones on either side of the joint and is continuous with the periosteum. The strength and stability of the synovial joints, as well as the range of movements are determined by a few different factors. These are: the shape and articular surfaces of the bones, the ligaments present within the synovial joint, the muscles that extend between the two bones comprising the joint, and the presence of fibrocartilage within the synovial cavity. Synovial joints are classified according to the shape of the articulating surfaces between the bones. With reference to the hip and the knee joints, the hip joint is a ball and socket joint whereas the knee joint is a hinge joint. The ball and socket joints are the most freely moving of all synovial joints, and are the most stable of all. The movements are allowed in all axes and planes, such as flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction and rotation. The hip joint is formed...
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...subject down into sub groups. Compare: o When comparing something you look at the difference between two or more things. Skeletal system Learning Objectives: o Know the different types of joints in the body o understand the structure of a bone and what they are made up of o Be able to perform the different movements of a joint and five a sporting example of each. Immoveable joints: Fixed joint Synovial or freely moveable joints: Gliding joint Ball and socket joint Hinge joint Pivot joint Saddle joint Fixed joints are when there is little or no movement at all with in the joint, an example of this would be the skull and pelvis as there is no movement or there is very little movement within this joint. Pivot joints are one or more bone rotates in a ring of another bone that does not move for example the neck and forearm. Ball and socket joints are a rounded end that slots in another bone the joints that are example of these are the hips and shoulders. Hinge joint is a joint that has a back and forth movement for example elbows, knees, fingers, and the jaw. Gliding joints are bones that slide over each other with in the movement some examples are the spine, ankles and wrists this...
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...well as keeping them safe with good technique. Muscle contractions are classified according to the movements they cause and in fitness we are primarily concerned with the following three types of contraction: 1. Concentric contraction: Any contraction where the muscle shortens under load or tension is known as a concentric contraction. For example, the quadriceps muscles in the thigh contract concentrically (shorten) during the upward phase of the squat movement (in the direction of the arrow), as can be seen in the adjacent picture. 2. Eccentric contraction: Muscles not only ‘shorten’ but can also lengthen under load or tension. An eccentric contraction refers to any contraction where the muscle lengthens under load or tension. So in the squat exercise, the quadriceps muscles will contract eccentrically (lengthen) in the downward phase of the movement (the opposite direction of the arrow), as can be seen in the adjacent picture. 3. Isometric contraction: Muscles don’t actually need to move (shorten or lengthen) at all to contract or develop tension. An isometric contraction refers to any contraction of muscles where little or no movement occurs. If during the squat the person stopped moving at a certain point (say halfway up) and held that position for 10 seconds, the quadriceps muscle would be contracting isometrically, it would still be under load/tension but no movement would occur. Many skeletal...
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...the muscular system enables movements to take place. The task of eating a hamburger in response to its smell involves the nervous system, skeletal system, and muscular system. The smell of the hamburger triggers impulses of the nervous system. The afferent division of the peripheral nervous system, which involves sensory triggers as well as the central nervous system, are both activated. The chemical smell of the hamburger enters the nasal cavity. The chemical dissolves in the olfactory mucosa which stimulates the olfactory receptor cells. The olfactory receptor cells then transmit the impulse and enter the olfactory tract which is the pathway to the olfactory nerve. Once this chemical has entered the central nervous system, it is input into the mammillary body of the brain which acts as a memory bank. The sense of smell of the hamburger then triggers the urge to eat the hamburger. This simple action actually involves numerous body structures from the nervous system, skeletal system, and muscular system. To be able to reach for the burger, structures of the skeletal system are necessary. The scapula must support the arm and hand movement. The humerus, radius, and ulna must also support the arm in movement and allowing motion to occur. The joint that allows the ulna and humerus to move is the humeroulnar joint which is a hinge joint. Another joint that allows the shoulder to move is the glenohumeral joint which is a ball and socket joint. The bones themselves are...
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...Bones= These are bones that are as wide as they are long. The primary function of these bones is to provide support and stability with minimal to no movement. Flat Bones= These bones principal function is to provide extensive protection or the...
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...copes with the stresses of exercise. This unit will explore the structure and the functions of the skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular and respiratory systems and how each of them is affected by exercise. It will also focus on the energy systems and their role in sport and exercise performance. Section One - The Structure and Function of The Skeletal System and How it Responds to Exercise Part 1.1: The structure of the skeleton system The skeleton provides us with a complex framework of bones, joints and cartilage without which we could not stand upright or move. It consists of 206 bones which can be divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial and appendicular skeleton The axial skeleton provides the supportive structure of the skeleton and is made up of the skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs. The appendicular skeleton is made up of the upper limbs, shoulder girdle, lower limbs and hip girdle and provides the framework for movement. The table below outlines the axial and appendicular skeleton in further detail. |Axial skeleton |Skull (cranium) | | |The skull is made up of approximately 28 bones which are fused | |...
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...The protective cartilage on the ends of bones breaks down, causing pain, swelling and problems moving the joint. Bony growths can develop, and the area can become inflamed. The major symptoms are joint pain and stiffness. Some people can have swelling, tenderness and grating or crackling sound when moving (NHS,n.d). These are the symptoms Mohamed reported to the doctor. The fact Mohamed is 55 years old can increase the risk of osteoarthrosis as well. Cartilage is a rubbery material that covers the ends of bones in joints. Its main function is to reduce friction and helps to absorb shocks. Over time the cartilage may wear away in some areas. This decreases the ability to act as a shock absorber (Webmd,...
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...Functional activity: Kicking with R leg Right leg: Hip joint (acetabulum of pelvis and femur): During kicking the femur performs flexion (long lever) in sagittal plane, adduction (short level) in frontal plane and external rotation (short level) in transverse plane. The head of the femur moves inferiorly and laterally. Muscles involved: Psoas and quadriceps femoris work concentrically as agonist to flex the femur in sagittal plane, while hamstrings and gluteal muscles elongate and work eccentrically as antagonist muscles. Vastus medialis and adductors work concentrically as agonist to adduct the hip while Iliotibial band and Tensor Fascia Lata elongate in the frontal plane. The three ligaments of the hip: illiofemoral, pubofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments tense and work together to stabilize the joint. Knee: The femur meets the tibia to form the main knee joint. The patella joints the femur form the patellofemoral joint. The movement during kicking is knee extension, which is a short lever movement in sagittal plane. In this movement the patella will move superiorly on the femur. Muscles involved: Quadriceps femoris contracts concentrically to extend the knee and hamstrings elongate and work eccentrically to maintain the knee in extension. Ligaments: Anterior cruciate, Posterior cruciate ligament and Medial and Collateral ligament work together to maintain knee stability. Ankle: The Talocrural joint goes into Dorsiflexion in sagittal plane. Short level. Muscles...
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...would be like if it were devoid of bones or some other form of supporting framework? Picture a "blob" utilizing amoeboid movement. Ugh! The skeletal system consists of bones and related connective tissues, which include cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is a living tissue and is functionally dynamic. It provides a supportive framework for vital body organs, serves as areas for muscle attachment, articulates at joints for stability and movement, and assists in respiratory movements. In addition, it provides areas of storage for substances such as calcium and lipids, and blood cell formation occurs within the cavities containing bone marrow. The skeletal system consists of 206 bones, 80 of which are found in the axial division, and 126 of which make up the appendicular division. Many of the bones of the body, especially those of the appendicular skeleton, provide a system of levers used in movement, and are utilized in numerous ways to control the environment that surrounds you every second of your life. Few people relate the importance of movement as one of the factors necessary for maintaining life, but the body doesn't survive very long without the ability to produce movements. The study and review for this chapter includes microscopic and macroscopic features of bone, bone development and growth, location and identification of bones, joint classification, and the structure of representa tive articulations. Review of Learning Outcomes 6-1 Describe the primary...
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...Describe the three (3) classes of joints based on structure. a. b. c. 3. Describe the three (3) classes of joints based on function. a. b. c. 5. A cartilaginous joint is a(n) (immovable / slightly movable) joint. Give two examples. a. b. 6. What structural features of synovial joints make them more freely movable than other types of joints? Match the parts of a synovial joint with the descriptions below. A. Articular cartilage SF. Synovial fluid F. Fibrous capsule SM. Synovial membrane L. Ligaments _____a. Hyaline cartilage that covers ends of articulating bones. _____b. Lubricates joint and nourishes articular cartilage; consistency of uncooked egg white. _____c. Inner layer of the synovial capsule; secretes synovial fluid _____d. Fibers that bind bones together _____e. Together these form the articular capsule (2 answers) 11. Perform the action described. Then write in the name of the type of movement. a. Describe a cone with your arm as if you are winding up to pitch a ball. The movement is called _____________________. b. Stand in anatomical position (palms forward). Turn your palms backward. This action is called _________________. c. Move your fingers from "fingers together" to fingers apart" position. This action is _________________ of the fingers. d. Raise your shoulders, as if to shrug them. This movement is called _____________________ of the shoulders. e. Stand on your toes. This action at the ankle joint is called _____________________________...
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