...Languages in the U.S. COM/150 May 1, 2010 M. Lynn O’Donnell Have you ever noticed how many people speak a different language? It seems there are many people in the US who speak foreign languages and have limited English comprehension; so how do we adjust to this growing population? While foreign languages are taught more frequently and encouraged by employers, adversity surrounding Spanish speaking individuals in the US and their ability to support themselves remain. In recent years it has been documented that foreign languages are being taught more frequently. More Americans are studying foreign languages than before, data obtained from a 2006 survey indicates over 1.5 million college students were enrolled in foreign language courses in 2006 fall class schedules. American colleges and universities indicate Spanish as the most widely taught language. Other languages that are showing an increase in enrollment at a steady pace are French, German and Russian. With so many individuals coming from different countries to work or live with families already in the US it is becoming almost a necessity to be able to speak another language to communicate effectively with others. Foreign languages are becoming popular among college students as well as adults that have completed their education and are looking to expand their job skills. Some individuals make the choice to take these classes simply to communicate with others who are of limited English speaking ability. Most...
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...risk by partner & stigmatize by the community due to exposing partner information. Thus, the researcher will provide training to field research team on how to approach and handle emotional distress, use of dummy question to keep the safety of participant & reschedule visit in case of difficulty to maintain privacy. Additionally, meeting will be held with community leader on the purpose of the study to build rapport & trust between the researcher and community. Should document and records be used as data sources, indicate how you will meet the ethical considerations involved: Arba Minch University, College of medicine and health science DHSS office will be requested through a formal letter to access database for sampling frame to select participants. Hence, the researcher submits formal letter to the college along after getting ethical clearance from UNISA....
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...Translation services with non-standardised languages: what happens at the point of language contact when social pressures conflict with professional ethics? The linguistic situation of Sierra Leone poses an interesting challenge to a hybrid tribunal such as the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL). Sierra Leone is one of the smaller countries in West Africa; its population is now estimated to be around 6 million. Over 20 languages are in use of which Mende, Themne, Limba, and Kono are the most important indigenous ones, but they exist besides the official ex-colonial language English and its Creole descendant, called Krio. Krio is used as a native language with ethnic reference mainly in the capital Freetown and in the Western Area. It is also used as a lingua franca throughout the country where Mende and Themne also serve as linguae francae, but these are mainly concentrated in the south and in the north respectively. However, Krio is also used as a first language without ethnic reference in most urban areas in Sierra Leone. It has become the dominant first language of the young urban people and it often used as one of two first languages. The language preference of young Sierra Leoneans is very important, since more than half of the population is under 19 years of age. During the war the importance and relevance of Krio grew enormously while that of English diminished. In the early 90s, not only the upcoming RUF (Revolutionary United Front) under the leadership of...
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...Quality Imperative The importance of mother tongue-based schooling for educational quality Carole Benson 2004 This paper was commissioned by the Education for All Global Monitoring Report as background information to assist in drafting the 2005 report. It has not been edited by the team. The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the EFA Global Monitoring Report or to UNESCO. The papers can be cited with the following reference: “Paper commissioned for the EFA Global Monitoring Report 2005, The Quality Imperative”. For further information, please contact efareport@unesco.org The importance of mother tongue-based schooling for educational quality Commissioned study for EFA Global Monitoring Report 2005 Carol Benson, Ph.D. Centre for Research on Bilingualism Stockholm University 14 April 2004 Part A: Overview While there are many factors involved in delivering quality basic education, language is clearly the key to communication and understanding in the classroom. Many developing countries are characterized by individual as well as societal multilingualism, yet continue to allow a single foreign language to dominate the education sector. Instruction through a language that learners do not speak has been called “submersion” (Skutnabb-Kangas 2000) because it is analogous to holding learners under water without teaching them how to swim. Compounded by chronic difficulties such as low levels...
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...WITWATERSRAND LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY: INVESTIGATING THE LANGUAGE PRACTICES OF MULTILINGUAL GRADE 9 LEARNERS AT A PRIVATE DESEGREGATED HIGH SCHOOL IN SOUTH AFRICA. Submitted by: Nomakhalipha Margaret Nongogo Student Number: 0309644N Supervised by Dr Carolyn McKinney Research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfilment of the degree of Masters of Arts in Applied English Language Studies. 2007 ABSTRACT This research report engages with the concern that African learners attending English medium, multiracial schools are losing their proficiency in African languages. In so doing, the report explores the language practices of four multilingual Grade 9 learners at a desegregated private high school in Gauteng. In a school environment that does not overtly support the use of African languages, I explore the extent to which multilingual learners use African languages in the school context, to position themselves and others, as an identity building resource, and the extent to which the use of African languages is implicated in their identities. I also explore the possible influence of the learners’ cultural and ethnic backgrounds on their language practices, and related to this, the expression of their identities. I look at how their language practices help them shift identities with space and purpose, and the contradictions therein. The study draws on poststructuralist theories of language and identity (Weedon, 1997;...
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...KEY TERM and WHY YOU ARE INTERESTED IN IT Global business is more than just selling goods and services across the world. At the very core of global business lies relationship. When an organization decides to sell or invest in a different country there has to be an understanding of the culture and personal relationships need to be formed for the company to be successful. There are three major cultural models that guide globalization and the specific model that stood out to me was polycentrism. I, personally, encounter these different cultures in my daily work as a translation specialist. The company I work for has dealerships all over the world and I am responsible for coordinating the formatting all of the translated manuals for the equipment we sell. I am regularly communicating with dealers from Brazil, Germany, Italy and many more countries. Due to this interaction with various individuals and cultures I wanted to explore more in depth how a polycentric organization functioned. EXPLANATION OF THE KEY TERM Polycentrism is one of three cultural basic managerial paradigms in international business. This type of culture is very open and accepting of different ways of life and believe that conducting business can vary based on the cultural environment of where each business branch is located (Satterlee, 39). A polycentric business model would hire and promote individuals that are natives of the host country that owns and operates the business. This type of model...
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...Copyright Act 1968 of Australia and subsequent amendments, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publishers. Edited by Carolyn Glascodine Cover illustration by ACER Project Publishing Typeset by ACER Project Publishing Printed by BPA Print Group National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Title: ISBN: Series: Notes: Subjects: Lo Bianco, Joseph. Second languages and Australian schooling / Joseph Lo Bianco ; Yvette Slaughter. 9780864318374 (pbk) Australian education review ; 54. Bibliography. Language and languages--Study and teaching--Australia. Language and languages--Study and teaching—Bilingual method. Education, Bilingual--Australia. Other Authors/Contributors: Slaughter, Yvette. Australian Council for Educational Research. Dewey Number: 370.11750994 Visit our website: www.acer.edu.au Acknowledgment The Author and Series Editor wish to acknowledge the contribution of Dr Yvette Slaughter, Senior Research Fellow, School of Languages and Linguistics, Univerity of Melbourne. Section 4 built upon her earlier text and work, where she assembled the data and developed the tables. She assisted in the negotiations with MCEETYA and also provided invaluable commentary in her reviewing of drafts. Foreword Children born into the world on any given day...
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...Language an important factor in multinationals: The impact of language across cross-cultural leadership, management and communication Abstract The purpose of this literature review is to analyze the impact of language on various leadership and management contexts in multinational organizations which operates across different cultures. This paper examines the extent of literature which have focused on the study of language and its impact on activities concerned with leadership and management in multinationals. The main focus being the impact on headquarter and subsidiary communication, knowledge sharing and management contexts, this paper details the literature which suggest that multinationals would be better off by focusing on language and developing language policies which better suit its nature rather than taking language as a granted factor. The objective of this paper is to conclude that language difference across different cultures can no longer be left unattended as its as various implication internally as well as externally for corporations which are operating with different cultures and different languages. Keywords: Language, MNC, multinationals, leadership, management, communication, knowledge sharing, language policy Introduction The growing integration of companies from all around the globe is increasing the race towards a global village. Companies that operate beyond borders are the most influential of them all. Multinational companies are crossing their national...
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...Value Added Services: The Next Wave 2 PwC Executive Summary Traditionally, speed has been considered as limiting factor in growth of value added services. The ongoing roll-out of 3G and BWA services could potentially address this gap. India is a young nation with over 64% of its citizens below the age of 34 years and with literacy rate of around 80% amongst the age group of 1524 years. The nation’s growth and employment opportunities have made the younger generation mobile with the rising income. Though current VAS adoption is limited to select set of services, this combination of age, income and people’s mobility promises a great future. We, in this report, through a primary market survey, attempt to highlight the issues that are holding back the growth of Mobile VAS in India and map future consumer preferences. Our market research covers consumers across SEC A, SEC B and SEC C. This report also assesses the current state of VAS ecosystem and how it will evolve. The report evaluates the challenges faced by different stakeholders in VAS ecosystem and how each of them should react to be able to succeed in this new environment. Population Pyramid - India 2010 Source: US Census Bureau VAS adoption in India will spur due to positive demography, growing middle class and increasing spending power of people at the bottom of the pyramid. Connect with Consumer - Value Added Services 3 VAS: Way Forward Executive Summary Page 03 Page 43 Tax Imperatives of VAS Study Methodology...
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...A Study of CAPTCHA for Web Security Abstract— As the increase of Internet usage in term of available services provided, user gains more convenience but also face a challenge. Online services such as Email, search engine, social networking may be abused by the automated program or web bots. To ensure the service is used by human, most of them use Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Human Apart (CAPTCHA) methods to securing their web services. This paper will discuss the various types of CAPTCHAs and issues in designing the good CAPTCHA in term of security and usability. Keywords: CAPTCHA, TEXT-Based, GRAPHIC-Based, AUDIOBased, Robustness, Usability Online Polls: Result of any online poll can only be trusted if the poll system ensures that only humans can vote. Preventing Dictionary Attacks: CAPTCHAs can also be used to prevent dictionary attacks in password systems. Search Engine Bots: Configuring the website as nonindexed page is important to prevent others from finding them easily. This is why CAPTCHA is important Worms and Spam: CAPTCHAs also offer a reasonable solution against email worms and spam which only accept if the sender is a human [2]. I. INTRODUCTION A CAPTCHA which is stand for Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Human Apart is a challenge response test which gives a challenge to the users. It is one of Human Interaction Proofs. When the user gives accurate answer he is considered as...
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...from 42.9% in 1997 to 41.5% in 1998. * Tektronix was looking to maintain a competitive presence in the market * Company’s future success depended on ability of CFO to simplify and restructure operations by selling off unprofitable businesses, integrating new acquired businesses, changing business processes and increasing visibility into operations Initiative Objectives / Benefits Objectives | Benefits | Separate the needs / requirements of each division, but enforce standardization within each division | * Each division would have its own instance of the system for its customer fulfillment process * The requirements of one division would not drive the practices of another * ‘Frankfurt is Orlando’ | Leverage shared services: tie divisions together with central customer registry, consolidated set of books and single item registry | * Each division could provide a global, up-to-date view of financial status * Apples-to-apples comparisons...
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...Issues of Concern in the Study of Children’s Literature Translation Elena Xeni Teaching Staff – Language Pedagogy Department of Education, University of Cyprus Summary The present paper focuses on issues of concern in the study of Children‟s Literature Translation (ChLT). Attempting an overview from the years when ChLT was much ignored in the academic and non-academic world to the years that attention is paid to ChLT as a scientific field in its own right, the present paper illustrates issues that have generated intense and ongoing discussions. Issues such as the missionary role of ChLT, the theoretical framework of ChLT, the translator‟s invisibility, low status, profile and royalties, translatability vs. untranslatability, ideology, censorship, manipulation, and ambivalence are visited in this paper. These issues have had a deep impact on key ChLT actors, processes, and products: the child-reader, the translator, the translated text, the translation process, the author, the publisher, etc. The present text is a modest attempt to join efforts with the international community of scholars, translators, authors, children readers, publishers and other parties with an interest in ChLT, so as for the field to be given its merit in Translation, Comparative, Literary and Interdisciplinary Studies and for the translator –who had for long been much invisible and undervalued –to gain the place s/he deserves in history and society. 1. Introductory note It is widely accepted that Children‟s...
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...to call his name. In this poem, identity is not seen as something that is solid and concrete but as something that is situated and constructed by others, a glimpse of poststructuralist view on identity. Recently, language learning has been seen as participation and negotiation of self (see Higgins, forthcoming; Kinginger, 2004; Lam, 2000; Morita, 2004; Ohara, 2001; Pavlenko & Lantolf, 2000; and Solé, 2007 among others). The trend is resonated in the growing interest in language learner identity and the studies in narratives. In this paper, a case of heritage language learner will be investigated upon the theoretical frame of poststructuralism. Narrative inquiry will be used to analyze how she negotiates her learner identity. The purpose of this paper is two-fold: First, by looking at the struggle a language learner makes to acquire her heritage language, I reclaim the centrality of identity in defining heritage language learners. Second, to widen the horizons of narrative studies to the cyber space as it provides an ample source of easily accessible data and it has become one of the commonplace media of daily communication. Heritage Language Learners and Identity To refer to the Heritage Language Learners (HLLs), various terms have been implemented such as ‘native speakers,’ ‘quasi native speakers,’ ‘bilingual speakers,’ or, from the dissatisfaction with the prior terms, ‘home background speakers,’ and ‘heritage language speakers’ (Valés, 2005: p. 412). There has not yet been...
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...virtual teams, such as diversity understanding, asynchronous communication, behavior, language barriers, lack of trust, and technological problems. This paper groups the challenges into five main categories and describes the common issues leaders and team members need to address and overcome in order to succeed. The five categories are time zones, cultural differences, language, trust and relationship building, and technology. The purpose of this division is to help a better understanding of different type of issues in global virtual teams. Knowing these challenges allows leaders and team members to increase team’s performance through good planning and training, and avoid problems other global virtual teams had in the past. In addition, cases study showed communication and technology usage norms play an important role in global virtual teams, these norms or rules are more important in global virtual teams than collocated teams. Communication Challenges in Global Virtual Teams Global virtual teams “work across space, time and organizational boundaries” (Montoya, Massey, Hung, & Crisp, 2009, p. 139). A global virtual team is a group of people located in different geographic regions that communicate via telecommunication technology and share a common set of tasks to accomplish when completing a project. Virtual teams working in non-overlapping time zones rely mostly on asynchronous communication, such as e-mail and voicemail. Asynchronous communication adds extra challenges...
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...The English Language Proficiency Test (ELPT) was the name of a SAT II last administered in January 2005. It was a one-hour multiple choice test given on English language proficiency by the College Board. A student whose native language was not English could have chosen to take this test instead of or in addition to Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) for college entrance depending upon requirements of the schools in which the student was planning to apply. Until 1994, the SAT II's were known as Achievement Tests. The ELPT assessed both the understanding of spoken and written standard American English and the ability to function in a classroom where English is spoken. The test was intended for students whose best language was not English; who attend U.S. high schools, or who had studied in an international school where courses were taught in English; had completed two to four years of English language instruction in an English as a Second Language program or in English enrichment courses; and/or students who spoke a language other than English at home or work. It was scored on a scale of 901 to 999. Data gathering Procedure After the discussion for formulating survey questionnaire by the researchers, subsequently, it has been checked by our adviser, ______________________ then, the research instrument will come up validation process. It was validated by_____________________ of English department. Revision were suggested by the evaluators and it was all incorporated...
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