...IP/MPLS-Based VPNs Layer-3 vs. Layer-2 IP/MPLS-Based VPNs Layer-3 vs. Layer-2 Table of Contents WHITE PAPER 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Objective ..................................................................................................................... 3 Target Audience .......................................................................................................... 3 Pre-Requisites.............................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3 MPLS Layer-3 VPNs .................................................................................................. 4 MPLS Layer-2 VPNs .................................................................................................. 7 6.1. Point-to-Point Connectivity ................................................................................. 8 6.2. Multi-Point Connectivity...................................................................................... 9 7. Which Way to Go: The Layer-3 or The Layer-2 Way.............................................. 12 8. Summary ................................................................................................................... 15 FOUNDRY NETWORKS Page 2 of 16 IP/MPLS-Based VPNs Layer-3 vs. Layer-2 WHITE PAPER 1. Objective To give the reader an insight into the pros...
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...A report on MPLS-VPN VIT Submitted By Sameer Narula FMG19C 191169 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a mechanism in high-performance telecommunications networks which directs and carries data from one network node to the next. MPLS makes it easy to create "virtual links" between distant nodes. It can encapsulate packets of various network protocols. MPLS is a highly scalable, protocol agnostic, data-carrying mechanism. In an MPLS network, data packets are assigned labels. Packet-forwarding decisions are made solely on the contents of this label, without the need to examine the packet itself. This allows one to create end-to-end circuits across any type of transport medium, using any protocol. The primary benefit is to eliminate dependence on a particular Data Link Layer technology, such as ATM, frame relay, SONET or Ethernet, and eliminate the need for multiple Layer 2 networks to satisfy different types of traffic. MPLS belongs to the family of packet-switched networks. Customer site Large customer site Customer Network (C-Network): the part of the network still under customer control Provider Network (P-Network): the Service Provider infrastructure used to provide VPN services Customer Site: a contiguous part of customer network (can encompass many physical locations) MPLS operates at an OSI Model layer that is generally considered to lie between traditional definitions of Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) and Layer 3 (Network Layer), and thus is often...
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...You are experienced in information management and its benefits and challenges. You manage online accounts across multiple mobile devices and computers—and social media, texts, photos, videos, music, docs, address books, events, downloads, and other content that make up your digital library. Not being able to transfer and synchronize whenever you add a device or app is annoying and inefficient. To simplify add-ons, upgrades, sharing, and access, you might leverage cloud services such as iTunes, Instagram, Diigo, and Box.net. At some point, a user may want to start over with the latest mobile device—and re-organize everything to make dealing with information and devices easier. That's a glimpse at the information management situations facing organizations today—and why a plan is needed to guide, control, and govern IT growth. As with building construction (e.g., Figure 2.1), blueprints and models help guide and govern IT assets. Image from book Figure 2.1: Blueprints and models, like those used for building construction, are needed to guide and govern an enterprise's IT assets. To better reflect organizational content, the term information management is used instead of data management. The most potentially valuable and challenging type is human information—the semistructured or unstructured content generated by humans from social media, mobile devices, search engines, and sensors as well as texts, images, audio, and video. To function in the big, cloudy, mobile and social world...
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...Gevork Darakhchyan NT 2640 Unit 10 assignment1 Frame relay migration to MPLS Frame relay | MPLS | Frame Relay is based on the PVC or Permanent Virtual Circuit. You access the network using a specialized piece of customer premises equipment called a FRAD or Frame Relay Access Device. Within the network frame routers are configured by the network operator to create your PVCs from a list of sources and destinations and your desired bandwidth or Committed Information Rate (CIR). | MPLS or Multi Protocol Label Switching is also a private network arrangement. It's designed to run on the newer IP based networks that are replacing traditional circuit switched or TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) networks. The multi-protocol aspect allows all sorts of traffic to be carried on the network simultaneously. What MPLS layers over the core IP network is a specialized label system. Each label specifies source and destination and quality of service. The labels work something like the virtual circuits of Frame Relay in that they identify where packets are coming from and where they are intended to go. | Benefits * Keeping cost of ownership and technology complexity low at point-of-sale and branch endpoints, ensuring fast service activation. * Deploy products to enable simultaneous delivery of private line, Frame Relay, and MPLS services during the transition phase to avoid service interruption. * Build MPLS-compatible traffic quality classification, performance, and quality standards...
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...Frame Relay Migration to MPLS Frame Relay is a standardized wide area network technology that specifies the physical and logical link layers of digital telecommunications channels using a packet switching methodology. Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a mechanism in high-performance telecommunications networks that directs data from one network node to the next based on short path labels rather than long network addresses, avoiding complex lookups in a routing table. Frame Relay aimed to make more efficient use of existing physical resources as clients were unlikely to be utilizing a data service 100 percent of the time. In more recent years, Frame Relay has acquired a bad reputation in some markets because of excessive bandwidth overbooking by these telcos. Telcos often sell Frame Relay to businesses looking for a cheaper alternative to dedicated lines; its use in different geographic areas depended greatly on governmental and telecommunication companies' policies. Many customers are likely to migrate from Frame Relay to MPLS over IP or Ethernet within the next two years, which in many cases will reduce costs and improve manageability and performance of their wide area networks. Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) enables Enterprises and Service Providers to build next-generation intelligent networks that deliver a wide variety of advanced, value-added services over a single infrastructure. This economical solution can be integrated seamlessly over any existing infrastructure...
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...fiduciary duty to either, or both of SB and MPL, ultimately depends on the nature of its relationship at any given time with the parties in question. For this I consider the situation with each of the counterparties to OB individually, and throughout the various stages of the financing deal. Relationship with MPL A fiduciary relationship is one of confidence and trust whereby one party assumes particular obligations to act in good faith and not against the interest of another (i.e. counterparty). Fiduciary duty arises automatically when the relationship is one of agent and principal; trustee and beneficiary; director and company; partner and partner; or employer and employee. In its dealings with MPL, OB appears to be primarily engaged in a banker and customer relationship. As this does not fall under any of the categories of relationships specified above, there is no inherent fiduciary relationship. That being said, OB may have assumed a fiduciary capacity under common law, subject to satisfying the conditions arising from the Hospital Products Ltd vs United States Surgical Corporation (1984) 156 CLR 41 case. OB would be a fiduciary to MPL if it can be shown that it was acting in its interest and in a dominant position rendering MPL vulnerable to potential abuse. On the given facts, there is no clear-cut case to suggest that MPL, by virtue of its directors’ expertise, is vulnerable to abuse by the dominant OB. Therefore OB does not owe MPL a fiduciary duty on the basis of this...
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...*A:MPLSv2_R4# show router stat ^ Error: Ambiguous command *A:MPLSv2_R4# show router status =============================================================================== Router Status (Router: Base) =============================================================================== Admin State Oper State ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Router Up Up OSPFv2-0 Up Up RIP Not configured Not configured ISIS Not configured Not configured MPLS Not configured Not configured RSVP Not configured Not configured LDP Not configured Not configured BGP Not configured Not configured IGMP Not configured Not configured MLD Not configured Not configured PIM Not configured Not configured PIMv4...
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... b. Find an expression for the marginal product of labor, MPL, when the amount of capital is fixed at 81 units. Instruction: The second response is the exponent on L in the expression. Round your responses to 2 decimal places. MPL = *L ^ Then, illustrate that the marginal product of labor depends on the amount of labor hired by calculating the marginal product of labor for 16 and 81 units of labor. Instruction: Round your responses to 3 decimal places. MPL when L = 16: MPL when L = 81: c. Suppose capital is fixed at 81 units. If the firm can sell its output at a price of $200 per unit and can hire labor at $50 per unit, how many units of labor should the firm hire in order to maximize profits? Instruction: Enter your response as a whole number. Explanation: a. When K = 81 and L = 16, Q = (81)0.75(16)0.25 = 54. Thus, APL = Q/L = 54/16 = 3.375. When K = 81 and L = 256, Q = (81)0.75(256)0.25 = (27)(4) = 108. Thus, APL = 108/256 = 0.422. b. The marginal product of labor is MPL = (1/4)*(81)0.75(L)-3/4 = 6.75*(L)-0.75. When L = 16, MPL = 6.75*(16)-0.75 = 0.844. When L = 81, MPL = 6.75*(81)-0.75 = 0.25. Thus, as the number of units of labor hired increases, the marginal product of labor decreases MPL(16) = 0.844 > 0.250 = MPL(81), holding the level of capital fixed. c. We must equate the value marginal product of labor to the wage and solve for L. Here, VMPL = (P)(MPL) = ($200)(6.75)(L)-0.75=1350(L)-0.75....
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...route | 1 | Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) summary route | 5 | External Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) | 20 | Internal EIGRP | 90 | IGRP | 100 | OSPF | 110 | Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) | 115 | Routing Information Protocol (RIP) | 120 | Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) | 140 | On Demand Routing (ODR) | 160 | External EIGRP | 170 | Internal BGP | 200 | Unknown* | 255 | Juniper (taken from Juniper website) How Route Is Learned | Default Preference | Statement to Modify Default Preference | Directly connected network | 0 | — | System routes | 4 | — | Static | 5 | static | MPLS | 7 | MPLS preference in the JUNOS MPLS Applications Configuration Guide | LDF | 8 | LDF preference in the JUNOS MPLS Applications Configuration Guide | LDP | 9 | LDP preference in the JUNOS MPLS Applications Configuration Guide | OSPF internal route | 10 | OSPF export | IS-IS Level 1 internal route | 15 | IS-IS external-preference, preference | IS-IS Level 2 internal route | 18 | IS-IS external-preference, preference | Default | 20 | — | Redirects | 30 | — | Kernel | 40 | — | SNMP | 50 | — | Router Discovery | 55 | — | RIP | 100 | RIP preference | RIPng | 100 | RIPng preference | PIM | 105 | JUNOS Multicast Protocols Configuration Guide | DVMRP | 110 | JUNOS Multicast Protocols Configuration Guide | Routes to interfaces that are down | 120 | — | Aggregate | 130 | aggregate | OSPF AS external routes | 150...
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...function. Workers (days) Total Output 1 9 2 17 3 24 4 30 5 35 6 39 7 42 1. Explain, in your own words, the meaning of MRP. Starts with Marginal Product Labor (MPL) the amount of additional worker adds to your total output. Usually the MPL falls when you add an additional worker. So when working with Marginal Product Labor, it depends on the cost of wages and how much you are willing to spend on wages. The higher the wages the there are fewer workers. The lower the wages, you will have more workers and this leads to more output but can also be less productive workers. 2. How is MRP computed? You take MPL and multiply with the going price of the unit. 3. Using the data presented, in the short run, how many workers would you recommend Sullivan's hire per day to maximize profits? I would recommend four workers. 4. Explain how you arrived at this number. I made a chart and first figured out the MPL and with the MPL I multiplied the unit price to find the answer for the MPR. If the going rate of labor is $30 a day, you will want to use the workers as the long as the MRP is greater than or equal to the wage you will pay the employee. We can use four workers and still get $30 in return. You will not see any profit with $25 in return using 5 workers if you pay the worker $30. # of workers Output MPL MPR 1 9 9 45 2 17 8 40 3 24 7 35 4 30 6 30 5 25 5 25 6 39 5 20 7 42 3...
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... | Project Management Techniques Prepared by: Ikechukwu Ihemelandu Date: April 25th, 2011 | | Word Count - 4258 Question 1. Project Background The MTN Nigeria Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Network is an important initiative in MTN Nigeria network today. It was built to deliver multimedia voice, video and data in prioritized QoS classes. Currently the capacity in place today in all the switch sites is 1G from the Provider edge routers (PE) to the Provider core (P) router as well as from the PE routers to the customer edge switches, and this is fast being consumed by high traffic growth on a daily basis.. In order to ensure high quality delivery of all applications and services across the MPLS network, capacity planning is very vital. Capacity planning is a vital and ongoing discipline that ensures MTN Nigeria network infrastructure can accommodate current and...
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...Technical Writing Project Cover Sheet Capstone Project Name: | Managed Service Provider Migration | Student Name: | xxxxxxx | Degree Program: | Bachelor of Science IT, Network Emphasis | Student Mentor Name: | xxxxxxxx | Table of Contents Capstone Introduction 1 Review of Other Work 3 Project Rationale 8 Systems Analysis and Methodology 10 Goals and Objectives 14 Project Deliverables 16 Project Plan and Timelines 21 Project Development 22 Accomplishments 26 Conclusion 26 References 28 Appendix: 29 Capstone Introduction With the rising costs of running a business and the goals to increase profits, organizations are constantly looking at ways to reduce operating expenses. In the technology realm of an organization, reduction of costs can be achieved by streamlining processes and automation. Another option that can be explored within organizations to reduce costs is the outsourcing of their technology departments to a manage service provider. Organizations are looking into options to utilize technology to reduce costs by migrating their technology to a 3rd party to managed their infrastructure. Concordia is mid-sized bank based out of California that has a wide area network consisting of 125 branch offices spread out through California and the surrounding states. Concordia has implemented a project to get out of the information technology area so that they can focus on their core principles of the banking industry. Concordia preferred to...
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...ECON20351: Microeconomics IIA. Lecture Three. Dr. Craig Webb. Office: 3.007 Arthur Lewis Building. Email: craig.webb@manchester.ac.uk Office Hours: Tues 12pm – 2pm. 1 The Consumer’s Problem Solved. y M/py O = (x*,y*) 0 x • Property 1: MRSC = MRSE, or - Δ y / Δ x = p x / p y (tangency condition; slope of IC equals slope of budget line). • Property 2: p x x * + p y y * = M (all income is spent). 2 Decomposing the Total Change in Demand. y O1 0 O2 x • The move from O1 to O2 is the total effect of the price change. • Hicks’ method of decomposition (compensating variation). • Total effect = net substitution effect + net income effect. 3 The Net Substitution Effect. y O1 O3 0 O2 x • The move O1 to O3 shows the net substitution effect. • For strictly convex preferences… • Net substitution effect is negative: (Δx*/Δpx)|Δwelfare=0 < 0 • x and y are net substitutes: (Δy*/Δpx)|Δwelfare=0 > 0 4 The Net Income Effect for Normal Goods. y O1 O3 O2 0 x • The move O3 to O2 is the net income effect. • It isolates the effect of enhanced purchasing power, factoring out the net substitution effect, caused by the price change. • In the example above, good x is normal, and so the net income effect reinforces the net substitution effect. 5 The Net Income Effect for Inferior Goods. y x*2b < x*1 < x*2a < x*3 O2b O2a O1 0 O3 x • Moving from O3 to O2a or to O2a are net income...
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...Introduction (P1) STO State Trading Organization (STO) was established in early 1960’s. When they first start the organization the only resource available was tuna. At that time the development of the country was slow so there is no banking system, no available funds for major investments and no commercial industries as well. After some days in 1994 a fully-funded business was set-up by the government which is named “Athireemaafannu Trading Agency (ATA)”. Their main aim was to provide essential food items to the nation. 9th June 1979 is the day which ATA became STO with so much improvements. After that they kept growing and growing. Now the organization is a highly appreciated company which almost sells all the items. STO can be considered as the best organization in the retail industry in Maldives. STO is a very huge organizations which all the board of directors are set by the government. This is a partnership business. They have 6 subsidiaries in Maldives. At first this organization was a fully government organization but now this organization is partly government and partly managed by an individual. Their main purpose is to enriching lives through expansion and accessibility. Which means letting people purchase their goods freely and openly. They have a very huge shop in male’. And the customer service of the organization is very good. Which is why most of the people select STO as their best place to buy their goods. The organization give a very special focus on achieving...
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...operation lines: subassembly manufacture and final assembly. The RACE-ME program could be introduced to restructure the company’s manufacturing process. The program used the production mode of Just-in-time. Its core manufacturing philosophy was to keep the synchronization of logistics and information flow, in order to produce products of high quality at the appropriate amount. The three main advantages of this program are stated below. First, it could reduce inventories and cut down costs. Before the manufacturing operations were changed, Whistler had been using the “batch-and-kit” method. Large amount of subassemblies and final assemblies were produced and then stored in floor space. However, the RACE-ME program took a model production line (MPL) to balance materials’...
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